Proteins

Question 1

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 1

Nutrition
Enzymes
Buffers
Colloid Oncotic pressure
Coagulation 
Immunity
Transport

Question 2

Where are most proteins synthesized?

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

Where else are proteins synthesized?

Answer 3

Immune system

Question 4

What are the two types of proteins?

Answer 4

Albumin

Globulins: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma

Question 5

What is measured in beta globulins?

Answer 5

Fibrinogen

Question 6

What is measured in gamma globulins?

Answer 6

Immunoglobulins

Question 7

Albumin

Answer 7

Synthesized by the liver

Catabolized by all tissues

Question 8

What are the 2 major roles of Albumin?

Answer 8

Transport protein

Colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 9

Where are Alpha 1, Alpha 2 and Beta Globulins synthesized?

Answer 9

Synthesized by the liver

Question 10

What are the functions of Alpha 1, Alpha 2 and Beta Globulins?

Answer 10

Inflammation
Coagulation
Transport Proteins

Question 11

Where are gamma globulins synthesized?

Answer 11

In the liver

Question 12

What is gamma globulins function?

Answer 12

Immunity

Question 13

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

Answer 13

Coagulation

Increased during inflammation (positive acute phase protein)

Question 14

In what species is Fibrinogen used as a marker of inflammation?

Answer 14

Horses
Camelids
Ruminants

Question 15

Plasma

Answer 15

Liquid portion of blood that has not clotted

Question 16

Serum

Answer 16

Liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting

Question 17

How do you measure Total Protein?

Answer 17

Refractometer

Question 18

What interferes with the measurement of total protein?

Answer 18

Lipids
Cholesterol 
Glucose
Urea
Hemolysis

Question 19

When there is a discrepancy in patient between the total protein measurement on a CBC and a total protein measurement on a chemistry, where is the most likely source of error?

Answer 19

CBC

Question 20

If both the serum and plasma are measured on a chemistry panel from the same patient, which would you expect to be higher?

Answer 20

Plasma

Question 21

What does the movement of charged particles depend on?

Answer 21

Net charge
Size and Shape of the protein 
Strength of the electrical field 
Type of supporting medium 
Temperature

Question 22

Which protein is the smallest and has the highest negative charge and moves the farthest?

Answer 22

Albumin

Question 23

Which protein is the largest and does not migrate far?

Answer 23

Gamma globulins

Question 24

What are the two ways that cause Hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 24

Decreased Production

Abnormal Loss

Question 25

What causes decreased production of Albumin?

Answer 25

Inflammation Liver failure Severe malnutrition, maldigestion, or malabsorption

Question 26

What causes abnormal loss of albumin?

Answer 26

Blood loss (Hemorrhage, GI Parasites) Intestinal loss: protein losing enteropathy Urinary loss: Protein losing nephropathy Third spacing dilution: effusions and vasculitis Skin disease, burns

Question 27

Anytime albumin is decrease what do you look for?

Answer 27

INFLAMMATION

Question 28

Why does albumin decrease everytime there is inflammation?

Answer 28

The liver shifs its resources into producing inflammatory proteins

Question 29

If hypoalbuminemia is caused by hepatic insufficiency then what other changes are seen?

Answer 29

Decreased Glucose Decreased Cholesterol Decreased Urea Increased Globulins

Question 30

If hypoalbuminemia is caused by protein losing nephropathy then what other changes are seen?

Answer 30

Increased cholesterol

Question 31

What are the clinical signs of Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 31

``` Proteinuria Hypoalbuminemia Hypercoagulable Hypercholesterolemia Ascites ```

Question 32

Why might a patient with PLN be hypercoagulable?

Answer 32

Renal loss of antithrombin

Question 33

What clinical signs are seen with protein losing enteropathy?

Answer 33

Diarrhea Anorexia Weight loss despite eating

Question 34

What other chemistry analytes will be seen with protein losing enteropathy?

Answer 34

Decreased Globulin Decreased Cholesterol Decreased Magnesium

Question 35

What is the cause of Hyperalbunemia?

Answer 35

Dehydration

Question 36

What are the causes of Hypoglobulinemia?

Answer 36

Decreased production - Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS) Abnormal loss - hemorrhage or protein losing enteropathy Failure of passive transfer

Question 37

What causes hyperglobulinemia?

Answer 37

Dehydration Inflammation Neoplasia: Plasma cell tumors/ multiple myeloma, B cell lymphoma

Question 38

What causes polyclonal gammopathy?

Answer 38

Inflammation

Question 39

What causes Monoclonal gammopathy?

Answer 39

Neoplasia

Question 40

What is elevated in monoclonal gammopathy?

Answer 40

Albumin | Gamma Globulin

Question 41

What is changed in polyclonal gammopathy?

Answer 41

Decreased Albumin | Increased Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Globulin

Question 42

What causes Panhypoproteinemia?

Answer 42

Blood loss | Protein-losing enteropathy

Question 43

What causes Panhyperproteinemia?

Answer 43

Dehydration

Question 44

What does increases in fibrinogen alone mean?

Answer 44

Not significant

Question 45

What causes Hypofibrinogenemia?

Answer 45

Liver Failure | DIC

Question 46

What causes Hyperfibrinogenemia?

Answer 46

Inflammation: due to Inflammatory cytokines and positive acute phase reactant protein Renal disease