Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Psychophysics
A
science of studying the relationship between physical stimuli and to the degree of which a stimulus is perceived and its effects
2
Q
Absolute Threshold
A
The point where you can tell the smallest amount of energy got a stimulus 50% of the time
3
Q
Subliminal Perception
A
Below the threshold of consciousness
4
Q
Sensory Adaptation
A
An adjustment of the senses to the level of stimulation they are receiving where they filter out old stimuli
Ex: how we lose the feeling of our clothes on our skin
5
Q
Inattentional blindness
A
being unaware of external distractions when in a state of focus
6
Q
Difference Threshold
A
The smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can be recognized as a difference
7
Q
Signal Detection Theory
A
acknowledges that there are a multitude of factors that can influence how we detect stimuli in the environment
8
Q
What are some factors that could influence an individual according to Signal Detection Theory
A
Physical
Biological
Cognitive
Attention
Psychological
9
Q
Weber’s Law
A
Your belief to just notice the difference depends on the intensity of the original stimulus, the stronger the original stimulus the more likely you are to notice the difference threshold
10
Q
Sensory Physiology
A
Study of the way biological mechanisms convert events into neural events
11
Q
Sensation
A
The process of stimulating receptors
12
Q
Perception
A
Interpretation and selection of sensory input
13
Q
Bottom Up processing
A
when we use our sensory systems and the activation of receptor cells, biological processing
14
Q
Top Down processing
A
when we draw on our experiences and knowledge of the world to make sense of things
15
Q
Visual system
A
Reflection of light and absorption of wavelengths
Responds only to energy that has wavelengths that fall between 400-700 nm
16
Q
What color is Shortwave
A
Blue
17
Q
What color is Mediumwave
A
Green
18
Q
What color is Longwave
A
Red
19
Q
Wavelength
A
distance between the peak of one wave and the next, when wavelength varies, Hue, Perception of color, varies
20
Q
Amplitude
A
height of the wave, perception of the brightness of the color Intensity, Brightness
21
Q
Process of light travel for the eye
A
Light goes to cornea, pupil, iris, lens, then retina
22
Q
What are the Receptor cells for the Eye?
A
Rods and cones in the Retina
23
Q
How many Rods do we have
A
100 million
24
Q
How many Cones do we have
A
7 million
25
Blind spot
small area in each retina of the eyes where there is a hole and allows the axons to enter the brain
26
Rods
along the periphery of the retina, aids in night vision, detects light and dark, peripheral vision
27
Cones
along the center of the retina, acuity aids in vision during the day, detects colors
28
Pathway of the visual system
Information from the visual senses goes from optic nerves, to optic chiasm, to the thalamus, then the occipital lobe
29
Feature cells/detectors
responds to specific features of an object such as shape, angle, or movement
30
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
our ability to see in color comes from the relative activation of 3 cones, relative meaning not activated to the same degree or extent meaning some cones are more active than other cones
31
Opponent Process Theory
agrees with the trichromatic theory, but that each cone is connected to at least 2 colors, if a cone is activated giving the ability to see one color connected to the cone it will deactivate the other color associated with the cone.
32
Hearing
Sensing molecular movements in a medium, a vacuum will not carry sound wave
33
Pitch
Determined by frequency [Hertz, cycles per second, number of sound wave units]
If you change the frequency, you change the pitch
34
Loudness
determined by amplitude, height of the sound wave [Decibels, magnitude of sound wave]
35
Timbre
Complexity of the sound, purity of the sound [number of component waves involved in it]
36
The larger the_______the louder the _______
The higher the _______ the higher _______ of the sound
amplitude
sound
frequency
pitch
37
Outer Ear
Pinna
38
Pinna [ear flat]
external ear, amplifies sound, funnels energy to the middle ear via the ear canal
39
Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane [eardrum]
Ossicles
40
Tympanic Membrane [eardrum]
moves in response to sound waves. Converts sound energy to mechanical energy, vibrations reflect intensity of the vibrating molecules
41
Ossicles
the hammer [Maleus], anvil [Incus], stirrup [Stapes]. Transmit and amplify motion of eardrum
42
Conduction Hearing Loss is damage to where?
damage to the outer and middle ear.
43
How can Conduction Hearing Loss occur?
Stiff Ossicles via infection
Ear Wax build up
Punctured Tympanic Membrane
44
Inner Ear
Cochlea
45
Cochlea
Fluid filled chamber. Hair cells are attached to a basilar membrane. Converts mechanical energy to neural impulses
46
Hair cells
are the receptors and do not regenerate and can contribute to issues with hearing
47
Flow of vibrations in the Ear
The outer
ear funnels sound waves to the eardrum. The bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes) amplify and relay the
eardrum’s vibrations through the oval window. Vibrations hitting cochlea which causes movement in liquid in cochlea with movement in liquid to basilar membrane which then moves hair cells which generate action potentials
48
Sensorineural Hearing Loss is damage to where?
