PSY 322 Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

**Sensory Coding: ** Specificity coding Population coding Sparse coding

Answer 1

Specificity coding: Representation of a stimulus by the firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus Population coding: Representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons Sparse coding: Representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent Specificity coding: IS WRONG WE DO NOT DO THIS - cells in the body sometimes die and like neuron four doesnt work that doesn't mean that you won't perceive the stimulus Population or Sparse: Could be either it is distributing and pattern like

Answer 2

Cerebral cortex (3-mm-thick layer covering the brain) contains mechanisms responsible for most cognitive functions - outermost layer Frontal Lobe: primary motor cortex, reasoning, planning, speech, emotions, problem solving, decision making Parietal Lobe: primary somatosensory cortex(touch mostly), orientation, recognition, attention Occipital Lobe: visual processing Temporal Lobe: hearing, smell, memory, and speech

Answer 3

Language production is impaired by damage to Broca’s area – Frontal lobe - Production Language comprehension is impaired by damage to Wernicke’s area – Temporal lobe - comprehension Production vs comprehension Patients with this problem—slow, labored, ungrammatical speech caused by damage to Broca’s area—are diagnosed as having Broca’s apha-sia. The fact that damage to a specific area of the brain caused a specific deficit of behavior was striking evidence against the idea of equipotentiality and for the idea of localization of function. Eighteen years after Broca reported on his frontal lobe patients, Carl Wernicke (1879) described a number of patients who had damage to an area in their temporal lobe that came to be called Wernicke’s area. Wernicke’s patients produced speech that was fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent. Here is a modern example of the speech of a patient with Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 4

Occipital lobe: vision Parietal lobe: touch, temperature, and pain Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, and smell Coordination of information received from all senses – Frontal lobe

Answer 5

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - Measures neural activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules – Activity recorded in voxels Fusiform face area (FFA) responds specifically to faces Damage to this area causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) Area in brain that specifically responds to faces Parahippocampal place area (PPA) responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes) Extrastriate body area (EBA) responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

Answer 6

Central principle of cognition: Most of our experience is multidimensional. - experience world in a more rich a complicated way

Answer 7

Connectome: structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain - Interconnected areas of the brain that communicate with each other - Parts of brain does not function in isolation but work together and facilitate communication - Connectome is like the human genome mapping all genes that exist but not knowing what they all do or all their interactions, the connectome is like that but the setup of your nervous system with elements of structures and also how it works

Answer 8

Structural connectivity: the brain’s “wiring diagram” created by axons that connect brain areas - as unique to individuals as fingerprints - Will change over time due to things like plasticity Functional connectivity: how groups of neurons within the connectome function in relation to types of cognition - determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in two brain areas Like roads that exist in city and traffic that follows, structure is the road of what connects to what whereas functional is how they function and pass information

Answer 9

Visual: Vision; visual perception Somato-motor: Movement and touch Dorsal Attention: Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations Executive Control: Higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory and directing attention during tasks Salience(standout): Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment Default mode: Mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life-story, social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states

Answer 10

the flow and activity within and across the brain’s functional networks change based on conditions change within and across networks is constant The only thing constant is change bc demands and life changes us

Answer 11

mode of brain function that occurs when it is at rest one of the brain’s largest networks What happens when at rest just chilling not doing anything active

Answer 12

absorbing raw energy (e.g., light waves, sound waves) through our sensory organs - start point of getting energy from the environment like light in eyes or air pressure or pain or temp that we absorb

Answer 13

conversion of this energy to neural signals - truing the energy into neural signals - like photoreceptor reaching fovea in the cones and then reaching the primary visual cortex

Answer 14

concentration of mental energy to process incoming information

Answer 15

selecting, organizing, and interpreting these signals - end point and is a subject experience based on the sensation that has been interpreted by the brain

