prokaryotes

Question 1

who discovered archaea?

Answer 1

Carl Woese

Question 2

what was the third new domain that Woese discovered? and what kingdoms did it comprise.

Answer 2

monera, split into eubacteria and archaea

Question 3

what is an endosymbiont?

Answer 3

an organism that lives in the body of another

Question 4

what are the 2 classifications of bacteria?

Answer 4

gram-positive, gram-negative

Question 5

what are 2 characteristics of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 5

thicker walls/peptidoglycan layers, stain purple (positive)

Question 6

what’s the first amino acid in all archaea and eukaryote proteins?

Answer 6

methionine

Question 7

what’s the first amino acid in all bacteria proteins?

Answer 7

formylmethionine

Question 8

what is the DNA organization of archaea?

Answer 8

circular with histones

Question 9

what is the DNA organization of bacteria?

Answer 9

circular (w/o histones)

Question 10

what is the DNA organization of eukaryotes?

Answer 10

circular with histones

Question 11

bacteria that require oxygen are called

Answer 11

obligate aerobes

Question 12

what are facultative aerobes?

Answer 12

bacteria that can perform aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, and perform anaerobic respiration/fermentation when it is not

Question 13

what are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 13

bacteria that cannot live where oxygen is present

Question 14

list the subgroups of the phylum euryarchaeota

Answer 14

methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles (lithotrophs), psychrophiles

Question 15

what is a requirement for methanogens’ environment?

Answer 15

anoxic/low oxygen

Question 16

where can methanogens be found?

Answer 16

wetlands, digestive tracts

Question 17

how do methanogens generate energy?

Answer 17

methanogenesis

Question 18

where can halophiles be found?

Answer 18

environments with high salt concentration
dead sea, salt-preserved foods

Question 19

where do halophiles get most their energy from?

Answer 19

food + air, some can use light

Question 20

where can thermophiles be found?

Answer 20

extreme environments
hot springs, hydrothermal vents on ocean floor

Question 21

what is said to be oldest/least evolved branch of the archaea phylogenetic tree?

Answer 21

thermophilic archaea

Question 22

what is the final electron acceptor for thermophiles (archaea?)

Answer 22

sulfur

Question 23

lithotropic means

Answer 23

able to oxidize sulfur and create sulfuric acid as a form of energy

Question 24

where can lithotrophs be found?

Answer 24

low pH, extremely acidic environments

Question 25

where can psychrophiles be found?

Answer 25

cold environments arctic oceans

Question 26

how many chromosomes do bacteria have?

Answer 26

1

Question 27

what are the 2 forms in which bacteria carry DNA?

Answer 27

1 nucleoid: single loop of DNA multiple plasmids: smaller loops of DNA, are not essential for cellular functions

Question 28

on the outside of bacteria is... (name structures)

Answer 28

small hairlike pili 1+ flagella

Question 29

how do bacteria reproduce? (recap)

Answer 29

asexually, binary fission

Question 30

bacterial DNA is... (3 properties)

Answer 30

naked (no histones), no proteins associated, a singular circular chromosome in nucleoid

Question 31

archaeal DNA is...

Answer 31

sometimes "naked" and sometimes possess histones

Question 32

what are the extra small pieces of DNA in bacteria called?

Answer 32

plasmids

Question 33

what do plasmids carry?

Answer 33

a few, non-essential genes that often provide benefits to the cell

Question 34

what are inclusions?

Answer 34

vesicles in bacteria

Question 35

what can inclusions include?

Answer 35

air (buoyancy), food granules (glycogen, sulfur)

Question 36

what are vesicles in bacteria called?

Answer 36

inclusions

Question 37

usually which type of bacteria are pathogenic?

Answer 37

gram-negative

Question 38

what is are pilli used for?

Answer 38

transferring genetic material (plasmids) through cells, sticking to surfaces

Question 39

name 4 methods that bacteria use to move

Answer 39

change in buoyancy, bacterial gliding, flagella, twitching motility

Question 40

how do bacteria use flagella to move?

Answer 40

it rotates and is driven at the base

Question 41

what is the theory for how bacterial gliding is achieved?

Answer 41

bacteria ejects slime and moves pili to push itself around

Question 42

how does twitching motility work?

Answer 42

special pili used as a hook, pulls bacteria along

Question 43

how do cyanobacteria use changes in buoyancy to move?

Answer 43

their internal gas vesicles regulate buoyancy in water

Question 44

what compound is present in gram-positive bacteria that causes the purple stain?

Answer 44

more peptidoglycan

Question 45

name the 6 shapes of bacteria (circle, slightly stretched, bean, more stretched, wave, coil)

Answer 45

coccus, coccobacillus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete

Question 46

what is the prefix for bacteria found in pairs?

Answer 46

diplo-

Question 47

what is the prefix for bacteria found in clusters?

Answer 47

staphylo-

Question 48

what is the prefix for bacteria found in chains?

Answer 48

strepto-

Question 49

what word is used for groups of bacteria in 4s and 8s? (2)

Answer 49

4: tetrad, 8: sarcina

Question 50

what are dormant cells called?

Answer 50

endospores

Question 51

what type of cell can form dormant cells?

Answer 51

bacilli (rod-shaped)

Question 52

how do bacilli breathe?

Answer 52

they're facultative anaerobes

Question 53

why do endospores form?

Answer 53

the bacteria detects an unfavorable environment

Question 54

what separates DNA from the rest of the cell during endosporulation?

Answer 54

spore septum

Question 55

what is the compound that stabilizes the proteins and DNA in the endospore?

Answer 55

calcium dipicolinate

Question 56

what is the extra layer that is added to the cell wall called? (during endosporulation)

Answer 56

spore coat

Question 57

what occurs in the final stage of endosporulation?

Answer 57

dehydration

Question 58

what is the purpose of the proteins that saturate the endospore's DNA?

Answer 58

carbon + energy source during regermination, protects DNA

Question 59

list things that the cortex is resistant to (endospore)

Answer 59

temperature, UV light, most chemicals

Question 60

why is the dehydration of the endospore important? (speculated)

Answer 60

to resist heat and radiation

Question 61

what happens when the spore regerminates? (hint: enzymes)

Answer 61

DNA repair enzymes repair damaged DNA

Question 62

how does an endospore get activated?

Answer 62

rupturing the spore coat by heat or water

Question 63

what shape are spirochetes?

Answer 63

helical

Question 64

how does binary fission occur?

Answer 64

DNA replicated, cross wall divides cell into 2 identical bacterium

Question 65

what is bacterial sexual reproduction also known as?

Answer 65

conjugation, horizontal gene transfer

Question 66

what are the 2 involved bacteria in sexual reproduction called?

Answer 66

the donor and the recipient

Question 67

how does bacterial sexual reproduction work?

Answer 67

donor produces a sex pilus that attaches to the recipient and transfers plasmids

Question 68

why are prokaryotic populations highly adaptable to changing conditions?

Answer 68

short generation time, genetic variability/mutations

Question 69

what are antibiotics?

Answer 69

substances that restrict the growth of another microorganism

Question 70

how can antibiotics work?

Answer 70

destroy bacteria by inhibiting cell processes, prevent bacterial reproduction by inhibiting binary fission

Question 71

list ways in which bacteria can resist an antibiotic

Answer 71

impermeability - modified cell wall protein, inactivation - reduce antibiotic's ability to bind to ribosomes, pump out, modification