Psychological factors that can influence an individual

Question 1

What does NACH mean

Answer 1

need to achieve- driven to succeed for feelings of pride or satisfaction. no fear of failure

Question 2

What does NAF mean

Answer 2

need to avoid failure- driven to avoid the feelings of failure shame and humiliation

Question 3

what is the equation for acheivemnet motivation

Answer 3

achievement motivation = NACH - NAF

means if we have higher levels of NACH than NAF then = high achievers

Question 4

define achievement motivation

Answer 4

the tendency to approach or avoid competitive competitive situations

Question 5

state two characteristics of NACHs and NAFs

Answer 5

NACHs

• welcome competition
• confident
• take risks
• task persistant

NAFs

• give up easily
• do not like feedback
• low confidence
• avoid 50/50 challenges

Question 6

name three ways that a coach can develop need to achieve in an athlete

Answer 6

1. reinforcement- coach can offer praise and rewards so players desire to do well
2. attribute success internally- coach should tell player that something that went right was down to the player
3. allowing success- set drills that can be acheieved realistically to build confidence

Question 7

what is acheievement goal theory

Answer 7

• one internal sense of ability is the central motivating factor
• task- skill mastery- high intrinsic motivation
• ego- with low intrinsic motivation and higher stress/ pressure and social comparison

Question 8

what is confidence

Answer 8

a belief in the ability to master a task

Question 9

whats the difference between trait and state confidence

Answer 9

trait confidence- a belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports

state confidence- a belief in the ability to master a specific sporting moment

Question 10

define competitive orientation

Answer 10

the degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations

Question 11

explain vealeys model of self confidence

Answer 11

• suggest that confidence gained in one area of sport can be used to improve confidence in another
• she suggest that a combination of trait + state confidence produce a level of confidence in an objective sporting situation.
• if a skill has been used succesfully in the past then state and trait confidence will be high.
• the result or outcome of the situation is then evealuated by the perfomer. player then makes a judgement on weather this result will lead to more confidence in the future and they may go on to develop competive orientation.
• e.g player taking a pen when the scores are level and in front of big crowd, scores and then in future player more confident .

Question 12

name three methods of improving confidence

Answer 12

1. control arousal with stress management techniques
2. give an accurate demonstration
3. point out past successes
4. give support and encouragement
5. allow success during training

Question 13

define self efficiacy

Answer 13

the belief that an individual has when concerning their ability to be successful when faced with certain situations

Question 14

describe banduras self efficiency theory

Answer 14

• states that four factors effect self efficacy judgement which leads to either increased or decreased behavior/ performance
• 4 factors: performance accomplishments/ vicarious experience/ social persuasion/ psychological and emotional states

Question 15

define vicarious experience

Answer 15

seeing others do the task

Question 16

whats the difference between a prescribed and emergent leader

Answer 16

emergent leader- emerges from within the group usually due to their performance levels and close connections to other members of the team
prescribed- this is a leader who is appointed from outside the group due to their managerial abilities and status

Question 17

what is an autocratic leadership style

Answer 17

• leader has total control, dictating teams strategies and goals
• sole decision maker
• task orientated and not approachable
• is needed in a poorly organised group when a quick decision is needed.

Question 18

name 2 disadvantages of an autocratic leadership.

Answer 18

• percieved as controlling

- stifles creativity

Question 19

what is a democratic leadership style?

Answer 19

• open style, taking on board opinions of others
• people centred, focused on building team relationships
• allow decisions from others and good communication
• needed when creativity is required and in individual sports

Question 20

what are 2 disadvantages of a democratic leadership style?

Answer 20

• can lead to teammates being unsure of their roles

- time consuming

Question 21

what is a laissez-faire leadership style?

Answer 21

• leaders take a back seat without adding input.
• sessions are governed by other team members
• there is a focus on problem solving
• needed when members within the team have the capability of working without guidance.

Question 22

what are some disadvantages of laissez faire leadership style?

Answer 22

• low productivity
• lack of guidance leads to confusion
• lack of organisation
• lack of team cohesion

Question 23

What is home feild advantage

Answer 23

-where the influence of playing at home with a home croud could increase confidence of the home team and cause anxiety of the away team

Question 24

why might home field advantages occur

Answer 24

• the impact of fans- find that extra levels of performance.
• setting- used to facilities and pitch
• away side may suffer from effects of travel. e.g jet lag

Question 25

what is contingency model of leadership

Answer 25

• suggest that a single ideal style of leadership does not exist and that the effectiveness of a leader is dependent of the situation they find themselves in.
• individuals traits affect how successful there leadership is in certain situations

Question 26

what 2 factors does feildlers model base itself off

Answer 26

1. leadership style- this is tied into the leaders personality traits which in turn determines how the leader builds relationships with the group
2. situational control- amount of control that leader has over the specific situation, with strong leadership control being confident that their instructions will be adhered to by members of the group.

Question 27

describe challedurais multi dimensional model of leadership.

Answer 27

this model of sports leadership illustrates the impact that different factors have on the leaders behavior and the outcome.
the model shows the required behavior and preferred behavior are influenced by situational characteristics.
how far the leaders actual behavior is required by the team will determine the groups success