Answer 16

Energy contains information about the world (usually incomplete, full of noise, and distorted) Accessory structure modifies energy Receptor transduces energy into a neural response Sensory nerve transmits the coded activity to the central nervous system Thalamus processes and relays the neural response Related to specialized areas of the cortex Perception of the world is created

Answer 17

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses - Perceptions can change based on added information - something far away can’t really identify so you use context clues to guess what it is and then as you get closer you see what it really is so your perfection evolves - Involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving - Perceptions occur in conjunction with actions

Answer 18

- Environmental energy stimulating the receptors - Knowledge and expectations the observer brings to the situation

Answer 19

Perception comes from stimuli in the environment Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition occurs - Has to do with bringing in info from the outside, so light hitting retina, sound hitting hear, from outside world hitting your brain. The building blocks of perception. - Perception may start with the senses - Incoming raw data - Energy registering on receptors

Answer 20

People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations - The influence of what's already in your head so prior knowledge, experience, and expectations. We actively construct our perception because of what we already know from passed knowledge and what primarily drives the outside world info - Perception(the experience that is internal to us or subject tied to simulation of our senses) may start with the brain - Person’s knowledge, experience, and expectations

Answer 21

influences our perception of language based on our individual experience with the language Speech segmentation: The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins Transitional probabilities: Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word - top down having a lot of experience with a language Some perceptions are the results of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment We use our knowledge to inform our perceptions We infer much of what we know about the world - based on guess we have never verified

Answer 22

We perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences topdown

Answer 23

“Old” view - structuralism Perception involves adding up sensations - bottom “New” view - Gestalt principles The mind groups patterns according to intrinsic laws of perceptual organization According to structuralism, a number of sensations (represented by the dots) add up to create our perception of the face. New said doesn't fit in top or down category - they said “the whole is greater than some of its parts” - highlight how we organize incoming info in a way that makes it make sense so how to catalog what we are seeing. Individual building blocks coming together.

Answer 24

The illusion of movement created by the stroboscope, which is called apparent movement because, although movement is perceived, nothing is actually moving. There are three components to stimuli that create apparent movement: (1) One light flashes on and off; (2) there is a period of darkness, lasting a fraction of a second; and (3) the second light flashes on and off Principle of good continuation: Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path Law of pragnanz (Principle of simplicity or good figure): Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible - Example olympic symbol is perceived as five circles, not as nine shapes. You would never perceive it as nine at first you would see the five first. Like to have simple structures. Principle of similarity: Similar things appear grouped together Principle of familiarity: Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful - Face tree Perception is determined by specific organizing principles, not just dark and light stimuli activating the retina - little more than just basic bottom up Role of experience is minor compared to these intrinsic, “built in” principles Experience can influence perception but is not the key driver

Answer 25

Common physical properties of the environment Oblique effect: We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations - experience dependent plasticity or in our everyday lives and in environment Light-from-above assumption: We assume light comes from above because this is common in our environment We perceive shadows as specific information about depth and distance Helps drive perception by experience with the environment, the light source is usually above and the sun is above. Shadows tell us info

Answer 26

The meaning of a given scene is related to what happens within that scene. Semantic regularities are the characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes. Scene schema: It is knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains. In the jewelry case at Tiffany’s, would you expect to see a plate of fish and chips or diamond rings?

Answer 27

Top-down processing - Unconscious inference - Environmental regularities Bottom-up processing - Gestalt principles

Answer 28

wanted to see do we change the FFA how we process stimuli by getting a lot of experience of processing non human faces, believing FFA was only for human faces. Had people look at computer generated green little stuff called greeble that each differed a little like people do so some with hat some with long nose. Had the participants taken a baseline response for human faces and seen overall how human faces vs green activated the FFA. Then put people through Greeble training so basically looking at the green stuff and by features put into categories and then test again after training and what happens with FFA. They found that after greeble training that before low and after high due to greebale training so really recognized it with FFA, with faces after training human faces actually decreased because they haven't looked at human faces for a while telling us that it is experience-dependent plasticity. FFA will respond and modify to your environment, that demands changes to what it does.

