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RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 > Renal Function > Flashcards

Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Isothenuria

A

1.008 - 1.012

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2
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Dilute urine

1.000-1.007

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3
Q

Oliguria

A

Markedly decreased urine production

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4
Q

Anuria

A

no urine produced

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5
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Increased frequency of urination

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6
Q

Azotemia

A

increased blood urea nitrogen with/without increased creatinine

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7
Q

Uremia

A

excessive urea in blood with clinical signs of renal failure (vomiting, diarrhea, ammoniacal breath odor)

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8
Q

What is renal function?

A 
Produce hormones (EPO, Renin) 
Activated vitamin D (Ca, Phos, homeostasis)
Regulate blood pressure  (RAAS)
Excretes waste products
Conserves important substrates
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9
Q

What is the first thing to happen with renal insufficiency?

A

Lose the ability to concentrate urine

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10
Q

What happens to the remaining functioning nephrons when there is renal insufficiency?

A

compensate by hypertrophy of function

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11
Q

How is urea measured?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

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12
Q

What does BUN concentration vary with the rate of?

A

Production by the Liver
Reabsorption by the Kidney and GI tract
Excretion by the kidney

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13
Q

What causes an increased protein in the upper GI tract?

A

High Protein diet
Upper GI bleed
Increased catabolism

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14
Q

What is a species difference for BUN of ruminants and horses?

A

Microflora that allow for GI excretion of BUN

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15
Q

What are the Pre-Renal causes of decreased BUN?

A

Decreased urea production

Intestinal loss of proteins

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16
Q

What are the causes of decreased urea production?

A

Decreased amino acid delivery to liver
decreased protein in diet
Portosystemic shunt
Hepatic insufficiency

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17
Q

What are the Renal causes of decreased BUN?

A

Decreased water resorption in proximal convoluted tubules

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18
Q

The concentration of BUn is dependent on….

A

Dietary protein
Liver function
Glomerular filtrate rate

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19
Q

Creatinine

A

Produced by endogenous muscle catabolism

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20
Q

What is an excellent indicator of GFR?

A

Creatinine

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21
Q

SDMA

A

Symmetric dimethylarginine

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22
Q

SDMA - Where is it released from?

A

Released into circulation by all nucleated cells

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23
Q

From where is SDMA excreted from?

A

The kidneys exclusively

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24
Q

What is the clinical utility of SDMA?

A

Monitoring of Renal disease

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25
SpGr
an estimate of urinary concentrating capacity
26
What is SpGr measures with?
Refractometer
27
What can effect SpGr?
Glucose | Proteins
28
What two parts of the kidney are used to concentrate and/or dilute urine?
Thick ascending Loop of Henle | Collecting tubule via ADH
29
What is the range of minimum concentrating of a dog in dehydration?
1.013 -1.030
30
What is the range of minimum concentrating of a cat in dehydration?
1.013 - 1.034
31
What is the range of minimum concentrating of a horse in dehydration?
1.013 - 1.024
32
What is the range of minimum concentrating of cattle in dehydration?
1.013 - 1.024
33
Hypersthenuria
>1.040
34
Which of the following are reasons why creatinine is a better indicator of GFR than BUN?
BUN is reabsorbed in the kidney Creatinine is continually and consistently produced by muscle Creatinine is not reabsorbed by the kidney
35
What causes Polyuria?
Inability to concentrate urine
36
What are the renal causes of Polyuria?
Renal Failure | Pyelonephritis
37
What are the extra-renal causes of Polyuria?
Diuresis Medullary washout Endocrine (diabetes, hyperadrenocorticism) Pyeometra
38
What are the three categories of Azotemia?
Pre-renal (Blood, Liver, GI) Renal Post-renal (Ureter, Bladder, Urethra)
39
What are the clinical pathology findings for Pre-Renal Azotemia?
Increased BUN +/- Increased CREA Increased SpGr
40
What are the causes of Pre-Renal Azotemia?
Decreased renal blood flow leads to decreased GFR: Dehydration*, Shock, Cardiac insufficiency Increased urea production: Upper GI Bleed*, High protein diet, Endogenous protein catabolism, Ruminants: decreased ruminal motility
41
What are the analytes affected by decreased GFR?
BUN CREA Phosphorus Magnesium
42
What is the #1 caused of increased Phosphorus and Increased Magnesium
Decreased GFR
43
What is commonly found in a dehydrated animal with normal renal function?
Decreased Urine volume | Increased Urine Specific Gravity
44
What is the normal range of urine specific gravity in a dehydrated dog?
1.030-1.060
45
What is the normal range of urine specific gravity in a dehydrated cat?
1.040-1.080
46
What is the normal range of urine specific gravity in a dehydrated horse or cow?
1.025-1.045
47
What can cause increased CREA production?
Increased muscle mass in greyhounds and heavily muscled animals In neonatal foals from Dams with dysfunctional placentas that prevent normal clearance of fetal CREA
48
What are the clinical pathology findings in Renal Azotemia?
Increased BUN Increased CREA Decreased SpGr Increased Phosphorus
49
What are the infectious causes of renal Azotemia?
Pyelonephritis | Leptospirosis
50
What are the toxins that cause Renal Azotemia?
``` Ethylene glycol Drugs grapes Asiatic lilies Melamine pigments (myoglobin, hemoglobin) ```
51
What are the congenital causes of Renal Azotemia?
Hypoplasia | aplasia
52
What are the clinical pathology findings of Post Renal Azotemia?
Increased BUN Increased CREA variable SpGr
53
What are the causes of Post Renal Azotemia?
Obstruction of urinary outflow: Urolithiasis or Uroabdomen
54
What causes Postrenal Proteinuria?
Hemorrhage/Inflammation
55
What does Hypercalcemia cause in the kidneys?
Impairs urine concentrating ability by affecting ADH receptors Mineralization of renal tubules by nephronal dysfunction
56
What are the clinical pathology findings of a uroabdomen?
Increase Potassium | Decreased sodium
57
What is peritoneal CREA 2x serum = ?
Diagnostic for uroperitoneum
58
What are major diagnostic indicators of uroabdomen?
Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia Peritoneal creatinine greater than 2x higher than serum creatinine
59
What are the findings on a uranalysis for Acute Renal Failure?
Oliguria or anuria Variable SpGr +/- proteinuria +/- cellular casts
60
Nephrotic Syndrome
Protein-losing nephropathy leading to abdominal transudation

RUSVM Clinical Pathology 2016 (22 decks)

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