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Term 2 > Psych Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Psych Ch. 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

-A subjective thought and/or experience with…
-accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and…
-an observable behavioral expression

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2
Q

Define emotion

A

is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily
changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.

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3
Q

what are the functions of emotion?

A

-Provides rapid response to environmental stimuli
-communicates intent to others
-influences social behaviors and responses

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4
Q

Found in the parietal lobe and, if faces are viewed, in the _________________. Which _________ (does/doesn’t process information)

A

fusiform gyrus; doesn’t (saves it for later

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5
Q

What does the fast route do?

A

skips the visual cortex and goes strait to the
amygdala for an instant emotional reaction

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6
Q

What is the Amygdala

A

A brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information

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7
Q

What does the amygdala to to assess the threat

A

Becomes activated during the perception of arousing or aversive/fear-inducing stimuli

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8
Q

What is the slow pathway

A

Sensory input is routed to the cortex for analysis and then transmission to the amygdala

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9
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex

A

the most forward part of the frontal lobes of the brain

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10
Q

Associated with emotional experience
and emotional regulation:

A

modifying and controlling what we feel

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11
Q

Left prefrontal cortex more tuned to_______________________. Tunes out ________ emotions

A

approach emotions;negative

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12
Q

Right prefrontal cortex:

A

more tuned to unpleasant emotions

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13
Q

Emotions also elicit activation in the

A

autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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15
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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16
Q

Most theories of emotion involve the following components:

A

*Physiological response
*Cognitive appraisal of the situation
*Expressive behavior
*Subjective emotional experience

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17
Q

What are the two main schools of thought when it comes to feelings and cognition

A

Does physiological arousal come before or after emotional feelings?

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18
Q

What did William James and Carl Lange think?

A

Emotions are caused by bodily sensations “i am sad because I cry”

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19
Q

What is the problem with the James-Lange theory?

A

The physical experience of arousal is not uniquely distinct for each emotion

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20
Q

What did Walter Cannon and Philip Bard think?

A

Emotions and arousal co-occur
*Stimulus activates body
* Bodily arousal

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21
Q

What is the two factor theory?

A

Physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation

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22
Q

Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer

A

*Physical response
*Cognitive interpretation
*Conscious experience

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23
Q

What were the resultsof the Schacter and Singer experiment? (injection)

A

If participants expected the shot would increase arousal,
then it did not have an effect on their emotions
*However, if participants did not expect the shot to affect
arousal, participants interpreted it based on the situation:

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24
Q

Misattribution of arousal:

A

The feelings of arousal that the male hikers experienced on the bridge were misinterpreted as attraction

