Urinanlysis

Question 1

Urinanalysis

Answer 1

Used to differentiate renal disease

Question 2

Cystocentesis advantages

Answer 2

Avoid contamination from the lower urogenital tract
Minimize iatrogenic urinary tract infection caused by catheterization
Aid in localization of hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria
Therapeutic cystocentesis in blocked cats for early management

Question 3

What are the disadvantages of Voided Urine?

Answer 3

Contamination

Question 4

What does yellow-orange urine contain?

Answer 4

bilirubin

Question 5

What does yellow-green/yellow-brown urine contain?

Answer 5

Bilirubin and biliverdin

Question 6

What does Red urine contain?

Answer 6

RBCs
Hgb
Mgb

Question 7

What does Red-brown urine contain?

Answer 7

RBCs
Hb
Mgb
MetHgb

Question 8

What does brown to black urine contain?

Answer 8

MetHgb

Question 9

What does cloudiness or turbidity in the urine caused by?

Answer 9

Cells
Crystals
Bacteria
Casts
Lipid Droplets

Question 10

What species has mild turbidity in their urine?

Answer 10

Equine

Question 11

What causes Hyperglycemia glucosuria?

Answer 11

Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperadrenocorticism
Drugs (Dextrose, glucocorticoids) 
Postprandial
Acute pancreatitis 
Extreme Stress
Pheochromocytoma
Glucagonoma
Head Trauma

Question 12

What causes Normoglycemic glucosuria?

Answer 12

Transient stress
Reversible tubular damage: drugs, hypoxia, infection, toxins
Cats with urethral obstruction

Question 13

What causes bilirubinuria?

Answer 13

Liver disease
Bile duct obstruction 
Starvation 
Hemolysis
Pyrexia
Horses off feed

Question 14

What are three kinds of “ketone bodies”?

Answer 14

Beta-hydroxybuterate
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone

Question 15

What causes ketouria?

Answer 15

Negative energy balance
DKA
Insulinoma

Question 16

What causes hematuria?

Answer 16

Trauma
Infection 
Inflammation 
infarction 
calculi
neoplasia
coagulopathy

Question 17

What causes an Alkaline pH urine?

Answer 17

Urinary tract infection of urea splitting bacteria
Low protein diet
Respiratory ir metabolic alkalosis
Alkalinizing drugs

Question 18

What causes an Acidic pH urine?

Answer 18

High protein diet
Respiratory or Metabolic Acidoses
Hypochloremia metabolic alkalosis
Hypokalemia
Furosemide

Question 19

What is a Pre-Renal cause of Proteinuria?

Answer 19

Fever
Hypertension
Seizures

Question 20

What is a Renal cause of Proteinuria?

Answer 20

Glomerulonephritis

renal tubular injury

Question 21

What is a Post-Renal cause of Proteinuria?

Answer 21

Hemorrhage

Infection

Question 22

Sulphosalicylic Acid (SSA) Test

Answer 22

Reacts with Albumin

Reacts with globulins/Bence-Jones proteins

Question 23

What is the significance of Caudate cells in the urine?

Answer 23

Pyelonephritis

Question 24

What is the significance of Transitional epithelial cells in urine?

Answer 24

Seen in hyperplasia associated with inflammation

Seen in transitional cell tumors

Question 25

What is the significance of Renal cells in the urine?

Answer 25

Renal tubular injury: infectious, toxic, and ischemic injury

Question 26

What is the significance of RBCs in the urine?

Answer 26

Hemorrhage | Inflammation

Question 27

What is the significance of WBCs in the urine?

Answer 27

Inflammation (infectious and noninfectious)

Question 28

What is the significance of Lipids in the urine?

Answer 28

Degeneration of sloughed cells Usually an isolated finding, normal Pathologic: Renal tubular injury

Question 29

What are the in vivo factors for Crystalluria?

Answer 29

Concentration and solubility of crystalline material Urine pH Diet Excretion of drugs or diagnostic imaging agents

Question 30

What are in vitro factors of crystalluria?

Answer 30

Temperature - solubility decreases with decreased temperature Evaporation - increased the solute concentration Urine pH - changes with standing urine and bacteria

Question 31

What are common crystals seen in the urine?

Answer 31

``` Struvite Bilirubin Calcium Carbonate Amorphous Calcium oxalate dihydrate ```

Question 32

What are uncommon crystals seen in the urine?

Answer 32

Calcium oxalate monohydrate Ammonium biurate Cysteine Drug-Associated

Question 33

What is the significance of Struvite formation in urine?

Answer 33

Found in normal patients | Urease-positive bacteria promote formation

Question 34

What is the significance of calcium carbonate in the urine?

Answer 34

Normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats

Question 35

What is the significance of amorphous in the urine?

Answer 35

None

Question 36

What is the significance of calcium oxalate monhydrate in the urine?

Answer 36

Seen in healthy animals (except horses) | Can be seen in animals with: Oxalate urolithiasis, Hypercalciuric or hyperoxaluric disorders, ethylene glycol

Question 37

What is the significance of Ammonium biurate in urine?

Answer 37

Normal in dalmations and English Bulldogs | Suggestive of liver disease: Liver failure or Congenital or Acquired shunts

Question 38

What is the significance of Cystine in the urine?

Answer 38

Inherited disease: Cystinuria