Damage to Inner ear
49
Place Theory
different frequencies resonate on different places of the basilar membrane
Depending on pitch that one hears, determines which part or place in the basilar membrane it is hitting
Issue is that it only explains when one is exposed to a frequency above 4000 hertz and not below 1000 hertz
50
Frequency Theory
Different frequencies trigger different patterns of firing rates in hair cells
Issue is that it only explains when one is exposed to a frequency below 1000 hertz and not above 4000 hertz
51
Volley Principle
cases in which we need to use both theories
52
Decibel
unit of measure for loud noises
53
at what Decibel count is there a danger for hair cell loss?
At 90 Decibels
54
What are Chemical Senses?
Smell and taste can evoke memories and emotions and also affect psychological and physical well being
55
How many Taste buds?
4000
56
How many taste receptor cells?
100
57
What are the 4 traditional tastes
Salty, Sweet, Sour, and Bitter
58
What is the 5th taste?
Umami, Monosodium Glutamate
59
Supertasters
higher amount of taste receptor cells compared to the average person
60
Nontasters
lower amount of taste receptor cells compared to the average person
61
What percentage of taste is influenced by smell
70%
62
Pathway of odor molecules
Receptor cells are found in the olfactory epithelium. Odor molecules enter the passageway and once action potentials are formed it sends signals to the olfactory bulb found in the frontal lobe
63
How many rods does the Olfactory system consist of and where are those rods found?
10 million rods found in the olfactory epithelium
64
What is the largest sensory apparatus in the body?
The Skin
65
What are the 4 main sensations of the skin?
warmth, cold, pressure, and pain
66
Mechanoreceptors
pressure receptor points
67
transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds,
and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
68
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
69
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
70
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
71
fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.
72
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
73
Pathway of Recognition
Retinal Processing
Feature detection
Parallel Processing
Recognition
74
gestalt
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful
wholes.
75
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
76
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to
judge distance.
77
binocular cue
a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.
78
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
79
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the
greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
80
monocular cue
a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
81
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
82
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal
images change.
83
gate-control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.
The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or
by information coming from the brain.
84
hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings,
thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
85
dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
86
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some
clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
87
kinesthesia
our movement sense—our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
88
vestibular sense
our balance sense—our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
89
What are the receptor cells for the Ears?
Hair cells
90
What are the receptor cells for the touch?
mostly in the skin
91
What are the receptor cells for taste?
the 5 tastes
92
What are the receptor cells for smell?
millions at the top of the nasal cavaties
93
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.
94
extrasensory perception (ESP)
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and
precognition.
95
parapsychology
the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis (also called telekinesis
96
Learning
Process that results in a relatively consistent change in the behavior or mental processes as well as the underlying physiology of the brain that results from experience
97
Latent learning
the learning is there but not until it needs to be demonstrated in response to a reward that it isnt activated
98
Long Term Potentiation
Period of extended neuronal firing
99
Mirror Neurons
cells that fire when you observe someone else in action
100
Critical Window
a certain time window where the biological processes need to be utilized in order for development to occur normally
101
Biological Preparedness
built to learn certain things better and quicker than others, such as things that impact our survival
102
How does Trauma play a role in learning?
jeopardizes one’s survival so we are less likely to forget it
103
Simple Learning
learning occurs automatically, not much effort or energy is needed in the learning process
104
2 types of Simple Learning
Habituation
Sensitization
105
Habituation
form of learning when there is a decrease response in the strength of a stimulus
106
Sensitization
exposure where there is an increase in response strength to stimulus
107
Complex Learning
engaging in cognitive processes, thinking, learning, motivated to make the connections
108
Latent Learning
the type of learning that doesn't present itself until a reward is present
109
Insight Learning
type of learning in which one learns all the different complex relationships of the components of the item that you are trying to learn, can happen when one is not trying to learn, when one is relaxed
110
Behaviorism
study of observable and measurable behavior
111
Associative learning
association between things that you know and other things as they occur in the environment
112
Unconditional Stimulus [UCS]
NO learning involved and is naturally occurring, Stimulus that naturally elicits a response
113
Unconditional Response [UCR]
natural response to the Unconditional Stimulus
114
Neutral Stimulus [NS]
Stimulus that is not associated with a response
115
Conditional Stimulus [CS]
Stimulus that at first is NOT associated with a response but now IS because it is associated with the Unconditional Stimulus
116
Conditional Response [CR]
The Learned Response to the Conditional Stimulus
117
Delayed Conditioning
The condition where learning is most likely to occur, NS [CS] occurs first and continues until US appears, followed by response
118
Backward Conditioning
The condition where learning is the least likely to occur US occurs before NS
119
Simultaneous Conditioning
NS and US occur at the same time
120
Trace Conditioning
NS appears but stops before US
121
Stimulus Generalization
Learned response not only to the CS but to stimuli similar to the CS
122
Stimulus Discrimination
Learned response to a specific stimulus
123
Extinction
weakening of CR to CS
124
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of extinct CR to CS
125
Classical Conditioning
Events act as signals for presence or absence of other events
126
Operant [Instrumental] Conditioning
AKA Skinnerism, our own actions affect outcomes
127
The Law of Effect
Those behaviors that lead to a positive consequence increase and behaviors that lead to a negative consequence decrease
128
What are the 3 variables in the Law of Effect?
