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Chemistry Module 1 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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0
Q

Specific sequence of amino acids

A

Primary structure

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1
Q

Four protein structures

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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2
Q

Uniting of several protein units or a protein plus another structure

A

Quaternary structure

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3
Q

Folding of chain into a compact 3-D conformation with a specific shape

Confers specific biological properties

A

Tertiary structure

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4
Q

Recurring spatial arrangement of amino Acids in three- dimensional space

A

Secondary structure

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5
Q

Protein denaturation disrupts the bonds that hold _____,_____, and _____ structures together

A

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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6
Q

What is happening when proteins lose their biological function?

A

Denaturation

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7
Q

Processes that can denature proteins: 4

A
  1. Extreme temperatures
    2 pH change
  2. Detergents, metals, organic solvents
  3. Mechanical mixing
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8
Q

Biological Functions of proteins 8

A
  1. Transport
  2. Cellular receptors
  3. Catalysis
  4. Structure
  5. Nutrition
  6. Maintenance of oncotic pressure
  7. Host defense
  8. Hormonal
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9
Q

Definition of “acute phase reactant”

A

Proteins that increase or decrease in response to an acute phase (inflammation, infection, MI, tumor, surgery, trauma, etc.)

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10
Q

List three negative acute phase reactants

A

Transthyretin, (Prealbumin), Albumin, Transferrin

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11
Q

What is the importance of the different solubility characteristics of albumin and globulins?

A

*Albumin is water soluble where as Globulins are water insoluble

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13
Q

Four examples of globular proteins

A

Albumin
Globulins
Histones
Protamine

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14
Q

Three examples of fibrous proteins

A

Collagen
Elastin
Keratin

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14
Q

Definition of nitrogen balance

A

Equals an equilibrium between intake and output

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15
Q

Six examples of conjugated proteins

A 
Nucleoproteins
Mucoproteins
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Metalloproteins
Phosphoproteins
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16
Q

What is positive nitrogen balance?

A

When intake exceeds use or output

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17
Q

How does positive nitrogen balance impact patient health?

A

It is associated with general good health especially important in growing children, pregnant women, body builders

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18
Q

What is a negative nitrogen balance?

A

Use or output exceeds intake

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19
Q

How does negative nitrogen balance impact patient health?

A

It is seen in metastic cancer, severe infections, trauma, surgery, burns, and starvation

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20
Q

Two names for the plasma protein commonly analyzed for nitrogen balance assessment

A

Transthyretin or Prealbumin

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21
Q

HYPERproteinemia caused by relative changes

A
  1. Inadequate water intake

2. Excessive water loss (severe vomiting, diarrhea)

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22
Q

ESSAY QUESTION

Two general processes which may cause total protein abnormalities

A

Relative (apparent) change (due to changes in water volume)

