Lipids (Part 3) Flashcards by Mariah Kinman

Q

Enzyme deficiency and typical symptoms of Niemann-Pick syndrome

A

Def: sphingomyelinase
Symptoms: Hearing problems, psychiatric problems, epilepsy, dysphagia, ataxia, learning difficulties, clumsiness

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Q

Enzyme deficiency and typical symptoms for Gaucher’s Disease

A

Def: beta-glucocerebrosidase
Symptoms: Hepatomegaly, bone pain and crisis, collapsed vertebrae, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, anemia, osteonecrosis, osteopenia, Erlenmeyer flask deformity

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Q

Enzyme deficiency and typical symptoms of Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Def: hexosaminidase
Symptoms: psychomotor deterioration, dementia

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Q

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in artery walls

A

arteriosclerosis

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Q

a form of arteriosclerosis caused by focal accumulation of lipids, complex carbs, blood, fibrous tissue, and calcium

A

atherosclerosis

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Q

Discuss progression from fatty streaks to fibrous plaques to complicated lesions in atherosclerosis

A

Plaque deposited in blood vessels, inflammation allows lipids to come in and start consuming fat (foam cells), lumen decreases, accumulation of fibrous cap, then platelet thrombosis and fibrin deposits creating a necrotic core with debris

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Q

Four detrimental effects of oxidized LDL

A

1 macrophages are transformed into foam cells
2 cytotoxic effects are exerted on endothilial cells
3 platelet activation is increased
4 migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells stimulated

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Q

(At least) Five modifiable risk factors for Coronary artery disease

A

1 hypertension
2 smoking
3 obesity
4 diet
5 alcohol
6 stress
7 high lipids

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Q

(at least) five non-modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease

A

1 gender
2 age
3 family history
4 race
5 diabetes mellitus

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Q

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-optimal

A

<100 mg/dL

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Q

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-near/above optimal

A

100-129 mg/dL

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Q

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-borderline high

A

130-159 mg/dL

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Q

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-high

A

160-189 mg/dL

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Q

Specific Concentrations of LDL

-very high

A

> or equal to 190

VERY BAD

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Q

Specific concentrations of total cholesterol

-desirable

A

<200 mg/dL

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Q

Specific concentrations of total cholesterol

-borderline high

Study These Flashcards

A

200-239 mg/dL

Q

Specific concentrations of total cholesterol

-high

Study These Flashcards

A

> or equal to 240 mg/dL

Q

Specific concentration of low value HDL cholesterol

Study These Flashcards

A

<40 mg/dL

Q

Specific concentration for High HDL cholesterol

Study These Flashcards

A

> or equal to 60 (A GOOD THING)

Q

Specific concentrations of TGL

-desirable

Study These Flashcards

A

<150 mg/dL

Q

Specific concentrations of TGL

-borderline

Study These Flashcards

A

150-199 mg/dL

Q

Specific concentrations of TGL

-high risk

Study These Flashcards

A

200-499 mg/dL

Q

Specific concentrations of TGL

-very high risk

Study These Flashcards

A

> or equal to 500

Q

List five analytes used to predict risk for development of CAD

Study These Flashcards

A

1 Apolipoprotein B-100 (on LDL)
2 Apo E
3 homocysteine
4 high sensitivity CRP
5 Lipoprotein

three signs and symptoms of the metabolic syndrome

``` 1 central obesity 2 hypertension 3 high blood glucose 4 high TGL 5 low HDL ```

at least two risk factors of the metabolic syndrome

1 BMI >25 2 family history of diabetes mellitus 3 history of gestational diabetes 4 polycystic ovary syndrome

five patient preparation instructions for proper lipid study specimen collections

1 12-14 hour fast (water only) 2 habitual diet and activity 3 stable weight over past 4 weeks 4 no acute/recent illness, injury, or surgery (MI or CABG) 5 no lipid raising or lipid lowering drugs 6 repeat in 1-4 weeks to diagnose

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations -normal TGL

clear

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations -increased cholesterol/LDL

orange/yellow tint

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations -TGL 200-499 mg/dL

hazy/turbid

Specific appearance of serum/plasma with expected chol or TGL concentrations -TGL >500 mg/dL

opaque/milky

Reagents used in Liebermann-Burchard method

sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride

reagents used in Abell method

cholesterol esters chemically hydrolyzed then perform Liebermann-Burchard

Reagents used in enzymatic cholesterol methods

cholesterol esterase and oxidase

HDL cholesterol precipitation methods

1 precipitate Apo B containing lipoproteins 2 centrifuge and analyze supernatant (HDL) 3 use direct assay to mask non-HDL fractions so they dont react with enzymes used to measure Cholesterol

Friedewald formula to calculate LDL concentration

TC - (TGL/5 + HDL) = LDL

TGL conc above which the Friedewald formula is invalid

TGL >400 mg/dL