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Cardio Pulm > Pulmonary Pathology: Restrictive Lung Disease > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology: Restrictive Lung Disease Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

cardiovascular causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • pulmonary edema

- pulmonary emboli

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2
Q

Neuromuscular Causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • SCI
  • ALS
  • Polio
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome
  • Myasthenia Gravis
  • Tetanus
  • Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
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3
Q

Connective Tissue Causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • RA
  • SLE
  • Polio
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4
Q

Nutritional and Metabolic Causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • Obesity

- DM

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5
Q

Traumatic Causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • crush injuries
  • penetrating wounds
  • thermal trauma
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6
Q

Immunologic Causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome

- Wegener’s Granulomatosis

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7
Q

Therapeutic Causes of restrictive lung dysfunction

A
  • surgical therapy
  • lung transplant
  • drug therapy
  • radiation therapy
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8
Q

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

A
  • infection of lower respiratory tract beginning 72 hours + after hospitalization
  • most common cause: pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Risk factors: tubes in throat, dysphagia, lung injury, diabetes, chronic cardiopulm disease, infection, smoker
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9
Q

Thoracic Cage Changes Due to:

A
  • kyphoscoliosis

- ankylosing spondylitis

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10
Q

Common restrictive primary problems

A
  • decreased compliance
  • decreased lung volume & capacity
  • increased WOB
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11
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

R ventricular hypertrophy

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12
Q

Limited diaphragm displacement due to:

A
  • obesity

- ascites

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13
Q

Alveolar compression caused by

A

-pleural effusion

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14
Q

Decreased compliance due to:

A
  • stiffening of lung parenchyma
  • alveolar compression
  • thoracic changes
  • limited diaphragm displacement
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15
Q

Restrictive

A

-trouble getting air in

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16
Q

Lung parenchyma stiffening from:

A
  • interstitial fibrosis
  • sarcoidosis
  • scleroderma
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17
Q

Common restrictive symptoms

A
  • dyspnea
  • dry, nonproductive cough
  • wasted, emaciated appearance
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18
Q

Common Restrictive Signs

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A
  • tachypnea
  • vent-perf mismatching
  • decr breath sounds
  • decr lung volume and capacity
  • cor pulmonale
19
Q

Common restrictive diseases

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A
  • RDS
  • BOOP
  • Pneumonia
  • ARDS
  • Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
20
Q

ARDS

Pathophysiology

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A

-exact mechanism unknown

-damage to capillary & alveolar endothelial cells–>
-incr permeability–>
-fluid & protein leave capillaries to interstitial fluid & alveoli–>
-decr lung vol & capacity & compliance–>
-Incr PVR–>
-R to L shunt–>
decr vent-perf matching–>
-alveolar fibrosis and los of capillaries

21
Q

ARDS

Etiology

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A
  • trauma
  • shock
  • blood transfusion
  • pneumonia
  • metabolic
  • drugs
  • inhaled toxins
  • aspiration
22
Q

ARDS

Prognosis

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A

80% survival rate

23
Q

ARDS

Treatment

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A
  • treat cause
  • maintain gas exchange (vent)
  • supportive (nutrition, electrolytes, fluid)
  • Prevent complications
  • positioning
  • prone
24
Q

BOOP

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A

Bronchiolitis obliterans w/ organizing pneumonia

aka. bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans, follicular bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis w/ diffuse interstitial pneumonia

25
BOOP | Pathophysiology
- necrosis of epithelium in affected bronchioles--> - accum fluid/debri--> - pulm edema with obstruction of small airways--> - atelectasis from collapsed airways--> - inflamation--> - fibrosis of bronchial tree and alveoli
26
BOOP | Etiology
- result of having something else - fibrotic lung disease of smaller airways - can cause restrictive or obstructive lung diseases - children: viral infection - adults: viral, bacterial, mycobacterial infections, toxic fumes, connective tissue diseases (RA), graft vs host reactions
27
BOOP | Treatment
- Kids: supportive (O2, hydration, postural drainage, suctioning) - Adults: supportive (O2, hydration, corticosteroids
28
IPF
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
29
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | Pathophysiology
- localized inflammatory changes (alveolitis) progressing to scarring and fibrosis - alveoli irregular in size/shape - capillaries destroyed
30
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | Etiology
- unknown | - immunnologically mediated response to acute injury or infection
31
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | Treatment
- corticosteroids - cytotoxic meds - supportive (O2, vent) - lung transplant
32
Types of Pneumonia
- community-acquired | - hospital acquired (nosocomial)
33
Community Acquired Pneumonia
- most can be tracked to cause (bacterial mostly) | - streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) most common
34
Pneumonia | Pathophysiology
- agent enters through inhalation/aspiration | - bacterial/viral
35
Pneumonia | Etiology
- 5th leading cause of death in US - inflm of lung parenchyma from exposure to microbes -(bacteria, mycoplasms, viruses, protozoa, psittacosis agents)
36
Bacterial Pneumonia
--1st response to infection is edema then polymorphonuclear leukocytes (phagocytosis) and deposits of fibrin
37
Bacterial Pneumonia | Treatment
- antibiotics - supplemental O2 as needed - pulm hygiene - hydration - nutrition
38
Viral Pneumonia
- 1st localizes in epithelial cells and destroys cilia and mucosal surfaces - may proceed to alveoli-->edema, hemorrhage, hyaline membrane formation or ARDS
39
Viral Pneumonia | Treatment
- supportive | - few antivirals available
40
RDS | Pathophysiology
- absence/inadequate surfactant - abnormal alveolar and epithelial & endothelial permeability - pulmonary HTN
41
RDS | Etiology
(hyaline membrane disease) - gestation <36 weeks (no surfactant) - more in males - delivered by c-section - mother has diabetes (insulin delays surfactant production) - born with PDA
42
RDS | Prognosis
- progressively worse for 2-4 days then improves | - potential for BPD
43
RDS | Treatment
- mechanical vent (-->BPD) - supplemental O2 - CPAP - Surfactant replacement - medications (sedation, pain relief)

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