True (absolute) change

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23
Q

HYPERproteinemia caused by absolute changes

A
  1. increased production (malignancy, such as multiple myeloma
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24
HYPOproteinemia caused by relative changes
1. increased plasma water volume (water intoxication, massive IV infusion, salt retention syndromes)
26
HYPOproteinemia caused by absolute changes
1. increased loss (end-stage renal disease, such as nephrotic syndrome; severe blood loss; trauma; severe burns) 2. Low protein intake or starvation 3. Decreased production (liver disease)
27
Definition of hemodilution
Increase in body water, causing an apparent decrease in plasma protein concentration
28
Define hemoconcentration
Decrease in body water, causing an apparent increase in plasma protein concentration
29
Function of albumin
1. transport of water-insoluble compounds | 2. maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure
30
Function of Transthyretin (prealbumin)
1. indicator of nutritional status along with retinol binding protein (RBP) 2. Transports thyroid hormones and retinol
31
Albumin reference range ***know units***
3.5 to 5.0 g /dL
32
Hypoalbuminemia | -three general causes
1. decreased production 2. decreased intake 3. increased loss
33
Causes for decreased production in hypoalbuminemia
1. Liver diease | 2. Hereditary analbuminemia (rare)
34
Causes for decreased intake in hypoalbuminemia
1. GI disease | 2. Starvation
35
Causes for increased loss in hypoalbuminemia
1. Renal disease | 2. Severe burns
36
Names of three plasma proteins in alpha1 globulins
Alpha1 antitrypsin Alpha1 acid glycoprotein Alpha1 fetoprotein
37
Functions of alpha1 antitrypsin
to inactivate protease enzymes (elastase, collagenase)
38
Low levels of alpha1 antitrypsin is associated with what disease? High levels?
- Low: juvenile-onset cirrhosis and emphysema due to M protein deficiency - High: stress states
39
Functions of alpha1 acid glycoprotein
functions to inactivate progesterone
40
Alpha1 acid glycoprotein - increased in what? - decreased in what?
- stress, RA, SLE (lupus), and crohn's disease | - malnutrition, severe liver damage, protein loss (GI and renal)
41
Alpha1 Fetoprotein source of elevated levels?
synthesized in fetal liver and peaks in second trimester of pregnancy
42
Alpha1 Fetoprotein - Prenatal marker for neural tube defects increased in? - Prenatal marker decreased in?
* - increased in spin bifid a, anencephaly | - decreased in downs syndrome
43
List the three alpha2 globulins
Haptoglobin Alpha2 Macroglobulin Ceruloplasmin
44
Function of haptoglobin
Function to bind free hemoglobin in plasma in ratio of 1 haptoglobin to 2 hemoglobins and transport it to RES to be degraded
45
When is haptoglobin decreased?
-decreased in hemolytic anemia as it's busy binding hemoglobin up
46
Alpha2 Macroglobulin function
Functions as a protease inhibitor ( trypsin, chymotrypsin, throbmbin, etc.)
47
Alpha2 Macroglobulin is increased in what?
increased in nephrotic syndrome
48
Ceruloplasmin function
Functions as a copper-transporting protein
49
Ceruplasmin is increased in what? (5)
1. Infections 2. Malignancy 3. Hodgkin's disease 4. Acute leukemia 5. Rheumatoid arthritis
50
Name the four beta globulins
Transferrin Beta2 Microglobulin Hemopexin C-Reactive Protein
51
Function of transferrin
function is to transport iron (and copper)
52
Why is transferrin measured?
to diagnose and monitor iron deficiency anemia
53
Transferrin - decreased in what? - increased in what?
- Decreased in acute phase or protein-losing conditions | - Increaded in iron-deficiency anemia and pregnancy
54
Beta2 Microglobulin function
*?
55
Why is Beta2 Microglobulin measured?
To assess renal tubular function as it is small enough to be filtered by kidney
56
Beta2 Microglobulin - increased in? - decreased in?
- increased in neoplasm, especially those associated with B-lymphocytes
57
Hemopexin functions
functions to bind heme after hemoglobin breakdown
58
C-Reactive Protein
Very sensitive but non-specific marker for systemic inflammation
59
C-Reactive Protein | -Elevated in what?
elevated in persons with cardiovascular disease. Strong predictor of future coronary events
60
What are the relative risk categories for hear disease based on CRP predictions? 1. Low risk 2. Average risk 3. High Risk
< 1.0 mg/L 1. 0 - 3.0 mg/L 3. 0 mg/L
61
What are the functions of gamma globulins?
to respond to antigenic stimuli to recognize, destroy, and eliminate antigens
62
Function of IgG
Functions as the major ansi-viral and antibacterial antibody
63
Functions of IgA
Functions to provide external surface protection against microorganisms
64
Functions of IgM
Functions as the first immunoglobulin produced during an immune response
65
Functions of IgD
May play a role in the activation of B-lymphocytes
66
Functions of IgE
Associated with allergic (atopic) reactions (asthma, anaphylaxis, etc.)
67
Clinical symptoms for multiple myeloma
Bone pain, punched out lesions on bone X-ray
68
Lab findings associated with multiple myeloma
``` Plasma protein increased (10-12) Paraproteins present Hyperviscosity of plasma Bence-Jones protein in urine 50% have increased IgG; 25% have increased IgA ```
69
Specific source of paraprotein in multiple myeloma
Malignant neoplasm involving a single clone of plasma cells
70
Clinical symptoms for Waldenstom's macroglobulinemia
*
71
Lab findings associated with Waldenstom's macroglobulinemia
- increase in IgM from mature B-lymphocytes - plasma hyperviscosity - 80% have Bence-Jones protein in urine - Rouleaux and plasmacytoid lymphs
72
Specific source of paraprotein in Waldenstom's macroglobulinemia
Arise from lymphoid tumors (lymphomas or chronic lymphocytic leukemia)
73
Monoclonal gammopathy
-increase in one type of immunoglobulin only
74
Poly clonal gammopathy
- due to infection - increase in IgG in autoimmune response - increased IgA in skin, respiratory, or renal infections - increased in IgM in viral infections or malaria
75
Hypogammaglobulinemia
- Lack of one or more immunoglobulins due to B-lymphocyte malfunction - Highly susceptible to bac infections - treat with IV immunoglobulins
76
Agammaglobulinemia
- Genetic Defect - decrease of IgG - recurrent infections - treat with immunoglobulins, antibiotics, BMT
77
Plasma Protein Reference Range **UNITS**
6.4 to 8.3 g/dl
78
Ceruplasmin decreased in (3)
Wilson's disease, malnutrition, and chronic hepatitis

Chemistry Module 1 (18 decks)

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