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Term 2 > Psych Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Psych Ch. 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define motivation.

A

An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

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2
Q

Theories of motivation:

A

An over-arching explanation for why people do the things that they do

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3
Q

What are instincts?

A

Automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli

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4
Q

What are Fixed-Action Patterns:

A

An instinctual behavioral sequence that’s relatively invariant within the species

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5
Q

A _____________ is the triggering stimulus – what cues the fixed action pattern

A

releaser

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6
Q

What is a drive?

A

A biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek
out what is needed, such as food or water

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7
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

innate like thirst, hunger, and sex

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8
Q

What is a secondary drive?

A

needs that have been conditioned to have
meaning like money

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9
Q

What are incentives?

A

are the stimuli we seek that can satisfy drives such as food, water, social approval, companionship, and other needs

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10
Q

What are drive reduction theories?

A

-We feel unpleasant tension when we stray from homeostasis (physiological equilibrium)
-We become motivated (driven) to restore that physiological equilibrium (satisfy the need)

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11
Q

An unmet need makes a ________

A

drive

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12
Q

Motivation was purely studied based on _______ in the 1940s and 50s

A

Drives

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13
Q

What is arousal theory?

A

Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels

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14
Q

High arousal levels motivate engagement in behaviors that will ________ these levels

Low arousal levels motivate activities that can __________ arousal—often through curiosity

A

lower; increase

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15
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Performance increases with arousal only up
to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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16
Q

For simple or well-learned tasks: Performance improves as arousal _________

A

increases

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17
Q

For complex, unfamiliar, or difficult tasks: the relationship between arousal and performance reverses after a point, and performance declines as _________ increases

A

arousal

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18
Q

who coined the hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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19
Q

Self-Determination Theory proposes that people have three primary motives:

A
  • Autonomy
  • Relatedness
  • Competence
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20
Q

what is autonomy?

A

To cause outcomes in your own life—act consistently with your self-concept

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21
Q

To feel connected with others who are important to you—care for others and experience caring

