Protein from Nutrition Book

Question 1

Protein in food provides the _ _ necessary for _ and _ body tissue.

Answer 1

amino acids
building
maintaining

Question 2

Protein balance, both within the body and in the diet, is

Answer 2

essential to life and heatlth

Question 3

Amino acids as

Answer 3

basic building units

Question 4

Each protein is composed of

Answer 4

hundreds of amino acids

Question 5

Amino acids form unique chain sequences to form

Answer 5

specific proteins

Question 6

When protein foods are eaten,

Answer 6

proteins are broken down into amino acids

Question 7

Amino acids are reassembled in the body

Answer 7

to form a variety of proteins

Question 8

Proteins are relatively large, complex molecules and may be subject to

Answer 8

mutations or malformations

Question 9

Amino Acids

Answer 9

• named for chemical structure
• basic structure of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• primary source of nitrogen in diet
• some contain small amounts of valuable minerals

Question 10

Classes of Amino Acids

Answer 10

Indispensable amino acids
Dispensable amino acids
Conditionally indispensable

Question 11

Indispensable amino acids

Answer 11

body cannot manufacture in sufficient quantity

Question 12

Dispensable amino acids

Answer 12

body can synthesize from indispensable

Question 13

Conditionally indispensable amino acids

Answer 13

normally synthesized but some health conditions may require dietary intake

Question 14

Protein Balance

Answer 14

catabolism: breakdown
anabolism: resynthesis

Question 15

Nitrogen Balance (intake = excretion)

Answer 15

Positive nitrogen balance (body stores more than it excretes)
Negative nitrogen balance (body takes in less than it excretes)

Question 16

5 functions of Proteins

Answer 16

• primary tissue building
• water and pH balance
• metabolism and transportation
• body defense system
• energy system

Question 17

Protein is the fundamental

Answer 17

structural material of every cell

Question 18

Comprises bulk of

Answer 18

muscles
internal organs
brain
nerves
blood plasma

Question 19

Protein repairs

Answer 19

worn-out, wasted, or damaged tissue

Question 20

Plasma proteins attract water, resulting in

Answer 20

maintenance of normal circulation

Question 21

Proteins have a unique structure to act as

Answer 21

buffering agents (making an acidic body more basic and a basic body more acidic)

Question 22

Metabolism and Transportation

Answer 22

Enzymes
Transport agents
Hormones

Question 23

Metabolism and Transportation Enzymes (Digestive Enzymes)

Answer 23

amylases, lipases, proteases

Question 24

Metabolism and Transportation Transport agents

Answer 24

lipoproteins

hemoglobin

Question 25

Metabolism and Transportation Hormones

Answer 25

Insulin | glucagon

Question 26

Immune system defends against

Answer 26

disease and infection.

Question 27

Immune system uses protein to build

Answer 27

white blood cells | antibodies

Question 28

Energy may provide _ _ if the supply of _ and _ is insufficient for needs.

Answer 28

body fuel | carbohydrate and fat

Question 29

Less efficient source of energy

Answer 29

use way more to do less work | glucose is the better source because of it chemical make-up

Question 30

Composition of Amino Acids

Answer 30

The quality of a protein food and its ability to meet the body's needs are determined by the composition of amino acids

Question 31

Food sources of Protein Complete proteins

Answer 31

meat, fish, poultry, seafood | soy

Question 32

Food sources of Protein Incomplete proteins

Answer 32

``` plant origin foods grains legumes nuts seeds fruits and vegetables ```

Question 33

Vegetarian Diets Must combine foods to cover all

Answer 33

amino acid needs

Question 34

Types of Vegetarian Diets

Answer 34

Lacto-ovo vegetarian (eats all dairy and eggs) Lacto vegetarian (eats milk and milk products) Ovo vegetarian (eats eggs as only meat source) Vegan (no animal products whatsoever)

Question 35

Health benefits of Vegetarian diet

Answer 35

- less saturated fat and cholesterol - more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, other healthful foods - lower BMI and risk of obesity - lower rate of cardiovascular disease - lower risk of renal disease - lower risk of type 2 diabetes

Question 36

Recommendations for Dietary Protein

Answer 36

Tissue growth Dietary Protein quality additional needs caused by disease

Question 37

Dietary Protein quality

Answer 37

``` Chemical source (amino acid pattern of the food) Biological value (nitrogen balance) Net protein utilization (degree of digestibility) Protein efficiency ratio (weight gain relative to protein intake) ```

Question 38

Illness or disease raise body's need for

Answer 38

protein

Question 39

Protein energy malnutrition

Answer 39

``` Kwashiorkor -inadequate protein intake to maintain fluid balance -18-24 months old weaned too quickly Marasmus -chronic energy and protein deficiency -skin and bones appearance -all ages ```

Question 40

Excess protein

Answer 40

usually also means excess fat intake protein displaces other healthy foods in diet extra burden on kidneys

Question 41

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's) from National Academy of Sciences

Answer 41

10% to 35% of total caloric intake from protein (children and adults)

Question 42

Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)

Answer 42

relate to age, sex, weight highest at birth and slowly declines into adulthood men and women: .8 g/kg of desirable weight

Question 43

High consumption of animal protein in the U.S.

Answer 43

``` no benefits some risks due to increased saturated fat and cholesterol cancer coronary heart disease chronic renal failure ```

Question 44

Recommendations

Answer 44

choose variety of protein foods increase amount and variety of seafood choose proteins with less sold fats and oils