Answer 29

d.make a decision about the stimulus.

Answer 30

d.Three-letter nonsense words

Answer 31

a.inborn programming.

Answer 32

a.observable behavior.

Answer 33

a.the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.

Answer 34

a.determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

Answer 35

a.Broca's area.

Answer 36

b. top-down processing.

Answer 37

d.size constancy.

Answer 38

b.likelihood principle.

Answer 39

a.Good figure

Answer 40

d.selective

Answer 41

b.shadowing

Answer 42

b.Sensory store, filter, detector, memory

Answer 43

c.tasks are well-practiced.

Answer 44

perception Determining the identity of an object Ventral pathway (lower part of the brain)

Answer 45

action Determining the location of an object Dorsal pathway (upper part of the brain)

Answer 46

If you are trying to understand a complex system, you can logically deduce conclusions from “malfunctions” Damage to different areas of the brain cause very different deficits We can conclude that a specific area is necessary for a specific function Single dissociation - One function is lost, another remains - Example: Monkey A has damage to the temporal lobe. This monkey is no longer able to identify objects (what) but can still identify locations (where) - Therefore, what and where rely on different mechanisms, although they may not operate totally independent of one another Double dissociation - Requires two individuals with different damage and opposite deficits - Example: Monkey A with temporal lobe damage has intact where but impaired what; Monkey B with parietal lobe damage has intact what but impaired where - Therefore, what and where streams must have different mechanisms AND operate independently of one another

Answer 47

These neurons respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action. fMRI research has found evidence of a mirror neuron system in the brain. Iacoboni (2005) found a higher rate of mirroring if the subject’s intention to perform the action was greater.

Answer 48

Attention: The ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment Selective: attending to one thing while ignoring others Divided: paying attention to more than one thing at a time Limited: in capacity and timing Both overt(what I’m looking at consciously) and covert: we can consciously attend to information but some information grabs our attention

Answer 49

One message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear. Participant “shadows”(repeating echoing back to make sure they were listening) one message to ensure he is attending to that message. Can we completely filter out the message to the unattended ear and attend only to the shadowed message? How to study selective attention early on was dichotic listening – put headset on someone one ear is one message other ear a different message and then asking people to focus on one message and filter out the other message and attended only to the shadow message - this is what Cherry did Participants could not report the content of the message in unattended ear: Knew that there was a message Knew the gender of the speaker

Answer 50

Cocktail party effect: a gathering of some sort and at a noisy gathering having convo with one person and you can within reason focus on the one pearson and tune out the other noises but you can hear slight mermeres, and then you can hear something pop out like your own name, certain things grab your attention. Can select for one stream of info but certain things can come in a grab your attention. Change in gender is noticed Change to a tone is noticed

Answer 51

Where does the attention filter occur? Early in processing Later in processing Early selection model Broadbent’s filter model Intermediate selection model Treisman’s attenuation model Late selection model For example, MacKay (1973) Early on thought of attention is a filter → if attention is a filter where does it occur early or later in processing. Filter happens when you process meaning so where does filter happen.

Answer 52

Sensory store, filter, detector, memory Early selection model Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning Message → Sensory/Memory → Attend Message (Attention) → Detector → To memory Filtering(when you are blocking out stimuli you don't want) occurs early in the stream before you have processed meaning. Messages you get several like at a cocktail party and get passed to filter and it says I only pay attention to a certain stream, only attended messages gets through, his model is like a brick wall saying only attended gets through and then to memory. But this is wrong. Sensory memory - temporary storage place as a buffer Holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second Transfers all information to next stage Filter Identifies attended message based on physical characteristics (what's entering left or what sounds coming from pearson you are trying to talk to) Only attended message is passed onto the next stage —>> Key to the model Detector - takes info and makes sense of it (what were words being said and then processes) Processes all information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message Short-term memory Receives output of detector Holds information for 10–15 seconds and may transfer it to long-term memory Broadbent’s Model Could Not Explain: ISSUES Why participant’s name gets through Cocktail party phenomenon Why participants can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to another Dear Aunt Jane (Gray & Wedderburn, 1960) Message you shadow - follow content of message not what's coming in from each ear like not just ignoring one ear

Answer 53

Intermediate selection model Attended messages can be separated from unattended messages early in the information-processing system. Selection can also occur later. Message → Attenuator → Dictionary Unit → To memory Instead of brick wall she said Attenuator which means to lesson impact which means we let in the attended message in full strength but the unattended gets through just in a weaker sense Attenuator It analyzes incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. Attended message is let through the attenuator at full strength. Unattended messages are let through at much weaker strength. Broadbent only physical she said language and meaning Dictionary unit Contains words, each of which has a threshold for being activated Words that are common or important have low thresholds - easier to get through like your name Uncommon words have high thresholds - harder to get through like a random word like rutabaga

Answer 54

Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after information has been analyzed for meaning. - selection comes into play when you decided what your listening to MacKay (1973) Meaning of the biasing word affected participants’ choice. Participants were unaware of the presentation of the biasing words. So what they heard in the unattended ear - meaning affected choice without conscious choice. She said evidence that we select very late and process everything just not at a conscious level and consciously when you respond to it is when you choose.

Answer 55

Processing capacity—how much information a person can handle at any given moment Perceptual load—the difficulty of a given task High-load (difficult) tasks use higher amounts of processing capacity Low-load (easy) tasks use lower amounts of processing capacity

Answer 56

Eye movements, attention, and perception Saccades: rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another - reading jumping from point a to point b Fixations: short pauses on points of interest - when people stop and pauses to take in points of info Studied by using an eye tracker Where are you looking and studying it by eye tracking.

Answer 57

Stimulus salience: areas that stand out and capture attention - grabs your attention Bottom-up process Depends on characteristics of the stimulus Color and motion are highly salient What determines what we look at it - bottom up based on what catches your attention that pop up things like color or motion - what is distinctive

Answer 58

Scene schema: knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes Help guide fixations from one area of a scene to another Eyes movements are determined by task Eyes movements preceded motor actions by a fraction of a second What determines what we look at top - like knowledge of what is contained in scene guides. Task also dedicates what you look at to it so look and get perceptual information.

Answer 59

Covert Attention: Attention Without Eye Movements: what are we processing when were not actually looking at something Precueing: directing attention without moving the eyes Participants respond faster to a light at an expected location than at an unexpected location Even when eyes kept fixed

Answer 60

The Stroop Test: dividing attention and automatic attention Stroop effect Name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color Cannot avoid paying attention to the meanings of the words Name the color of the ink used to print these shapes or Name the color of the ink used to print these words

Answer 61

Practice enables people to simultaneously do two things that were difficult at first. - driving hard at first only focus on driving - 20 years later really good at driving and you can now talk or listen to music Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) Divide attention between remembering target and monitoring rapidly presented stimuli Memory set: one to four characters called target stimuli Test frames: could contain random dot patterns, a target, distractors Automatic processing occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive resources.

Answer 62

The perceptual system is not concerned with determining an object’s image on the retina. It starts with the image on the retina, and its job is to determine what object “out there” created the image. The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina is called the inverse projection problem, because it involves starting with the retinal image and extending rays out from the eye. Objects are often viewed from different an-gles, so their images are continually changing, as in Figure 3.10. People’s ability to recognize an object even when it is seen from different viewpoints is called viewpoint invariance.

Answer 63

Separating objects such as seeing a ball and seeing its shape and color separately. We are unaware because it occurs early in the perception process.

Answer 64

Evidence for integration theory Which one object can take on properties of an-other object because the attention was divided so it was hard to understand the shape and color.

Answer 65

Attention Affects Physiological Responding Attention has a number of different effects on the brain. One effect is to increase activity in areas of the brain that represent the attended location.

PSY 322 Exam 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)