PSYC Chapter 10 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What Is The Distinction Between Efficacy and Outcome Expectation?
Efficacy: Estimate of how likely it is that he/she can act in a particular way. I have what it takes to do this.
Outcome: Estimate of how likely certain outcomes will follow after one carries out that behaviour. What I do will work.
***Efficacy and outcome expectations must be high before behaviour becomes energetic, goal-directed and sustained over time.
What Are Four Sources of Self-Efficacy?
Personal behaviour history (strongest source of efficacy), vicarious experience (modelling/observations), verbal persuasion (pep talk) and physiological activity (presence/absence of tension, fear, anxiety and stress). Efficacy lowers arousal.
What Is The Distinction Between Efficacy and Expectation In Common Language?
Efficacy: Can I do it?
Outcome: Will it work? Will it be successful?
What Impact Does Self Doubt Have on Cognition, Emotion and Behaviour?
Leads to avoiding activities one sees as overwhelming their coping capacities, slacken efforts when facing challenges or settle on mediocre solutions, doubt their capacities, focuses on negative thoughts (deficiencies), dwell on deficiencies, focus on obstacles/threats and feel doubt, dress, pessimism, and anxiety (negative emotionality).
How Do Increases In Self Efficacy Beliefs Increase Key Motivational Mechanisms?
Self efficacy beliefs facilitate coping, performing and achieving b/c they facilitate task evolvement, exerting greater effort and persistence, thinking clearly on what needs to be done, and positive constructive emotionality.
What Is The Issue of Learned Helplessness?
It leads to motivational, learning and emotional deficits
What Is The Seligman And Myer, Learned Helplessness Dog Study?
That helplessness is learned
How Does The Meaning Of Failure Differ For A Person With Mastery Motivational Orientation vs Hopelessness Motivational Orientation?
Individuals with a mastery motivational orientation sees failure as an opportunity to learn.
What Is Perceived Control and Contingency?
Perceived control: How much control one believes they have.
Contingency: Objective relation between one’s behavioural response and environmental response/outcome. How much one’s voluntary, strategic behaviour actually influences the outcome in a situation (varies on continuum from 0 (uncontrollable) to 1 (controllable outcome).
How Do Mastery Motivational Oriented vs Helpless Motivational Oriented Persons Vary In Terms of Response To Failure Feedback?
Mastery Motivational Oriented: Increases effort, changes strategies.
Helpless Motivational Orientation: Decreases efforts, doubts abilities and loses hope for future success.
What Are Alternative Explanations For Why Uncontrollable Events Induce Helplessness Deficits?
Unpredictability, it adds weight to how uncontrollable you perceive something
Are People With Depression Prone To Learn Helplessness Deficits?
No, people who are depressed are actually more accurate judges of how much control they have over a situation. Not depressed people have an exaggerated sense of personal control.
What Are Explanatory Styles According To The Model By Weiner?
Relatively stable, cognitively based personality variable that reflects the way people explain the reasons why bad things (failures/setbacks) happen to them. Locus: Internal vs External. Stability: Stable vs Unstable. Controllability: Uncontrollable vs Controllable. Explanatory Style: Pessimistic vs Optimistic.
How Is Pessimistic Explanatory Style Tied To Learned Helplessness and Depression?
Having a pessimistic explanatory style can lead to feelings of helplessness which can also lead to depression.
How Is The Emotion Of Hope Tied To Self Efficacy Expectations and Outcome Expectations?
Hope is rooted in agent thinking - belief in one’s capacity attain that outcome (self-efficacy), and pathway thinking - a belief that one has various controllable strategies to achieve the desired outcome (outcome expectations).
What is Pessimistic Explanatory Style?
Explain bad events as stable and controllable. Places fault on themselves, believes no room for change in future, generally problematic across situations rather than specific to that particular event. Academic failure, impaired job performance, depression, electoral defeat in presidential election. Linked to helplessness motivational orientation.
What Is Optimistic Explanatory Style?
Explain bad events as unstable or uncontrollable. Places no blame on themselves, believes room for change and bad experience was specific to particular event (not generalized to other events). Enhances self esteem, maintains personal efficacy beliefs, promotes optimistic view of future.
What Are The Positive Effects Of High Self-Efficacy Beliefs?
Choice (approach vs avoid), better effort and persistence, better attention and problem-solving, and lower emotional reactions (stress/anxiety)
Where Does Empowerment Come From?
Knowledge, self-efficacy beliefs and skills
