Psychological Perspectives

Question 1

What is the Psychodynamic Model?

Answer 1

People’s behavior (whether normal or abnormal) is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he/she is not consciously aware.

Question 2

What is the deterministic viewpoint as it relates to the Psychodynamic Model?

Answer 2

No behavior is “accidental”. (there is always a “why”)

Question 3

What are the 3 components to Sigmund Freud’s Topographic Model?

Answer 3

• ID
• EGO
• Superego

Question 4

What is the ID component of Sigmund Freud’s Topographic Model?

Answer 4

Instinctual needs, drives, and impulses. (things like anxiety, sexual drives, anger/pleasure)

Question 5

What is the Ego component of Sigmund Freud’s Topographic Model?

Answer 5

It develops mechanisms to defend against unacceptable impulses and uncontrollable anxiety.

Question 6

What is the Superego component of Sigmund Freud’s Topographic Model?

Answer 6

The rules and norms incorporated from our parents and society. (conscience)

Question 7

What is the Ego Psychology perspective?

Answer 7

The thought that psychopathology develops when the ego does not function adequately to control or delay impulsive gratification; or does not make adequate use of defense mechanisms when faced with internal conflict. (basically the ego is not doing its job)

Question 8

What is the Object-Relations Theory?

Answer 8

This places a focus on an individual’s reactions with real and imagined objects, and those objects are either internal or external. (Objects=people; outside objects are real people and internal objects are imagined people)

Question 9

What is the Interpersonal Perspective?

Answer 9

This emphasizes social and cultural determinants of behavior. (focusing on how relationships and interpersonal components can affect psychopathology)

Question 10

What is the Attachment Theory?

Answer 10

The idea that we have experiences with our parents/caregivers early in life and, as a result, we form attachments with them. (There are different attachment styles)

Question 11

What is Behavior?

Answer 11

It is a form of learning. (there are different ways that people learn through different forms of conditioning)

Question 12

What is the main idea behind Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov’s dogs)

Answer 12

-An unconditioned stimulus (food) evokes an unconditional response (salivate).

Question 13

How is a Conditioned Response created? (in terms of classical conditioning)

Answer 13

By pairing an unconditioned stimulus (food) with a conditioned/neutral stimulus (the bell) over a period of time.

Question 14

What is Extinction?

Answer 14

• A form of new learning.
• When you repeatedly present the conditioned/neutral stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, eventually the conditioned response goes away. (this is not the same thing as forgetting)

Question 15

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 15

• This involves learning associations between behaviors and consequences.
• The consequences will determine whether the behavior will be repeated in the future or not.

Question 16

He showed that behaviors that are reinforced, are strengthened over time, and behaviors that are punished are weakened over time. Who is this person?

Answer 16

B.F. Skinner

Question 17

What is a Reinforcement?

Answer 17

A consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future.

Question 18

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 18

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 19

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 19

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior. (the sound the car makes in order to make you put your seatbelt on)

Question 20

What is a Punishment?

Answer 20

A consequence of a behavior that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future.

Question 21

What is Positive Punishment?

Answer 21

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 22

What is Negative Punishment?

Answer 22

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 23

What does “Positive” mean as it relates to Operant Conditioning?

Answer 23

Adding a stimulus.

Question 24

What does “Negative” mean as it relates to Operant Conditioning?

Answer 24

Taking away/Removing a stimulus.

Question 25

What works better, Punishment or Reinforcement?

Answer 25

Reinforcement tends to work better when trying to create a desired behavior.

Question 26

What is Generalization? (bitten by a big black dog)

Answer 26

The tendency to have the same conditioned response (fear) to the stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (big, black dogs).

Question 27

What is Discrimination? (bitten by a big black dog)

Answer 27

The ability to distinguish between stimuli. (recognizing the difference between big black dogs and other dogs)

Question 28

What is the main idea of Mowrer’s Two-Factor Fear Conditioning?

Answer 28

Classical Conditioning leads to fear, and Operant Conditioning maintains it.

Question 29

Mowrer’s Two-Factor Fear Conditioning illustration (on computer).

Answer 29

Look at illustration on the computer.

Question 30

What kind of response is Aviodance classified as?

Answer 30

As an active response.

Question 31

What is modeling (AKA Vicarious Conditioning)?

Answer 31

• A from of observational learning.

- Observing rewards and punishments others receive for behaviors and acting accordingly.

Question 32

What is Maladaptive Behavior?

Answer 32

• The failure to learn necessary adaptive behaviors or competencies.
• Or learning ineffective or maladaptive responses.

Question 33

What is the Cognitive Model?

Answer 33

Individuals engage in automatic thoughts (the cycles of depression or anxiety that is a result of the statement) that are based on cognitive distortions (the statement).

Question 34

What are Schemas?

Answer 34

Core beliefs that we have about things.

Question 35

What is a Cognitive Distortion?

Answer 35

A thought or statement that is not based in reality, and that is typically not true or accurate. (examples of cognitive distortions: All or nothing thinking, Overgeneralization, Jumping to conclusions).

Question 36

What is the Cognitive Behavioral Approach?

Answer 36

The merging of cognitive and behavioral perspectives.

Question 37

What is the Humanist Model?

Answer 37

Emphasizes people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive, and it focuses on our drive for self actualization through recognizing our strengths and weaknesses.

Question 38

What is the Existential Model?

Answer 38

Places on emphasis on self determination, our own choice, and individual responsibility. Focuses on being our authentic self.

Question 39

What is the main idea of the Humanistic-Existential Model?

Answer 39

An individual is capable, we are capable of being and self-actualizing. (be your best self)

Question 40

• One of the major players in the Humanistic Model.
• He believed that we have a basic need to receive positive regard, and those who receive this early on in life, later come to recognize their worth even while realizing they are not perfect. Who is this?

Answer 40

Carl Rogers

Question 41

• Social labels/roles.
• Relationships and social support.
• Family structures and communication.
• These are all aspects of what perspective?

Answer 41

Family-social Perspective.

Question 42

• Culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and discrimination.

- These are all aspects of what perspective?

Answer 42

Multicultural Perspective.

Question 43

What is the main point of the Biopsychosocial Approach?

Answer 43

Biological, psychological, and social factors all interact in the development of mental illness.