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Radiology > PSPP Sensor Placement and Beam Positioning Problems > Flashcards

PSPP Sensor Placement and Beam Positioning Problems Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Sensor placement and beam positioning problems can be caused by…

A
  1. image receptor
    a. Film
    b. Photostimulable Phosphor Plate (i.e., PSPP)
    c. Charge Coupling Device (i.e., CCD)
    d. Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (i.e., CMOS)
  2. shadow casting principles
    a. beam angulation
    b. receptor placement
  3. The “Human” element
    a. clinician
    b. patient
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2
Q

What are the miscellaneous technique problems?

A
  1. Phalangioma
  2. Movement
  3. Sensor placement
  4. Beam angulation - Horizontal
  5. Beam angulation - Vertical
  6. PID/BID alignment
  7. Sensor wire placement
  8. Sensor bending
  9. Sensor Creasing
  10. Double exposure
  11. Reversed placement
    (8-11 PSP and film only)
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3
Q

What is phalangioma?

A

Patient’s finger positioned in front of the sensor

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4
Q

What is wrong with this image?

A

phalangioma

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5
Q

What is wrong with this image?

A

phalangioma

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6
Q

What is the problem with movement during x-rays?

A

Patient or x-ray tube head moves
during exposure

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7
Q

What is wrong with this image?

A

movement

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8
Q

Sensor placement is _____ critical with solid-state sensors

A

MORE

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9
Q

Why is sensor placement more critical with solid-state sensors?

A

smaller active image capture area

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10
Q

Where do you place the receptor for a maxillary premolar PA?

A
  • Anterior edge of receptor includes distal ½ of canine, the premolars and some of molars
  • Horizontal angle directed through distal of canine/premolar, premolar/premolar, and the 2nd premolar/ molar contacts
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11
Q

Where do you place the receptor for a maxillary molar PA?

A
  • Anterior edge of receptor includes distal ½ of 2nd premolar and as much of the molars as possible
  • Horizontal angle directed through distal of 2nd premolar/1st molar and the intermolar contacts
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12
Q

What type of x-ray is this?

A

maxillary molar PA

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13
Q

What type of x-ray is this?

A

maxillary premolar PA

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14
Q

Where do you place the receptor for a premolar bitewing?

A
  • Anterior edge of receptor includes mesial ½ of canine, the premolars and some of molars
  • Horizontal angle directed through distal of canine/premolar, premolars and the 2nd premolar/ 1st molar contacts
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15
Q

What type of x-ray is this?

A

premolar bitewing

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16
Q

Where do you put the cotton roll for x-rays?

A

Between biteblock and opposing teeth

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17
Q

T/F: put the cotton roll between biteblock and imaged teeth

A

False!

  • Between biteblock and opposing teeth
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18
Q

What are ways you can have incorrect placement?

A
  • Absence of apical structures
  • Dropped sensor corner
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19
Q

What can cause an absence of apical structures from an x-ray?

A
  • Sensor not positioned over the apical area in the mouth
  • Bite block not against occlusal/incisal edge; OR patient not biting down
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20
Q

What is wrong with this image?

A
  • Incorrect Sensor Placement
  • Absence of apical structures
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21
Q

What is the cause of the “tipping”/dropped film corner?

A

Sensor not placed parallel with the occlusal / incisal surface of teeth

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22
Q

How do you set the horizontal angle?

A

The Central Ray should be directed between the interproximal contacts of interest

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23
Q

Central ray has to be projected _______________ to sensor

A

perpendicular

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24
Q

Is this incorrect horizontal angulation mesial to distal or distal to mesial?

A

Mesial to distal

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25
Is this incorrect horizontal angulation mesial to distal or distal to mesial?
distal to mesial
26
What can issues with beam angulation vertical cause?
* Foreshortened images * Elongated images
27
What is the cause of foreshortened images?
- Excessive vertical angulation - Beam is perpendicular to the sensor (but object not parallel to receptor?- haley)
28
What is the issue with this image?
foreshortened image
29
What is the issue with this image?
foreshortened image
30
When you foreshorten an image with smaller active area what happens?
parts of the image are missed
31
What is wrong with the image on right compared to the "good" one of the left
foreshortened image
32
With a smaller active image capture area AND long roots _____________ is encouraged
foreshortening
33
What causes elongated images?
- Insufficient vertical angulation – Beam is perpendicular to the tooth/teeth
34
What is the issue with this image?
elongated images
35
What is the issue with this image?
elongated images
36
What does BID/PID alignment problems cause?
* Cone cuts – With sensor holder – Without sensor holder
37
What is BID/PID?
beam indicating device position indicator device
38
What is the cause of cone cuts with sensor holder?
PID not properly aligned with the sensor holding device from - incorrect XCP Assembly - poor alignment of PID with XCP
39
What is the issue with this image?
PID ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS
40
What is the issue with this image?
PID ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS
41
What causes cone cuts without sensor holder (XCP)?
PID not directed at center of film
42
What is wrong with this image?
sensor wire
43
What is wrong with this image?
sensor wire
44
What are exposure problems?
1. Overexposed 2. Underexposed 3. No exposure 4. Sensor wire superimposition 5. Post exposure
45
Why are overexposed and underexposed images not as big of a deal?
post-exposure image processing by the software immediately corrects large exposure discrepancies
46
What causes overexposed images? ________ time ________ mA ________ kV
increased time increased mA increased kV
47
An overexposed image has ____ density
high
48
What causes overexposed images?
Excessive exposure to x-radiation from excess time, kVp, mA, or any combination of these
49
What is wrong with this image?
overexposed
50
What is wrong with this image?
overexposed
51
What is wrong with this image?
underexposed
52
What causes an underexposed image?
Insufficient exposure time, kVp, mA, or any combination of these
53
What causes underexposed images? ________ time ________ mA ________ kVp
insufficient time insufficient mA insufficient kVp
54
Excessive tube-receptor distance is related to...
inverse square law
55
What is post exposure image processing issues?
- Faulty program software image settings: calibration files + gain, gamma, - gain
56
What is gain for image processing?
Adjusts the bright tones and brings more information into the highlights of an image.
57
What is gamma correction for image processing?
Adjusts the midtones of an image by adjusting each pixel value in an image. It is usually performed automatically on a PC monitor, but the precision is adjustable
58
What is wrong with this image?
Post Exposure Image Processing
59
What are examples of failure to remove a non-fixed item from patient that may be in path of the primary x-ray beam?
gum, candy, piercings, eyeglass frames, et cetera
60
What causes sensor bending?
Sensor is bending toward source because of impingement against palate
61
What causes sensor creasing/scratch marks?
damage to storage phosphors so there is no signal to the area with damaged pixels
62
What is wrong with this image?
sensor creasing/scratch marks
63
What is wrong with this image?
sensor bending
64
What is a double exposure?
- Sensor is accidentally exposed twice – Not possible with contemporary CMOS capture software
65
What is wrong with this image?
double exposure
66
What is wrong with this image?
double exposure
67
What is the cause of reversed placement?
Sensor is placed back to front in sensor holder – Unlikely with contemporary CMOS sensors because of poor unstable fit in biteblock
68
What is wrong with this image?
Reversed Placement

Radiology (25 decks)

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