Protists OR 5 supergroups of euk. (C28)

Question 1

What is a protist

Answer 1

An unofficial group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms.

Question 2

What are the main supergroups

Answer 2

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

Question 3

What supergroup are red and green algae part of ?

Answer 3

Archaeplastida

Question 4

What are the 5 supergroups of eukaryotes

Answer 4

Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Excavata.

Question 5

How does endosymbiosis relate to photosynthesis?

Answer 5

Through 2ndary endosymbiosis, photosythesis got to occcur in certain organisms

Question 6

An example of Endosymbiosis

Answer 6

the development of photosynthesis

Question 7

What were the 2 hypotheses for how photosynthesis got found in a certain species? (mentioned in lecture 9, feb 6)

Answer 7

1: photosynthesis was ancestral

#2: photosynthesis evolved through repeated endosymbiosis events

Question 8

Which theory for photosynthesis was correct? Why?

Question 9

Which protist group are known for hairy flagelum?

Answer 9

Stremenopiles, for example,

Question 10

Difference between mutualistt, Commensalism, parasite

Answer 10

positive effect on both
positive for one
positive for one, negative for other

Question 11

Fungi are

Answer 11

heterotrophic

Question 12

What are hyphae

Answer 12

on mushrooms

Question 13

How did chloroplast originate

Answer 13

Endosymbiosm of cyanobacteria and red and green algae

Question 14

What are stremenopiles

Answer 14

diatoms, brown algae, oomycytes

Question 15

Plastids

Answer 15

organelles found in plant cells and algae
(ex: chlorplast)
descendent of cyanobacteria
came through endosymbiosis, organelle
Cyanobacteria, was engulfed by a non-photosynthetic thing
and cyanobacteria became

Question 16

What is a sporophyte?

Answer 16

The whole plant at the first/normal stage of the plant life cycle.
It is 2n

Question 17

2 generations in a plant life cyle?

Answer 17

Sporophytes (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid)

Question 18

Why aren’t human beings life cycles considered alteration of generations?

Answer 18

Because our cells are NOT multicellular throughout the process.
Whereas plants are multicellular at both stages

Question 19

What is a sporophyte?

Question 20

What is a spore?

Answer 20

reproductive cell, that is produced by sporangia
Are haploid (n)

Question 21

Difference between sporophyte, spore, sporangia and zygote

Answer 21

Sporophyte- first stage of cell (diploid, 2n)
sporangia- CREATES spores
spore- a reproductive cell, develop into a male and female gametophytes (n)
zygote- after fertilization (2n)

Question 22

Derived traits in plants

Answer 22

Traits in all land plants, but NOT in charophytes
1. Alteration of generations
2. Spores have cell walls
3. Multicellular gametangia
4. Apical Meristems

Question 23

Steps of Alternating Generations

Answer 23

1. Gametophytes produce gamete
2. two gametes fertilize, zygote is made.
3. Zygote develops into sporophyte (2n)
4. Spores develop into multicellular

Question 24

Bryophytes

Answer 24

Have no vascular tissue

Question 25

Types of vascular plants, ex

Answer 25

Seed and seedless

Question 26

What is a gymnosperm and angiosperm?

Answer 26

Seed vascular plant

Question 27

What are adaptations to life on land?

Question 28

What are the major groups of nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants?

Answer 28

nonvascular: mosses, liver and horn

Seedless Vasc: lycophytes and monophytes

Seed and Vascular: angiosperms, gymnosperms

Question 29

What is Transduction

Answer 29

-virus comes into bacteria cell
-makes virus babies (in bacteria cell)
-some virus babies pick up bacteria DNA
-And virus can inject bacteria DNA to other cells

Question 30

What is Conjugation

Answer 30

2 bacteria cells
pilus= attaches to recipient
DONOR MUST have F-factor (to create pilus)
2 types of F-factors: F-plasmid, a whole ring
F-factor

Question 31

2 types of F factors and how they replicate

Answer 31

1. F-plasmid, a ring that is ONLY the DNA
   whole thing replicates
2. F-factor in the chromosome, a section of the chromosome, aka HFR Cell
   only PART of ring replicates, (then gets cut off)

Question 32

What is secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 32

The engulfing of a euakaryote