Psych Exam 3 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Personality
A
Complex set of psychological qualities that influence characteristic patterns of behaviors
2
Q
Maturity Principle
A
As we develop and grow personality changes in growth and personality, it is stable for the most part
3
Q
Traits
A
personal qualities or characteristics that are enduring. Affects a way a person, believes, feels, and acts
How traits affect us in a variety of situations
4
Q
Trait/Dispositional Approach
A
Allows us to analyze and measure behavior and make predictions about behavior. DOES NOT explain behavior, only describes.
5
Q
Cardinal Traits
A
defines you at your core, describes behavior in most situation.
6
Q
Central Traits
A
basic building blocks of personality, how you behave in many situations not most
7
Q
Surface Traits
A
observable characteristics, surface level
8
Q
Source Traits
A
underlie and define the surface traits
9
Q
Type A personality theory
A
high strung, make a big deal of things, competitive, bossy, argumentative, less friends
10
Q
Type B personality theory
A
people pleaser, not competitive, relaxed, laid back, more friends
11
Q
Body Type theory
A
Round fat - jolly and happy,
Rectangular, bodybuilder - strong wanting to help,
Lanky - smart, shy
12
Q
Trait Theory
A
looking at a person’s range or degree of personality characteristic displayed
13
Q
Collectivistic Culture
A
maintaining group harmony, not about you, about whats best for group
14
Q
Individualistic Culture
A
freedom, choice, ability to be independent. About you and not the group
15
Q
Big 5 Theory
A
Openness to Experience,
Conscientious,
Extraversion,
Agreeableness,
Neuroticism,
OCEAN
16
Q
High Score in Openness to Experience
A
very bold, nonconforming, very daring, tendency to think outside the box
17
Q
Low Score in Openness to Experience
A
very conforming, play it safe, traditional, not willing to take chances
18
Q
High Score in Conscientiousness
A
clarity, purposeful, productive, responsible, goal oriented, ethical [impact of actions and behavior on other people]
19
Q
Low Score in Conscientiousness
A
lack of discipline, impulsive, irresponsible, unethical
20
Q
High Score in Extraversion
A
Sociable, intractable, extravert
21
Q
Low Score in Extraversion
A
anti social, introvert
22
Q
High Score in Agreeableness
A
warm, trusting, cooperative, caring, sympathetic
23
Q
Low Score in Agreeableness
A
cold, uncaring, uninterested, dismissive
24
Q
High Score in Neuroticism [Emotional Stability]
A
Anxious, guilt prone, quick to anger, defensive, low self esteem
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Low Score in Neuroticism [Emotional Stability]
confident, high self esteem, emotionally stable, slow to anger, secure in yourself
26
Men score higher in what Big 5 Factor?
Openness to Experience
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Women score higher in which 2 big 5 factors
Agreeableness and Neuroticism
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If you score high in openness to experience you are more prone to what?
Hallucinations
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If you score high in neuroticism you are more likely to develop what?
depression and anxiety
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Temperament
the aspect of personality that is with us from the moment we are born and sometimes even before our birth
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PEN
Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism
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What is Psychoticism in PEN?
tendency to experience breaks from reality and a tendency to aggressiveness, chemical imbalances
High level of testosterone results in increase aggression
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What is Extraversion in PEN?
Related to reticular activated system
extravert = lower, needs stimulation from the outside world
Introvert = higher, overstimulated from the get go, needs time away from external stimulation
34
What is Neuroticism in PEN?
Overactive sympathetic system, low threshold of activation
Phobias, anxiety are connected and predispose you to these mental disorders
35
Minnesota Study of Twins
20 year study between 1979-1999, 350 pairs of twins both fraternal and identical, seemed to be a suggestion of the heritability of personality traits, differences can be seen due to genetics Inherited
can include obedience, leadership, sense of well being, comfortable with self, alienation, resistance to stress, fearfulness
36
Social Cognitive Perspective
Based on interactions and thoughts with the environment but also the social interactions that affect our learning and mental processes
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Reciprocal Determinism
Our personality is influenced between the interaction of 3 factors, the environment, behavior, and personal cognitive factors
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What role does the Environment play in Reciprocal Determinism?
whats going on, context, policy at play, social norms, how the environment defines right and wrong, laws and rules these things shape our role in the environment
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What role does Personal Cognitive Factor play in Reciprocal Determinism?
how we all understand and interpret the world, people, ideas shaped by lessons learned and experiences, memories, intellect
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Locus of Control
Past experiences determine behavior in our environment and of our internal and external locus of control.
A balance is needed between External and Internal and that is the ideal
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Internal Locus of Control
you are the one that determines the consequences that occur in life, if its too high, you become too harsh on yourself
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External Locus of Control
outside forces determine consequences that occur in life, if its too high there is learned helplessness
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Humanistic Perspective
We are all trying to reach our highest potential
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What are the 7 levels of Maslow's Pyramid?
