Cardiac Function

Question 1

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Aorta

Answer 1

Oxygenated

Question 2

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Inferior vena cava

Answer 2

deoxygenated

Question 3

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Left atrium

Answer 3

oxygenated

Question 4

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Left Ventricle

Answer 4

Oxygenated

Question 5

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Mitral Valve

Answer 5

Oxygenated

Question 6

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Pulmonary artery

Answer 6

deoxygenated

Question 7

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Pulmonary vein

Answer 7

oxygenated

Question 8

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Right Atrium

Answer 8

Deoxygenated

Question 9

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Right ventricle

Answer 9

deoxygenated

Question 10

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Superior vena cava

Answer 10

deoxygenated

Question 11

Structure contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

-Tricuspid valve

Answer 11

deoxygenated

Question 12

changes configuration; grabs actin to pull across fiber

Answer 12

myosin

Question 13

regulatory proteins for actin filaments

Answer 13

troponin complex

Question 14

helps contact muscle

Answer 14

calcium ions

Question 15

interaction during cardiac muscle contraction

Answer 15

Troponin is regulatory for actin in the heart; energy in the form of ATP is required

Question 16

at least five modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 16

smoking, high chol, high TGL, high LDL, decreased HDL, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 17

at least two non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 17

age, gender, family history, race

Question 18

Medicare Defined Panel criteria for total cholesterol

Answer 18

<200 mg/dL

Question 19

Medicare Defined Panel criteria for HDL cholesterol

Answer 19

> 40 mg/dL

Question 20

Medicare defined panel criteria for LDL choleseterol

Answer 20

<100 mg/dL

Question 21

Medicare defined panel criteria for TGL

Answer 21

<150 mg/dL

Question 22

Describe the sequence of events in the progression of atherosclerosis, relating these changes to the development of biomarkers for the disease

Answer 22

1. traditional markers identify the patients response to the inflammatory process involved
2. Developing biomarkers identify the patients response to damage to the endothelial cell lining initiation a hemostatic response with thrombosis and subsequent fibrinolysis

Question 23

Five tests that may be used to assess risk for atherosclerosis development and subsequent cardiovascular disease

Answer 23

1. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP)
2. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
3. Oxidized LDL
4. Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2)
5. Homocysteine

Question 24

Five tests that are being developed to assess where a hemostatic response to endothelial cell injury has occurred

Answer 24

1. Homocystein
2. tPA/PAI-1
3. TAFI
4. fibrinogen
5. D-dimer

Question 25

Definition of unstable angina

Answer 25

Thoracic pain that may mark the onset of acute MI. It typically occurs at rest and has a sudden onset, sudden worsening, and stuttering recurrence over days and weeks. It carries a more severe short-term prognosis than stable chronic angina

Question 26

Definition of stable angina

Answer 26

Thoracic pain that occurs with activity or stress

Question 27

Briefly describe the sequence of changes in myocardial cells during an evolving acute myocardial infarction

Answer 27

- complete or partial occlusion of coronary arteries - blood clot is trigger for MI - may result in: ischemia, infarction, anoxia - irreversible structural injury begins in less than 30mins after clot formation -

Question 28

What is occurring during the EKG | - P wave

Answer 28

Activation of the atria

Question 29

What is occurring during the EKG | - QRS complex

Answer 29

Activation of the ventricles

Question 30

What is occurring during the EKG | - T wave

Answer 30

recovery wave

Question 31

Abnormal finding in the ST segment and T wave hours after MI

Answer 31

- hours after infarction the ST segment becomes elevated | - hours to days later the T wave inverts and Q wave becomes larger

Question 32

2012 criteria for diagnosis of acute, evolving, or recent myocardial infarction

Answer 32

Detection of rise and fall of cardiac biomarker values and with at least one: - symptoms of ischemia - development of pathologic Q waves in ECG - New ST-segment-Twave changes or new left bundle branch block - identification of an intracoronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy - Imaging evidence of new loos of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality