PSY2001 S2 W1 Attitudes Flashcards

Question

What is the emprical example of advertising for mere exposure? | Fang, Singh & Ahluwalia (2007)

Answer 1

Participants exposed to banner ads at the top of a web article rated their reaction to the banner as more positive when they saw it 20 times vs. 5 times vs. 0 times

Answer 2

Students rated women who had attended their class as more attractive when the women had attended 15 classes vs. 10 classes vs. 5 classes

Answer 3

When people are repeatedly exposed to a neutral stimulus that appears in temporal proximity to an affective stimulus, their subsequent evaluation of the neutral stimulus often becomes more similar to the valence of the affective stimulus

Answer 4

Pairing a new, neutral, stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus) with an already positive thing (Unconditioned Stimulus) > positive attitude Pairing a new, neutral stimulus with an already negative thing > negative attitude

Answer 5

Advertising & Healthy eating

Answer 6

demonstrated that participants rated a fictitious anti-flu drug as more effective, safe and beneficial when it was paired with positive vs. negative images.

Answer 7

demonstrated that participants showed more negative implicit attitudes to energy-dense snack foods after images of these snack foods were paired with images of potential adverse health consequences

Answer 8

We form attitudes by observing our behaviour and the circumstances in which it occurs and making inferences (attributions)

Answer 9

Participants that evaluated cartoons while holding a pen in their teeth thought the cartoons were funnier than those who held the pen in their lips..

Answer 10

Participants who held a pen in their teeth while looking at photos of Black males showed significantly less implicit bias on the IAT than those who did the same while looking at photos of White males

Answer 11

Facial activity can influence affective responses

Answer 12

Attitude formation should be understood in terms of the needs that attitudes serve. Different motivations underlie different attitudes, and there is unlikely to be any single cause of a specific type of attitude.

Answer 13

Utilitarian/Instrumental Ego-defensive Value-expensive Knowledge/Cognitive Economy

Answer 14

Attitudes exist because they are useful. We are motivated to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. So we develop positive attitudes to objects that help us obtain rewards and reach goals and negative attitudes to objects that bring punishment or prevent us achieving our goals.

Answer 15

Attitudes help protect our self-image i.e. protect us from unacceptable internal and external threats

Answer 16

Students received information suggesting that their self-image as a ‘serious student’ was incorrect or correct. Students who received self-image inconsistent information rated it more negatively than students who received self-image consistent information. More negative evaluation > greater message discounting [This message isn’t important, relevant etc ] > source derogation [The source of this message is stupid, not reasonable etc. ]

Answer 17

Attitudes help us express values that are integral to our self-concept. i.e. they help communicate what the type of person we are (e.g., having a positive attitude towards LGBTQ+ solidarity because you value equality)

Answer 18

I.e. they help us: Organise information and give a sense of predictability in our complex social world. Act as a frame of reference for sorting new information and streamline information-processing. E.g., “I like fruit. Durians are a fruit, so I’ll probably like them”

Answer 19

“Modification of an individual’s general evaluative perception of a stimulus or set of stimuli”

Answer 20

An active attempt to change a person’s attitude through information

Answer 21

Those that model/try to change attitudes through communication Those that model/try to change attitudes by changing behaviour

Answer 22

Advert, Arguments & Debates

Answer 23

The Yale approach to persuasion (Hovland): Who says what to whom and with what effect? 3- Source: Who is trying to do the persuading? 4- Message: What is the content of the message, and how is that content expressed? 5- Audience: To whom is the message targeted?

Answer 24

Attractiveness & Credibility

Answer 25

A substantial amount of research finds that more attractive sources are more persuasive than less attractive sources

Answer 26

A substantial amount of research finds that high credibility sources are more persuasive than low credibility sources

Answer 27

Fear appeals

Answer 28

Persuasive messages that arouse fear (common in public health campaigns). A substantial amount of research finds that messages containing strong ‘fear appeals’ are more persuasive than messages containing lower or no fear appeals.

Answer 29

in some cases, research has found that fear appeals are less persuasive or may backfire. “Reactance is the motivation to restore behavioural freedoms when they are threatened” (Brehm, 1966) Messages that threaten behavioural freedom (e.g. those that use controlling language) prompt feelings of anger and other negative cognitions and can lead to reduced persuasion

Answer 30

A variety of individual difference factors affect the likelihood of persuasion. Need for cognition, Self-monitoring & Regulatory focus/fit

Answer 31

individual’s tendency to engage in effortful cognition. E.g., Cacioppo et al. (1983) found that argument quality had a larger effect on persuasion in individuals high in need for cognition). Some people like thinking some don’t People who have high need cognition high quality argument is more persuasive.

Answer 32

DeBono, Leavitt, & Backus (2003) found that high self-monitors were more positively influenced by attractive product packaging than low self-monitors. Awareness

Answer 33

Whether individuals have a ‘promotion’ or ‘prevention’ focus and how that fits with the regulatory orientation of the message (e.g., Cesario et al. (2004) found enhanced persuasion when there was high regulatory fit)

Answer 34

It's not that simple. “Existing literature supported the view that nearly every independent variable studied increased persuasion in some circumstances, had no effect in others, and decreased persuasion in still other contexts” So rather than looking at whether certain characteristics increased persuasion, researchers started to look at how persuasion works

Answer 35

A range of conditions and factors aid motivation and ability to engage in the high effort central route. 1-Motivation 2-Ability

Answer 36

People are more likely to be persuaded by central route cues if, for example, they are in a negative mood, have high personal involvement, and score highly on individual difference variables such as Need for Cognition

Answer 37

People are more likely to be persuaded by central route cues if, for example they have sufficient time to process the message, sufficient cognitive resources, and are not distracted

Answer 38

Greater exposure to the attitude object results in more positive attitudes

Answer 39

The central route

Answer 40

How attractive the model who is featured wearing the coat is

Answer 41

Positive or negative feelings about a person, object or issue

Answer 42

Affective, belief and behavioural components

Answer 43

using both explicit and implicit measures, which differ in terms of whether they are automatically activated and whether they can be self-reported

Answer 44

mere exposure, evaluative conditioning, and self-perception

Answer 45

that attitudes serve four key needs or functions

PSY2001 S2 W1 Attitudes Flashcards

(70 cards)