Physiological
Safety
Love and Belonging
Esteem
Need to know and understand
Aesthetic
Self Actualization
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What are examples of the Physiological level?
need for sleep, food
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What are examples of the Safety level?
Shelter, Environment
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What are examples of the Love and Belonging level?
Love given and received from partner, friends, family
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What are examples of the Esteem level?
respect
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What are examples of the Need to know and understand level?
Accurately understanding events, circumstances, and the world. The drive to seek new information and to be informed
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What are examples of the Aesthetic level?
Contributing to the needs and natural beauty of the world
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What are examples of the Self Actualization level?
giving back to the environment using your skills and strengths in the best way you can be, accepting the good and bad of yourself
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Self _____ is reinforced by our self _____
esteem; concept
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Self concept
understanding of who we are
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Self esteem
how we feel about ourselves
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What two factors are self concept based off of?
Ideal self and Actual Self
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ideal self
how others view us in the way they want us to be
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Unconditional Positive Regard/Love
you were loved and accepted despite who you are, seeking to fulfill and please yourself over others
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Conditional Positive Regard/Love
Feel acceptance when you act the way others want you to act
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Personality Assessment
reports and tests to see if there are a certain skills and traits
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Self Report Inventories
answering a questionnaire, MMPI, relying on the person taking the test to be honest and interpreting it correctly
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Examples of Self Report
Myers Briggs - controversial due to the scoring isn't reliable as it can change between time periods based on how you feel
MMPI - 344 true/false questions
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Projective Personality Test
looking at pictures and to interpret what the pictures look like
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Examples of Projective Personality Tests
The Rorschach - Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot triggered that response
TAT - a clear image with details that incites us to create a story before the image, during the image, and after the image
64
Sigmund Freud
besides psychology he's had a profound impact on anthropology, sociology, religion, medicine, art, and literature
The discovery of the unconscious process and emphasis on childhood influences on adult behavior
Trained as a Neurologist, biological reasons for behavior. Started seeing patients that couldn't be explained through biology such as symptoms of fear, emotional trauma, problems coping, hysteria
Tried with 2 other associates, hypnosis, and allowed patients to just talk and share memories that went back into childhood, and saw a decrease in symptoms
Highly influenced by Charles Darwin
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Basic Drives
Biological Drives that guarantee our survival, these subserve the sex drive
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Id
Concerned with drive satisfaction. Innate and biological urges. Follows the pleasure principle [the horse]
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Superego
seeks to balance the Id. Internalized parental control, much like the conscience, develops around the ages 3-4 and is born from the experiences in the environment.
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Ego
Rational thought. Control and channels the Id. Follows the reality principle [the rider]
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Defense Mechanisms [Ego]
methods for dealing with anxiety, Freud thought some were more mature than others
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Examples of Defense Mechanisms
Denial - claim that an anxiety or traumatic inducing event has not occured
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Repression - take an anxiety or traumatic inducing memory to a part of your brain that is unconscious
Reaction Formation
Regression
Sublimation
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Erogenous zones
areas of the body that we use for [libido] sensual gratification
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Psychosexual Stages
Oral - 0-1
Anal - 1-3
Phallic - 3-6
Latency - 6-puberty
Genital - puberty onwards
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Fixation
they will use the behaviors of a previous stage especially when dealing with stressors as the individual matures
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Oral Stage Libido Gratification
oral exploration of the world
Infants derive pleasure from putting things in their mouth, the part of the body needed for basic needs. Learn to distrust the world especially when it concerns food
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Oral Personality
issues with pessimism, hostility, or passivity
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Oral Stage Fixation
smoking when stressed, overly loud, over eating
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Anal Stage Libido Gratification
Control
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Anal Stage Delay of Gratification
the word “No”, toilet training
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Anal Retentive Personality
issues with excessive orderliness, need for absolute control, things done your way or no way
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Anal Personality
Issues with excessive messiness, problems with letting go, loose with money.
