Prokaryotes

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

lack membrane bound organelles
have DNA in the cytoplasm -> nucleoid region
able to reproduce sexually through conjugation

Question 2

Archaea

Answer 2

extremophiles, use different sources of energy

have singular chromosome and share similar structure of bacteria

Question 3

bacteria

Answer 3

have similar structure to eukaryotes which makes making antibodies difficult

Question 4

cocci

Answer 4

bacteria shape

round

Question 5

bacilli

Answer 5

bacteria shape

long tube

Question 6

spirili

Answer 6

bacteria shape

spiral

Question 7

obligate anaerobes

Answer 7

oxygen is toxic to them

Question 8

gram positive bacteria

Answer 8

purple

contains peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

Question 9

gram negative bacteria

Answer 9

pink
has low amounts of peptidoglycan
have outer membrane made of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

Question 10

antigenicity

Answer 10

ability to be specifically recognized by the antibodies generated as an immune response

aka immunogenicity

Question 11

Binary fission

Answer 11

split into 2 different daughter cells

2^n(x)

Question 12

conjugation

Answer 12

donor bacteria donates F factor through sex pilus to acceptor bacteria

Question 13

viruses

Answer 13

not prokaryotes or eukaryotes
are not cells at all

obligate intracellular parasites that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell

genetic material can be RNA or DNA (so can be single stranded or double stranded)

can be enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer (envelope) or without one

Question 14

enveloped viruses

Answer 14

phospholipid bilayer

made from cell membrane of the host
allows for better invasion

but easier to be broken down by detergents

Question 15

Transformation

Answer 15

cellular uptake of foreign DNA from environment

usually comes from other bacteria that has lysed and new bacteria will take the fragment of DNA and integrate it into their own genome

Question 16

Transduction

Answer 16

requires a vector (virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another)
usually a bacteriophage

Question 17

transfection

Answer 17

process in which genetic material (usually plasmids) is introduced into eukaryotic cells

Question 18

virulence

Answer 18

degree at which a pathogen can be harmful

Question 19

single stranded RNA virus

Answer 19

can directly translate their genetic material into viral proteins upon infection of a host cell

this can be identified using northern blot

uses their own RNA polymerase to create a complementary pairing of -ssRNA which is translated back into +ssRNA

Question 20

flagella is composed of what basic parts?

Answer 20

basal body, hook, and long helical tube called a filament

Question 21

basal body of flagella

Answer 21

generates torque

works as a molecular motor

Question 22

hook of flagella

Answer 22

flexible structure that connects the basal boy and the filament
transmits torque generated by basal body

transmits forces

Question 23

filament of flagella

Answer 23

propels bacterium

recipient of the rotation generated by the basal body

Question 24

agar diffusion test

Answer 24

tests antibiotic resistance
have disks that are impregnated with different antibiotics and then placed on bacterial culture

susceptible bacteria form growth-free halo called zone of inhibition around the discs because high antibiotic concentration

resistant strains can grow near the antibiotic and will not form zone of inhibition

Question 25

restriction endonucleases

Answer 25

occur in nature in prokaryotes and archaea
act as a defense mechanism by cleaving foreign DNA

cut DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences (restriction sites)

have 4 types

Question 26

Type I restriction enzyme

Answer 26

cuts at sites far away from the recognition site

requires ATP and S-adenosyl L-methionine

Question 27

Type II restriction enzyme

Answer 27

cuts at sites close to recognition site

requires magnesium

Question 28

Type III restriction enzyme

Answer 28

cuts at sites close to recognition site

requires ATP

Question 29

Type IV restriction enzyme

Answer 29

cuts at modified DNA (methylated or hydroxymethylated, etc)

Question 30

double stranded RNA

Answer 30

dsRNA looks similar to the host cell genetic code so will use the host cell’s enzymes (RNA polymerase) to either create another dsRNA or a +ssRNA which will become a viral assembly