Psych 1 Exam Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
empirical approach
A
an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation
2
Q
Behavior
A
manifestation of mental processes, Anything that can be measured, including overt and covert activities, Things that can be used by the senses
3
Q
How is Psychology a Science?
A
based on data, scientific investigations, direct observations, and results in the ability to measure, analyze and understand
4
Q
What are some stereotypes and stigmas with Psychology?
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primary study on abnormal behavior, stigma associated with fixing people, in reality its about understanding people
5
Q
Why so many different subfields in Psychology?
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Different perspectives/subfields gives us different ways and tools at looking at and understanding behavior and mental processes
6
Q
DESCRIBE
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Making accurate and objective reports using appropriate tools to understand the question and collect data
7
Q
ORGANISMIC INFLUENCE
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INTERNAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR, SPECIFIC TO THE PERSON AND AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE A PERSONS PERSONALITY, THE PARTICULAR TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS, THE WAY THEY SEE THE WORLD, SPECIFIC MEMORIES
8
Q
SITUATIONAL INFLUENCE
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EXTERNAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR, THINGS RELATED THE THE ENVIRONMENT, EXAMPLE GLARES OF THE SUN - REACTION WOULD BE CLOSE ONES EYES, SHIELD YOUR EYES, BLINK. LOUD SOUNDS - COVERING YOUR EARS
9
Q
Why are Situational influences are more easily able to be perceived as opposed to organismic
A
we can use our senses to observe
10
Q
PREDICTING
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Likelihood of occurrence and to demonstrate understanding of behavior
11
Q
CONTROL
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Making predictions happen. To make claims and results that are valid
12
Q
QUALITY OF LIFE
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Ultimate goal, to lead to more efficient and effective functioning society.
13
Q
Covert Behavior
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Blood Flow, Brain Activity, Heart Rate.
14
Q
Overt Behavior
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Facial Expressions, Body Language
15
Q
Mind
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Used synonymously with mental processes, contents and processes of subjective experience
16
Q
Scientific Attitude
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curiosity + skepticism + humility
17
Q
critical thinking
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thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the
source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
18
Q
structuralism
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an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
19
Q
functionalism
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an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes
function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
20
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
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1879, established a laboratory to focus the study and structure of mind and behavior, known as the Father of Psychology and founder of Structuralism
21
Q
Edward Titchener
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Student of Wundt, studied the WHAT of behavior and used introspection for the human consciousness but had troubles with verification of date and replicability
22
Q
CONSCIOUSNESS
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The state of being aware of external events
23
Q
INTROSPECTION
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METHOD OF VERBAL REPORT TO ANALYZE, MEASURE, AND UNDERSTAND ONES OWN EXPERIENCES
24
Q
William James
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1890, was the founder of Functionalism, Studied the HOW of behavior focused on the flow of consciousness rather than the structure to understand the function of processes and behavior. His inspiration was derived from Charles Darwin, adaptability of animals in correlation to the adaptability of the mind, How the environment plays a role on the mind.
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PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Sigmund Freud 1890: We do things or act a certain way that cannot be understood as it is rooted all in the unconscious
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UNCONSCIOUSNESS
State of being unaware to external events
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Sigmund Freud
BEHAVIOR CAN BE EXPLAINED THROUGH THE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNRESOLVED CONFLICT IN CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES
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Psychic Determination
all behavior can be rooted in the unconscious and these things can be sexual in nature.
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BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE
John Watson 1913: Confined psychology to the study of observable stimuli and behavior in response to the environment, kept mental processes and feelings out of it in an effort to keep it more scientific
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B.F. Skinner
added to Behaviorism by saying in regards to Behavior, if something good happens, it will happen more, if something bad happens, it will happen less.
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COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Albert Bandura and Jean Piaget 1940-1950s but took root in the 1970s. Focused on the mental processes of how we process, store, encode, and use information. Thinking, Planning, Forming Concepts, Making Decisions, Solving Problems, Language.
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GESTALTISTS
Brain forms and maintains perspectives. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, perception was more than the individual sensations involved”
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HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Will, motivations, and impact of environment on growth potential. Each human is unique and that people strive for self actualization, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers.
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SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
examines how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures, how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
Focuses on the adaptation behaviors necessary for survival in the face of evolutionary pressures, inherited human tendencies and dispositions. Charles Darwin
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What influence of 3 things are acknowledged in the Evolutionary Perspective
Natural Selection
Adaptation
Reproduction
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MODERN VIEWS:
Modern psychologists are eclectic meaning approaching problems from multiple behaviors have multiple causes
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Adaptation
a favorable, inherited characteristic that contributes to the increased likelihood of survival
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Natural Selection
Changes in the frequency of genes in a population that arise because they allow an organism to produce more surviving offspring
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Survival of the fittest/ the most adaptive
depending on what's needed in the environment and how well an animal adjusts to that need, the higher its odds of survival go up
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culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one
generation to the next.