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Phallic Stage Libido Gratification
genitalia; sex-role identification occured
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Mechanisms of Phallic Stage
included castration anxiety [boys] and penis envy [girls]. Very misogynistic era back then, penis meant power and domination in society
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Oedipus Complex
Sexual feelings a boy has for his mother, Men overcome their sexual feelings
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Electra Complex
Sexual feelings a girl has for her father, Women do not overcome their sexual feelings
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Phallic Personality
problems in the phallic stage supposedly lead to sex-role identification problems, promiscuity, vanity, or excessive chastity
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Latency Stage Libido Gratification
Mastery of skills and activities, a time of focus on achievement
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Disagreements with the Latency Stage
Freud thought little of interest happened here, Others have argued the sense of self-esteem is established here
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Genital Stage Libido Gratification
adult type sexual activity
The time of mature personality, intimacy with others
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Abnormal Behavior
When patterns of emotion, thought, and action are considered pathological [diseased or disordered]
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Maladaptive
impairs normal functioning, can cause problems when relating to other people or ourselves
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Psychological Disorder
harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable
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3D’s
Deviant
Distressful
Dysfunctional
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Danger
sometimes considered the 4th D, danger to not only yourself but to those around you
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Supernatural Perspective
perspective that psychological disorders were caused by supernatural forces, witchcraft, religious delusions, possessions, exorcisms
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Medical Model
Concept that diseases have physical causes. Can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
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Neurosurgical
surgical treatment of the brain
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Electrophysiological
electrically altering the functioning of the brain, electro convulsive shock therapy - “resetting the brain”
98
Pharmacological
drug therapy, altering the functioning of the brain by altering the chemical processes
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Behavioral
change the behavior which alters the physiological functioning of the body
100
Lobotomy
severing the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain
101
Psychological View
Approach to treatment depends on how the therapist was trained, which approach they use to give treatment
102
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalytic Perspective - psychological disorders have to do with conflicts in the unconscious that stem from unresolved childhood experiences
Unconscious conflicts can result in a breakdown in mental defenses and lead to psychosis
103
Talk Therapy
Let the patient talk while not interrupting, slowly lead the person to what may reside in their unconscious and what is leading to their physical manifestations.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Not only past childhood experiences, but also present and environmental experiences, Reduce anxiety through self insight.
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Behaviorist Perspective
Reacting to stimuli in the environment that lead to current behavior
106
Humanistic View
to help an individual self realize, to gain that acceptance of self
107
Sociocultural Influences
influence of social factors or ills, exposed to conditions imposed by society, we are a product of our society and culture
Phantom Vibration Syndrome
108
Cognitive Perspective
due to faulty thought patterns and it influences alterations in our perceptions.
109
CBT
Help the person gain insight to the way they are thinking, help them realize and analyze that thinking, and the help them change the behavior and/or thinking
110
Social aspects of psychological disorders
roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder
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Biological aspects of psychological disorders
evolution, individual, brain structure, and chemistry
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Psychological aspects of psychological disorders
Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood related, perceptions, and memories
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Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
not just one factor or perspective, all combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
114
Diathesis Stress Model
depending on how strong the diathesis is, it will affect the likelihood on how another factor will result in a psychological disorder
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Regression
Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction Formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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Projection
Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Rationalization
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening
unconscious reasons for one’s actions
119
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses
toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
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Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
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anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
diagnosed when there is an excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning
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generalized anxiety disorder
in which a person is, for no obvious reason, continually tense and uneasy
chronic, low level anxiety
lasts 6 months or more
no obvious feared object
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panic disorder
Main symptom - panic attacks sudden, unexpected, episodes of intense dread and fears the next attack
intense, short-lived recurring attacks
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specific phobias
in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of something
least diagnosed as there is only an issue when in the presence of the trigger
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
obsessions - at least 1 hour a day
compulsions - intrusive, inappropriate actions that are done to prevent obsessions.
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hoarding disorder
cluttering one’s space with acquired possessions one can’t part with
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body dysmorphic
disorder
preoccupation with perceived body defects
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trichotillomania
hair-pulling disorder
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excoriation
skin-picking disorder
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic
experience.
removed from the list of anxiety disorders and moved into its own unique category
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somatic symptom disorder
a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
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illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (Formerly called
hypochondriasis.)
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major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or
more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
134
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Depressed mood most of the time
Dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time
Significant challenges regulating appetite and weight
Significant challenges regulating sleep
Physical agitation or lethargy
Feeling listless or with much less energy
Feeling worthless, or feeling unwarranted guilt
Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions
Thinking repetitively of death and suicide
135
How many symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder need to be present in order to be diagnosed?
5
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bipolar disorders
a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited
state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)
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mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
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rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
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schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional
expression.
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psychotic disorders
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
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delusion
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
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acute schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely.
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chronic schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
144
dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
145
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called
multiple personality disorder.)
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personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
147
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
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3 clusters of personality disorders
anxiety
eccentric or odd behaviors
dramatic or impulsive behaviors
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
150
DSM-5
Published by a group of psychologists who were part of the APA, well defined, objective, systematic, and measurable. Only for diagnosis and classification, used world wide
151
Cultural Relativism
All behaviors should be understood in the cultural context
152
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
153
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
154
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for
a parent).
155
insight therapies
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and
defenses.
156
person-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an
accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called client-centered therapy.)
157
active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers’ person-centered
therapy.
158
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted
behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
159
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by
exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.
160
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
Commonly used to treat specific phobias.
161
virtual reality exposure therapy
a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
162
aversive conditioning
associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior such as drinking alcohol
163
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange
tokens for privileges or treats.
164
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene
between events and our emotional reactions.
165
family therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by,
or directed at, other family members.