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25
True or false. Emotion is determined, in part, by our appraisal/interpretation of a situation
true
26
What are the six basic universal emotions
*Happiness *Sadness *Anger *Fear *Surprise *Disgust
27
expression Begins in infancy; babies convey emotions and can interpret parental expressions (6-7 months: Infants more sensitive to adults’ fearful expressions) True or false.
true
28
What is a Duchenne smile
Traditionally, it was taught that few people can fake a “genuine” or Duchenne smile (involves raising the cheeks and having crows’ feet appear at the eyes)
29
What are the three main types of smiles
Reward Affiliation Dominece
30
What are the purposes of the three smile types
*Reward smiles are displayed to communicate positive experiences or intentions *Affiliative smiles create and maintain social bonds and signal appeasement *Dominance smiles to signal status
31
Define body language
nonverbal signals of movement, posture, gesture, and gaze
32
What are the primary emotions
universal and biologically based fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt
33
What are secondary emotions
Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures
34
what are display rules
Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions
35
true or false. Some emotions are universal, and the content of what produces each emotion does not vary from culture to culture
false. Some emotions are universal, but the content of what produces each emotion varies from culture to culture
36
What are emotional dialects
Variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed.
37
true or false. Humans are more accurate when examining emotions of someone in their own race
truw
38
What is health psychology?
the branch of psychology concerned with the promotion of health and the prevention of illness
39
What is the placebo effect
The perception that one has received an intervention improves one’s symptoms
40
What is the nocebo effect
An intervention that is expected to cause harm or side effects creates those effects
41
Another study showed that when you take participants off pills they think are addictive (but are not), some will experience withdrawal-like symptoms true or false
true
42
True or false? People who are conscientious are more likely to avoid risky behaviors, eat well, maintain regular checkups (all of which affect health and longevity)
True
43
Is anger a predictor of heart disease
yes
44
Define stress
A psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed existing resources to meet those demands
45
Define stressor
-An event, item, or experience that causes a stress response -The stress response helps living things deal with stressors
46
Why is "strain" a better word for stress
“strain” in physics refers to what happens in the responseto the stress
47
What is the HPA axis
HPA axis –hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands
48
When a person is in danger or under stress, the hypothalamus sends messages to the endocrine glands along ________________
two major pathways:
49
What are the two major pathways
Hypothalamus>ANS(sympathetic)>Adrenal medulla> Secrete epi and norepi Hypothalamus>Pituitary>Adrenal cortex> secretes cortisol and other hormones
50
Short term stress (fight or flight)
A set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats (Great for immediate responses!)
51
Long term stress (GAS)
A theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
52
What is the alarm stage?
Recognition of the threat and the physiological reactions that accompany it including increases in blood pressure, muscle tension, heart rate, and adrenaline release
53
What is the resistance stage
Body attempts to resist or cope with stressor that cannot be avoided An individual uses his or her physical and mental resources to respond to the stressor in an appropriate way
54
What is the exhaustion stage
When the stressful experience depletes your physical resources and your physiological stress response decline. This leads to physical problems and eventually to illness
55
What are the impacts of acute stress?
*Enhances immunity (except for allergic responses) *Increased number of lymphocytes (kills antigens) and macrophages *Dependent on adrenal secretion; lasts 2-5 days
56
Impacts of chronic stress
*Suppresses immunity *Reduced number of lymphocytes and macrophages *Increases the severity of common illnesses *impairs the bodies ability to heal itself
57
how much longer does it take stressed people to heal?
40%
58
What are common causes of stress
1. Frustration –blocked goal 2. Pressure –expectations to behave in certain ways 3. Change –having to adapt 4. Conflict –two or more incompatible motivations. Should I stay or should I go?
59
What are some more specific causes of stress
*Financial: Lack of money, unpaid bills *Work/school: Exams, project deadlines, traffic *Physiological: Lack of sleep, unhealthy eating, smoking/drinking *Psychological: Personal relationships, conflict, bullying *Social: Family conflicts, life events *Societal: Racism, poverty, powerlessness
60
Type A personality
People who tend to be organized but, impatient and worry about time, and are ambitious, motivated, and competitive but easily angered
61
Type B personality
People who are more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing, and relaxed disposition
62
What is the change aspect?
stress is the degree to which people have to change and readjust their lives in response to an external event
63
Holmes and Rahe
devised the Social Readjustment Rating Scale quantifying the amount of stress due to different life events
64
true or false Research finds that the amount of life stress correlates with anxiety and illness
true
65
What did Richard Lazarus come up with?
It is subjective stress that causes health problems *An event is stressful for people only if they interpret it as such
66
What are microstressors
Cumulative effects of stress
67
What were the results of the test on control and aggression
People were much more aggressive in the noisy environment –but not if they felt they could cope with it
68
What is Locus of control?
A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus)
69
Define appraisal
The cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event
70
What is the challenge response?
When we think we have the resources to overcome the stressor, we experience a “challenge” response
71
What is the threat response?
When we think we don’t have the resources to overcome the stressor, we experience a “Threat” response
72
What is primary appraisal?
evaluation of an event to determine if it is a threat or not
73
what is the secondary appraisal?
Evaluation of coping resources either leads to deciding if you are adiquate or inadiquate. This leads to either challenge response or stress
74
What are the two categories of coping
Problem focused and emotion focused
75
What is problem focused coping?
Attempting to reduce stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
76
What is emotion focused coping?
Trying to find ways of reducing effects of negative emotions
77
What is positive psychology?
Examines how positive emotions and personality traits enhance well-being, health and resilience
78
What is optimism?
The general expectation that things will go well despite setbacks
79
What is Pessimism
The tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes
80
What are the three main attributes of pessimism
Negative: “Bad things will happen” Internal: “They’re my fault” Stable: “They’re not going to change”
81
Relaxation training has been used to
to help Type A personality heart attack survivors reduce their risk of future heart attacks

Term 2 (11 decks)

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