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gender identity
our sense of being male,
female, neither, or some combination of male and female—also matters, as does our
biologically influenced sex
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basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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War on Truth
Because information is now readily available, we take it for granted and at face value without questioning the validity of it
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Empirical Process
Formation of a Theory and Hypothesis
Justification
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Theory
comprehensive explanation of observable events or phenomena
EX: Violence is a learned behavior
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Hypothesis
tentative [short term] and testable statement about relationship between causes and consequences.
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4 truths of the Empirical Process
A Theory will always give you a testable Hypothesis
A Theory will always give you the ability to Explain and Predict
The Theory must always fit the data, personal thoughts and biases are kept out
Quality of the Data must be done flawlessly and extraneously and be verified
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Scientific Method
Set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting data in ways to limit sources of error and yield dependable conclusions. Provides a systematic way to collect and analyze data and research. Ability to be replicated strengths its validity
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5 Steps in Research
Formulate a hypothesis
Design the Study
Collect the Data
Analyze the Data
Results - sharing results with the scientific community
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Observer Biases
error due to the personal motives and expectations of the viewer.
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Solution to Observer Bias
Standardization - an operational definition
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Alternative Explanations
The more explanations, the less plausible the initial hypothesis.
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Solution to Alternative Explanations
The problem isn't the existence of alternate explanations its the fact that we may not be aware of or of the possible implications of the alternation explanation
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Expectancy Effects
when the experimenter has certain expectations and unintentionally communicated information about the study and unintentionally influenced/altered the behavior of the subject
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Placebo Effect
Placebo - Substance when given should have no effect on the body but it does. Expectation influences behavior.
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Solution to Placebo Effect
Solution: Double Blind Control - The experimenter and the subjects are both blind, Placebo Control, Between subjects vs Within subjects design
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Descriptive methods
ability to describe and explain but do it without much interference from the experimenter, because of this there are limitations to how much can be said about the data, nothing can be said about causal claims because nothing was manipulated. One must use experimental design to get causal claims.
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Naturalistic Observation
Collect information and behavior in its natural environment without influencing or controlling that behavior
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Disadvantage of Naturalistic observation
Must wait for the behavior to occur naturally
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Laboratory Observation -
Observation in a more controlled setting and allows for use of specialized equipment
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Disadvantage of Laboratory Observation
Surroundings may be an issue, unfamiliar environment. Any place new can have an effect on behavior
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Case Studies
Observes one or a very few amount of subjects in great depth over a long period of time - getting information from every facet possible
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Disadvantage of Case Studies
problems with generalizing the results - information and research gathered is towards one specific individual
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Survey Method
Collect data from grou-ps of people using questionnaires or interviews. Data is useless unless sample is representative for the population its intended for.
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Disadvantage of Survey Method
subjects may lie, mislead, or be mislead
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Experimental Design
research method that allows the researcher to manipulate things - causal claims are possible
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Independent variable
is the variable that's manipulated by the experimenter
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Dependent variable
is the result of the manipulation
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Experimental group
gets manipulation
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Control group
no manipulation
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What is the IV, DV, EG, and CG in this example?
Study the effects of alcohol on a person's behavior
IV - Alcohol
DV - Behavior
EG- Group that gets alcohol
CG- group that gets no alcohol
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Correlational Study
relationship between at least 2 variables, statistical analysis is done and the correlation coefficient is given the letter “r” and it indicates the direction of the relationship [+ or -] and the strength of the relationship [0.00 to 1.00]
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Positive relationship
both variables go in the same direction - Ex: the less money you have the less money you spend
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Negative relationship
as one variable goes up, one variable goes down vice versa. Ex: When the rich have more money, they spend less money
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Strength of the relationship
the closer the number is to 0 the weaker the relationship, the closer the number is to 1 the stronger the relationship between the two variables
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Institutional Review Board [IRB]
committees that review proposed research to to ensure it meets the standards of science
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Deception
can be included in research but it cannot hurt the subject. Debriefing must occur if there is deception after the research has occurred. Must maintain confidentiality
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Examples of Ethical Issues
Informed Consent
Deception
Foreseeable Risks
Exploitation of vulnerable groups
Risks vs Benefits
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illusory correlation
perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship
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regression toward the mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average
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random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the
different groups
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double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether
the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
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informed consent
giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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debriefing
the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
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Gene
stretch of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, that produces a specific protein including enzymes
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Genotype
blueprint for characteristics that are to develop
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Phenotype
observable characteristics, can be a result of one's interaction with the environment, can include personality
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Plasticity
“The brain is plastic” the brain has the ability to change based on interactions with the environment
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What makes up the 3 layers of the brain?
