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psychology miderm > psychological research > Flashcards

psychological research Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

archival research

A

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

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2
Q

attrition

A

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

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3
Q

cause-and-effect relationship

A

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

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4
Q

clinical or case study

A

observational research study focusing on one or few people

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5
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

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6
Q

confounding variable

A

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

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7
Q

control group

A

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study- by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

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8
Q

correlation

A

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

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9
Q

correlation coefficient

A

number from -1 to 1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

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10
Q

cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

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11
Q

debriefing

A

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

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12
Q

deception

A

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

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13
Q

deductive reasoning

A

results are predicted based on a general premise

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14
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

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15
Q

double-blind study

A

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

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16
Q

empirical

A

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is obsering

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17
Q

experimental group

A

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

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18
Q

experimenter bias

A

researcher expectations skew the result of the study

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19
Q

fact

A

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

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20
Q

falsifiable

A

able to be disproven by experimental results

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21
Q

generalize

A

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

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22
Q

hypothesis (hypotheses)

A

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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23
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

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24
Q

illusory correlation

A

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

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25
inductive reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations
26
informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
27
institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
27
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
28
institutional review board (IRB)
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
29
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
30
naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in it's natural setting
31
negative correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
32
operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
32
observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
33
participants
subjects of psychological research
33
opinion
personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
34
peer-reviewed journal article
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
35
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
36
population
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
37
positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
38
random sample
subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
38
random assignment
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
39
reliablity
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
40
replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the researcher's reliability
41
sample
subset of individuals selected from the larger population
42
single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
43
statistical analysis
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
44
survey
list of questions to be answered by research participants- given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally- allowing researcher to collect data from a large number of people
45
theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
46
validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
47
hindsight bias
when you think that you knew something all alone after the outcome has occurred
48
overconfidence error
the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
48
perceiving order in random events
people perceive patterns to make sense of their world ex. heads 40/40 times... heads or tails next?
49
inductive reasoning
starting with observations, one uses those observations to generalize, to develop a theory
49
experimenter bias
when experimenter behaves in a way that changes results of the study from true to be biased
49
deductive reasoning
starting with a theory, one uses theory to make predictions and plans observations to determine accuracy
49
availability heuristic
things more easily brought to mind are thought of as more common
49
experimental research
investigation of the relationship between two variables where researcher manipulates a variable (independent) then observes the outcome (dependent)
49
representativeness heuristic
basing one's opinions off of something upon one or two representative models -oversimplification of things can lead to serious mistakes -related to stereotyping
49
scientific method
1. form ideas through deductive reasoning 2.. hypotheses are then tested through empirical observations and conclusions are formed through inductive reasoning 3. these conclusions lead to new theories and hypotheses
50
experimental design bias
experiments is set up in such a way that it's more likely to get biased result rather than true answer
50
participant bias
may make assumptions about what a researcher is looking for, what an experiment is attempting and change their responses to be more socially desirable
51
random sample
every member of population has an equal chance of being selected
52
replication
determines reliability of original research design

psychology miderm (5 decks)

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