A

Relatedness

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22
Q

What is competence

A

To feel mastery over your life - to perform tasks at a satisfying level

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23
Q

intrinsic motivation is also known as

A

mastery motivation

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24
Q

What is over justification effect

A

The addition of external motivation
can undermine internal motivation

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25
Self-efficacy:
Confidence that one can plan and execute a course of action
26
what is an approach goal?
having a goal in mind you want to accomplish
27
What is an avoidance goal?
Trying to avoid something (being homeless or something)
28
Approach-approach conflicts
Conflicts that occur when you are equally attracted to two or more possible goals
29
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
Conflicts that require you to choose the lesser of two evils because you dislike both alternatives
30
Approach-avoidance conflicts
Conflicts that occur when a single activity or goal has both a positive and a negative aspect
31
What is hunger?
The need to consume enough nutrients so that you have enough energy to function
32
Ventromedial Hypothalamus:
stimulation reduces eating (“off” switch); destruction causes overeating
33
What is the Lateral Hypothalamus?
stimulation increases eating (“on” switch); destruction reduces eating to starvation level
34
Three facts about the biology of being overweight?
*Research does not support the idea that people who are overweight are emotionally disturbed *Heaviness is not always caused by overeating *Biological mechanisms regulate your body weight and are influenced by genetics
35
What is a set point?
Genetically influenced weight range for an individual
36
The set point varies about ____% in each direction
10
37
Set Point is related to genetically programmed __________________________
basal metabollic rate
38
Ob gene causes fat cells to secrete a protein called _________ that acts on the hypothalamus and helps to regulate appetite
leptin
39
biological effects causing us to eat:
*Receptors in nose and mouth that urge us to eat *Receptors in gut that urge us to stop eating *Hormone ghrelin makes you hungry *Leptin turns off appetite *Sugar activates pleasure-inducing dopamine pathway
40
____% of women and ____% of men in Canada are obese
26;35
41
What is social facilitation in eating
Eating more when we’re around other people –it’s a social activity
42
What is impression management
eating in order to fit in or not be embarrassed
43
What is the Minimal eating norm
good manners—at least in some social and cultural settings—is to eat small amounts to avoid seeming rude
44
what is modeling
Eating whatever others eat
45
What are the four stages of the sex cycle
Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution
46
How often do men think about sex
Once every hour
47
How often do women think about sex
Once every hour and a half
48
What is the number one factor that determines if sex will be enjoyable?
Communication
49
Better sex results in ...
-Men less likely to leave -Wives more satisfied two years later -Mens satisfaction fluctuated with frequency of sex
50
What are the approach/promotions reasoning for sex?
*To feel good *To share intimacy/be closer with our partner *To have fun
51
What are the avoidance/prevention reasons for sex?
*To stop our partner from leaving *To stop our partner from being upset *To stop feeling guilty
52
What is an affliation need?
The need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group
53
When did the standard for attractiveness change?
in the 60s
54
What is the number one predicter in bodily attractiveness
low waist to hip ratio
55
Why is low waist to hit ratio significant in attractiveness?
It shows signs of youth and fertility
56
When men are hungry they prefer women who weight ______
more
57
What is the prefered waist to hip ratio
0.7
58
Do opposites attract?
No
59
What is the Matching phonomeon
Men and women of similar attractiveness are drawn to one another
60
People who score high on attractivness also tend to have ________ standards, and vice versa
high
61
Men report that they care more about ________________________________ whereas women report the care more for ______________________________________________
physical attractiveness; money and protects
62
In online dating women are usually less picky than men. true or false?
False
63
Is online dating or speed dating more successful at setting people up on dates? Why?
Speed dating. More effort it required and people realize there is not an infinate number of possibilities
64
What happens when you reverse the rotation of speed dating
Women tend to be less selective than before
65
why do men tend to be less picky?
Societal norms
66
What is the closing time effect?
Men and women approached at 9, 10:30 or 12 PM to rate attractiveness of people in the bar at the time
67
How does the menstral cycle impact preference
During ovulation, greater preference for more masculine faces; at other times, more feminine faces
68
True or false The more in love people are, the less attractive they find others of the opposite sex
true
69
What are the two main kinds of love
Passionate and companionate
70
What is passionate love
Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship
71
What is companionate love
* The feelings of intimacy and affection we feel toward someone with whom our lives are deeply intertwined * Love characterized by affection and trust * Can occur in nonsexual relationships such as close friendships and family, or in sexual relationships where there is a lot of intimacy but less passion
72
What were sternbergs three basic types of love
-Intimacy -Passion -commitment
73
What is intimacy?
feelings of being close and bonded
74
What is passion?
arousal and sexual attraction
75
What is commitment
short-term commitment to love your partner, long-term to maintain that love and stay with them
76
What is incentive?
Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Need + incentive = drive
77
What does grehlin do?
Increase appetite
78
What does leptin do?
Decrease appetite
79
What is glucose
The form of sugar that circulates the blood and provides the major source of energy and body tissues. When its levels lower we are hungry
80
How does being with friends or on a date influence our eating
we eat more with friends and less on dates
81
What is nudging in nutrition
putting the veggies first
82
Define asexuality
Having no sexual attraction towards others
83
What is testosterone
the most important male sex hormone, though both men and women have it. Stimulates growth of sex organs in fetal period, and in puberty
84
What is estrogen
sex hormon found in women that help with the development of sexual organs
85
Sex hormone functions throughout life
Prenatal: determine sex and development puberty; maturation of sexual organs and characteristics adulthood" faciliates sexual behavior
86
Define refractory period
resting period after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm
87
Define sexual dysfunction
consistantly impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle
88
What is errectile dysfunction
inability to develop or maintain an errectiondue to insufficient blood flow to penis
89
What is female orgasmic disorder
distress due to infrequently or never experiencing and orgasm
90
What is female orgasmic disorder normally related to
partner relationship
91
paraphilias
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving non human objects, the suffering of self or others, and non consenting persons
92
define affiliation need
the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
93
what is self determination theory
the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy out needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness
94
What is achievement motivation
A desire for accomplishment, mastery, ideals, control

Term 2 (11 decks)

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