Brainstem - hind/mid brain - layer most vital for life
Limbic System - Forebrain
Cerebrum/cerebral cortex - Forebrain
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Brainstem
Autonomic processes and those vital for life, ex: heart beats
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Limbic System
Motivational, emotional, and mnemonic processes. Damage impacts quality of life
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Cerebrum
differentiates higher level to lower level animals - movement, sensory info, higher order cognitive processes - think, plan, reason, language
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What are the 4 parts of the Brainstem?
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Reticular Formation
Cerebellum
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Medulla Oblongata
Regulates heart rate and breathing, sneezing, coughing while choking
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Pons
Connected to Cerebellum and also Medulla to brainstem, affects arousal, dreaming, and coordination of movement
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Reticular Formation
set of nuclei found deep in the brain. Controls alertness, arousal, waking, sleeping, modulate neurons of CNS
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Cerebellum
“little brain under the big brain” , Balance, coordination, learning, movement, muscle memory
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What are the 4 parts of the Limbic System?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
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Hippocampus
Memory processes - Patient H.M. - got into an accident that left him with bad seizures and so the doctors cut out his hippocampus and left him not being able to make new long lasting memories. Alzeheimers
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Amygdala
Emotional processes
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Hypothalamus
Physiological processes of everyday behaviors such as appetites, sexual behavior, homeostasis
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Thalamus
Sensory relay station - sensory information comes from one area of the brain, stops at the Thalamus, and then directs it to the intended area of the brain
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Cerebrum, physical details
Outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher order processes
Grayish tissue full of gyri and sulcri
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Gyri
the actual grayish tissue
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Sulcri/Fissure
the actual gaps in between the Gyri
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Dual Brain
2 cerebral hemispheres, Left and Right, that seem divided but are actually connected by a band of fibers known as the Corpus Callosum
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Corpus Callosum
Band of fibers connecting the Left and Right Brains
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Right Cerebral Hemisphere
responsible for movement on the left side of the body. Associated with creativity, the arts, music
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Left Cerebral Hemisphere
responsible for movement on the right side of the body. Associated with math, logic
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Localization of Function
each side of the brain has specific jobs it needs to perform. Ex. Left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for language, logic, and math in most people
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Visual-spatial processing
Ex: mentally rotating an object in ones head, imagining the route one has to take
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What are the 4 Lobes of the Brain
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
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Temporal
Auditory Stimuli, memory, emotions
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Occipital
Visual Stimuli
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Parietal
Associations related to spatial orientation and processing of sensory info, attention
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Frontal
Speech, thinking, planning, reasoning, impulse control, motivation, motor movements. Aspects of personality
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What are the 2 systems of the Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
Autonomic
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Somatic
Voluntary muscle activation - Sensory info = brain = brain responses = muscles
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Autonomic
Involuntary muscle activation. Has 2 parts
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What are the 2 parts of the Autonomic PNS
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic
fight or flight response
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Parasympathetic
Returns to normal bodily functions, digestion
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Endocrine System
Slow chemical messenger system
Releases hormones
Slow travel, but long lasting effects
Responsible for mood, growth, metabolism, reproduction, etc
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Neurons
to communicate with each other through chemical substances.
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What are the 6 parts of the Neuron?
Dendrite
Cell Body
Myelin
Axon
Axon Terminals
Nucleus
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Dendrite
receive information
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Cell Body
metabolic center of the neuron, houses the DNA
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Myelin
Fatty covering on the Axon, meant to enhance neural transmission of electrical impulses
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Axon
Transmitting signals in the form of electrical impulses
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Axon Terminals/ Terminal buttons
point on the axon where neurotransmitters are released
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Action Potentials
electrical impulses that travel down the length of the neuron
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Stage 1 of Action Potentials
Resting State - Neuron is at rest and that there are more negatively charged “-70 mv” particles IN the cell than outside the cell
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Stage 2 of Action Potentials
Electrically charged particles move, and positively charged particles start going in the cell, meaning there is communication between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Starts becoming more positive up to -55 mv peaks at -40 mv “Depolarization” occurs
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Stage 3 of Action Potentials
The gates on the cell membrane close, preventing and pushing out positively charged particles. Starts becoming more negative, then repolarization occurs going to Absolute Refractory period meaning action potentials cant be made
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Stage 4 of Action Potentials
Goes back to rest where the inside is more negatively charged than the outside
