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Chemistry Module 1 > Carbohydrates (part one) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (part one) Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

General structures of carbohydrates, including formula

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratio of 1:2:1

- (CH2O)n

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2
Q

What contains 3, 4, 5, 6, or more carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Two monosaccharides liked together with the loss of a molecule of water

A

Disaccharides

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4
Q

Composition of lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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5
Q

Composition of maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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5
Q

Composition of sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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6
Q

Composition of glycogen

A

multiple branching glucose chains

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7
Q

Reagent used to detect “reducing sugars”

A

Benedict’s reagent

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8
Q

Composition of starch

A

amylose and amylopectins (grains and starchy vegetables)

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9
Q

Significance of a Positive test for reducing sugars

A

Galactose isn’t detected by a dipstick

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10
Q

Two analogically important reducing sugars

A

Glucose and galactose

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11
Q

Carb digestion:

-which starch digestion begins and the enzyme responsible

A

In mouth and salivary amylase

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12
Q

Digestion of starch due to ______ _______ in the intestine

A

pancreatic amylase

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13
Q

four enzymes responsible or intestinal digestion

A

lactase, maltase, sucrase, and galactase

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15
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-glycolysis (anaerobic and aerobic)

A

Breakdown of glucose

anaerobic: Glucose—>Lactate/RBCs and skeletal muscle
aerobic: Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA

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15
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Glycogenesis

A

Making glycogen

Glucose —> Glucose-1-Phosphate —> Glycogen

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16
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Kreb’s Cycle

A

*pyruvate to Acetyl CoA to ATP

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17
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Glycogenolysis

A

Breaking down Glycogen

Glycogen —>Glucose-1-Phosphate—>Glucose

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18
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Gluconeogensis

A

Making new glucose
non-CHO sources—>Glucose
non-CHO sources are amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and fatty acids

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19
Q

What organ do these metabolic pathways occur in and specific starting and ending products:
-Hexose monophosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate to NADPH/liver

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20
Q

Specific site of production of Insulin

A

Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas

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21
Q

Function of C-peptide

A

to ensure correct structure of insulin

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22
Q

Function of proinsulin

A

storage form of insulin

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23
Q

General effect of insulin on blood glucose concentration

A

decreased

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24
Four specific anabolic effects of insulin
Increased glycogenesis, increased lipid synthesis, increased glycolysis, increased amino acid synthesis
25
action of insulin on cell membranes and resultant effect on blood sugar levels
Increase in cell membrane permeability to glucose and decrease in blood levels of glucose
26
Specific effects of insulin on cells in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Liver: INHIBITS glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis and STIMULATES glycogensis and fatty acid synthesis Muscle: STIMULATES glycogenesis, glucose uptake and metabolism, amino acid uptake and protein synthesis and INHIBITS protein catabolism and amino acid release Adipose Tissue: STIMULATES glycerol and fatty acid synthesis and INHIBITS lipolysis
27
two specific catabolic effects of insulin
decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
28
major factor that regulates the release of insulin
blood glucose concentration
29
specific site of glucagon production
secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
30
general effect of glucagon on blood glucose concentration
Increased glucose
31
two specific glucose metabolism effects of glucagon
stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase glucose; inhibits glucose consuming pathways in the liver
32
major factor that regulates the release of glucagon
secreted when glucose is decreased
33
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -Growth Hormone
increased
34
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -epinephrine
Increased
35
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
increased
36
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -cortisol
increased
37
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -thyroxine
increased
38
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -somatostatin
decreased
39
General effect on blood glucose concentration (increase or decrease) of: -somatomedins
decreased
40
Hyperglycemia blood sugar value
Glucose >100mg/dL
41
Hypoglycemia blood sugar value in adults
Glucose <50 mg/dL
42
Three specific diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and specific laboratory values associated with the diagnostic criteria
fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dL, 2 hour post-parandial glucose >200 mg/dL, clinical symptoms and random glucose >200 mg/dL
43
Nine complications of diabetes
1. Nephrophy (renal failure) 2. Neuropathy (impaired sensation if feet) 3. Heart disease and stroke 4. Hypertension 5. Blindness and retinopathy 6. Amputations 7. Dental disease 8. Complications of pregnancy 9. Life-threatening events
44
four clinical symptoms used in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss
45
ESSAY | One specific cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Beta cell destruction
46
ESSAY | Five causes of beta cell injury in diabetes mellitus
genetic factors, environmental factors, viral causes, chemical causes, and autoimmune diseases
47
ESSAY | Relative insulin concentration in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Decreased to absent insulin
48
ESSAY | Three general metabolic changes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
inhibition of glycolysis; increased glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogensis; increased levels of Acetyl CoA, converted to ketone bodies
49
ESSAY | Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
Administration of exogenous insulin
50
ESSAY Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -8 factors that predispose patients for the diease
older age, obesity, family history of disease, sex (females more prevalent than males), history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity
51
ESSAY Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -two specific causes of the disease
insulin resistance and beta cell failure
52
ESSAY Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -two factors that may predispose a patient to develop the disease
genetic factors and environmental factors
53
ESSAY Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -relative insulin concentrations
variable
54
ESSAY Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -treatment
weight loss, dietary changes, oral hypoglycemic agents
55
A form of glucose intolerance diagnosed in some women during pregnancy
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
56
possible long term effect of GDM
women who had gestational diabetes have 35-60% chance of developing diabetes in next 10-20 years
57
screening test for gestational diabetes
O'Sullivan Test
58
Caused by a single gene defect that causes faulty insulin secretion
Maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY)
59
Affected age group of MODY
Manifests before age 25
60
Four conditions that may cause secondary diabetes
Pancreatic disease, cystic fibrosis, corticosteroid administration, hormonal disorders
61
two-hour post parandial blood sugar levels associated with impaired glucose levels
140-199 mg/dL
62
Fasting blood sugar levels in impaired glucose tolerance
Fasting plasma glucose 100-125 mg/dL
63
Hemoglobin A1C level in Prediabetes diagnosis
5.7-6.4%

Chemistry Module 1 (18 decks)

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