psychological origins (2)

Question 1

Will

Answer 1

the ability of an agent to make choices free from contraints (willpower, free will)

Question 2

Wundt (1883)

Answer 2

involuntary actions (habits) start out first as voluntary actions which require a great deal of will -> then become involuntary

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

• > fouding father of modern psychology
  1. deliberative vs. decisive
  2. will vs. effort
  3. volition vs. nolition

Question 4

Deliberative vs. Decisive (William James)

Answer 4

volitional acts begin with a delebrative step, followed by a decisive step

Question 5

Will vs. Effort (William James)

Answer 5

1. WIll alone is not enugh to achieve the desired outcome

2. Only if one follows his/her commitment with the actual effort -> the goal could finally realize

Question 6

Volition vs. Nolition (William James)

Answer 6

1. impulses (volition)
2. inhibitions (nolition)
   - > too much volition is explosive will, and too much nolition is obstructed will

Question 7

Ludwig Lange (1888)

Answer 7

first experiment in the study of motivation

Question 8

Narziß Asch (1905)

Answer 8

quantified the strenght of will

Question 9

Decline of will through…

Answer 9

1. Effect of war
2. progressive movement
3. desire for biological constructs

Question 10

Determinsim

Answer 10

instincts represent one form of determinsim in the sense that they represent an innate predisposition to approach or avoid a particular outcome

Question 11

Darwin’s contribution to the study of instinct

Answer 11

1. natural selction
2. existence vs. avoidance
3. aplying natural selection to the study of motivation
4. stimulus-reponse activation

Question 12

James’s contribution to the study of instinct

Answer 12

1. popularized the idea of instinct
2. list of instincts
3. ideo-motor action
4. instinct was among many other motivational forces

Question 13

MC Gougall’s contribution ot the study of instinct

Answer 13

1. only motivational force
2. list of primary instincts
3. instincts influence our behavior (Cognitions, Behavior, Emotions)

Question 14

Decline of instinct

Answer 14

1. Lack of criteria
2. Contradictions between instincts
3. Circular logic used to identify instincts

Question 15

Drive

Answer 15

a from of arousal of energy that arises whenever a biological need is deprived

Question 16

Freud

Answer 16

all behvior is motivated to satisfy our biological needs
-> high libido, psychological discomfort
–> release energ by engaging in behavior that satisfies our biological urges

Question 17

primary reinforces

Answer 17

objects or events that reduce drive (food, water)

Question 18

Libido

Answer 18

the inernal energy

Question 19

three drives that motivate behavior (Freud)

Answer 19

1. Sex drive (Eros)
2. Death drive (Thanatos)
3. Self-preservation drive (Ego)

Question 20

Hull

Answer 20

Drive is activated by biological needs and that organisms are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive
-> the intensity of an organisms behavior is determined by drive multiplied by habit
(Behavior = drive x habit)

Question 21

instinct vs. drive

Answer 21

• > both automatic
• > instinct: innate and biolagically driven
• > drive: learned response (open for investigation)

Question 22

Henry Murray

Answer 22

List of all major needs

Question 23

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 23

1. Self-actualization
2. Esteem
3. belonging
4. Safety needs
5. Physiological needs

Question 24

Incentives

Answer 24

external stimuli that motivate an organism to perform a particular behavior

Question 25

Drive theory perspective

Answer 25

Hunger pushes the child to commit the desired action

Question 26

incentive theory perspective

Answer 26

the incentive value of the cookies pulls the child to commit the action

Question 27

Thoendike’s law of effect

Answer 27

of the several responses made in a situation, those responses that are closely followed by an incentive -> will be more associated with that situation

Question 28

Latent learning

Answer 28

learning that occurs wihtout any obvious incentive and as a result is not immediately expressed

Question 29

Cognitive perspective (Tolman)

Answer 29

cognitive map/mental representation

-> rats use this map to find a reward in the maze