phylosophical origins (1)

Question 1

What makes humans different from other animals?

Answer 1

They can anticipate far into the future

Question 2

Lobotomy

Answer 2

refers to a neurosurgical procedure that serves connections to the prefrontal cortex
-> ngeative impacts on planning & sticking with goals

Question 3

Goal

Answer 3

a cognitive representation of a future outcome that the individual is commited to approach or avoid

Question 4

Frontal lobe

Answer 4

home to the hallmark of the human species

-> ability to anticipate the future

Question 5

Motivation (definition Gollwitzer)

Answer 5

defined as the underlying process that provides energy & direction for behavior

Question 6

Two aspects make up motivation

Answer 6

1. Energy (inititation, Intensity, Persistance)

2. Direction

Question 7

Three-step process to achieve a goal

Answer 7

1. choose a particular goal
2. develop plan of action
3. initiate & persits goal-direction action

Question 8

factors that guarantee life-sucess

Answer 8

1. intelligence (not the focus anymore)
2. Self-esteem (not the focus anymore)
3. Self-control (willpower) !

Question 9

Self-control

Answer 9

refers to our ability to regulate and change our own thoughts, emotions, and behavior

Question 10

Hedonism

Answer 10

the idea that humans are motivated to pursue pleasure and avoid pain

Question 11

Plato’s tripartite theory of motivation

Answer 11

1. Appetite (epithymia)
2. Rational (logistikon)
3. Spirited (thymoeides)
   - > three sources of the psyche were in constant conflict with each other

Question 12

Aristotle’s principle of the golden mean

Answer 12

all things are best in moderation

Question 13

Aristotle’s four causes

Answer 13

1. material cause
2. formal cause
3. efficient cause
4. final cause

Question 14

material cause (Aristotle)

Answer 14

the physicial matierial that makes up the focus target

Question 15

formal cause (Aristotle)

Answer 15

the arrangement, shape or appearance of the thing changing

Question 16

efficient cause (Aristotle)

Answer 16

something aprt from the facal target that caused it to change

Question 17

final cause (Aristotle)

Answer 17

the aim or purpose being served

Why? (most relevant for motivation)

Question 18

Aristotle’s passions

Answer 18

1. somatic (emotions associated with the body)

2. psychic passion (emotions associated with mind, pleasure and pains of the soul)

Question 19

Aristotle’s two types of happiness

Answer 19

1. hedonic happiness

2. Eudaimonic happiness

Question 20

Hedonic happiness

Answer 20

the attainment of positive emotions and the absence of negative emotions
-> focus on the outcome (happy or not?)

Question 21

Eudaimonic happiness

Answer 21

living a life that has meaning and that allows you to develop into the best version of yourself (focus on the content and the process)

Question 22

The Stoics

Answer 22

-> emotions as a destructive motivational force

Question 23

Saint Augustine

Answer 23

“the city of god”

-> all emotions are a choice of will

Question 24

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Answer 24

• > Dueling mind and body (emotions are tied to the physicsl body)
• > two types of passion

Question 25

Aquina's two types of passions (emotions)

Answer 25

1. concupiscible passions | 2. irascible passions

Question 26

Rene Descartes

Answer 26

-> mind-body dualism

Question 27

6 primary emotions (Rene Descartes)

Answer 27

1. Joy 2. Sorrow 3. Wonder 4. Love 5. Hate 6. Desire

Question 28

Materialism (Thomas Hobbes)

Answer 28

all behavior can be explained as a mechanistic response that follow the laws of nature -> behavior consists of blind, automatic reactions to environmental stimuli

Question 29

Tabula rasa (John Locke)

Answer 29

we are born without inherent ideas, urges, or knowledge | -> develop thoughts/desired through experience

Question 30

David Hume

Answer 30

motivation included not only a belief component but also an underlying desire -> direct vs indirect passion

Question 31

direct passions vs. indirect passions (David Hume)

Answer 31

1. arise immediately from feelings of pleasure and pain 2. also experienced through pleasure and pain - > but with an addition of beliefs associated with the object that is producing the pleasure or pain

Question 32

The theory of utilitarinism (Jeremy Bentham)

Answer 32

arresting that utility of a particular course of action is determined by how much it 1. maximizes happiness (pleasure) 2. reduces suffering (pain)

Question 33

Motivational Qualities (Bentham)

Answer 33

1. Intensity 2. Duration 3. certainty 4. Propinquity 5. Fecundity 6. Purity 7. Extent

Question 34

Felicific Calculus

Answer 34

a mathematical algorithm computing the utility of a particular action (Jeremy Bentham)

Question 35

Immanuel Kant

Answer 35

Reason is golden (emotions are illness of the mind)

Question 36

two types of emotion (Immanuel Kant)

Answer 36

1. Affect | 2. Passion

Question 37

Arthur Schopenhauer

Answer 37

will is the intangible active force of nature, the universe and mankind