SD = Discriminative Stimulus
R = Response to SD
SR = Pleasant/Unpleasant Stimulus
129
Reinforcement
When a consequence leads to an increase in behavior
130
Punishment
When a consequence leads to a decrease in behavior
131
Primary Reinforcers
naturally rewarding because they meet basic needs to survive
132
Secondary Reinforcers
Reinforcer learned to associate with basic needs
133
Positive Reinforcer
When given, increases probability of behavior
134
Negative Reinforcer
When taken away, increases probability of behavior
135
Positive Punishment
When given, decreases probability of behavior
136
Negative Punishment
when taken away, decreases probability of behavior
137
Behavior Analysis
School of Psychology that focuses on discovering the environmental determinants of learning and behavior
138
Reinforcement Schedule
Rule that defines under what conditions a reinforcer will be delivered
139
What are the two types of Reinforcement Schedules?
Continuous and Partial
140
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
After the desired behavior occurs a reinforcement is delivered
141
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
If there is a space between when the desired behavior occurs and when the reinforcement is delivered
142
Fixed
known or predictable
143
Variable
unknown or unpredictable
144
Ratio
behavior
145
Interval
time
146
Is Fixed or Variable stronger and why?
Variable is stronger as it is the power of the unknown that keeps a person coming back
147
Social Learning Theory
emphasizes the social aspects of learning in development
148
What are the 4 parts of observational learning
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Initiation
4. Motivation
149
Short Term Memory is also known as
Primary Memory
150
Long Term Memory is also known as
Secondary Memory
151
Process of memory
Encoding > Storage > Retrieval
152
Encoding
getting the information into memory,
153
Storage
Holding in the information in the memory
154
Retrieval
Recovering the information from memory
155
What are some factors that play a part in memory
Ourselves
Meaningful
Time
How much exposure
Attention
156
William Burnham stated "every __________ has its own independent __________”
sensory organ
sensory memory
157
How long can Sensory Memory hold onto information for?
2.5 seconds
158
Iconic System
sensory memory for the visual system
159
Echoic System
sensory memory for the auditory system
160
Short Term Memory
AKA, Working Memory, information is typically held in short term memory long enough for us to work with it
161
How long is Short Term Memory typically held for?
18-20 seconds
162
MIller’s magic number
We can hold 5-9 chunks/items of information for adults, aka 7 plus/minus 2
163
What are the 2 types of Maintenance
Chunking
Rehearsal
164
Chunking
put things into groups
165
Rehearsal
memorization via repetition
166
What increases with age?
Short Term Memory, specifically chunking
167
What is Primary Memory sensitive to?
Interference
168
Long Term Memory
If information is able to be held onto for 30 seconds, information is in the long term memory
Huge capacity, potentially long duration of a lifetime's worth of memories
169
meaning/semantic Network Model
similar items are organized together starting with general and leading into more specific branches
170
Procedural Memory [implicit]
Memory of things we dont need to think about in order to act on it
171
Declarative Memory [explicit]
Memory of things we need to think about in order to act on it
172
2 types of Declarative Memory [explicit]
Semantic
Episodic [autobiographical]
173
Semantic
Memory for facts or truths
174
Episodic [autobiographical]
Episodes of our life
175
Atkins-Shiffrin Model
Environment > sensing > sensory memory > loss or if given attention > short term memory >loss or elaboration > long term memory > retrieval > short term memory
176
Consolidation
Process of getting information from short term to long term, occurs during the 20-30 second gap
177
Recognition
Remembering in the presence of the to be remembered item
178
Recall
Remembering in the absence of the to be remembered item
179
Relearning
when you already encountered the information, it should be easier to learn it faster
180
What are some causes for Forgetting?
Failure to Encode
Consolidation Failure
Decay
Interference - something before or after is making you forget the information you need to remember
Motivated Forgetting - when the brain makes you forget memories that you are not ready to process and would be very traumatic to you
Retrieval Failure - tip of the tongue phenomenon
181
2 Types of Interference
Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference
182
Retroactive Interference
New information gets in the way of old information
EX: more likely to remember what is said in the past 5 min than in the beginning of class
183
Proactive Interference
Old information gets in the way of new information
EX: a phone number had for 30 years then suddenly changing it, you are more likely to give the old phone number then the new one
184
Recency Effect
The most recent items are more likely to be remembered
185
Primacy Effect
The first items mentioned are more likely to be remembered
186
Constructionist Theory
Piecing memory together then filling in details. Pulling information from memory then adding ones two cents in. Can result in false memories
187
Misinformation Effect
because of the information we have been exposed prior to bringing up the memory, it can change and create a false memory.
188
Memory is drawn from which areas?
Hippocampus, Amygdala, auditory system, visual system.
189
Factors Affecting Retrieval
Serial Position - How recent
Environmental Context
State Dependence - the state of being, anger, sadness, ptsd, erc
Stress and Anxiety
190
Yerkes-Dodson
Moderate Stress is good for memory
191
Retrograde Amnesia
Memories of the past such as childhood memories are lost
192
Anterograde Amnesia
Most Recent memories lost
