PY. Ch.10 Flashcards by Kierstan Wilson

Development is
measured in three
main domains of
interest:

Biological or
Physical
Development,
Cognitive
Development, and
Socioemotional
Development.

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The fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm

Conception

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First stage of prenatal development, which begins with ovulation, conception, and implantation in the uterus (the first two weeks)

Germinal Period

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What is the baby called in the Germinal Period?

Zygote

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After implantation through the eighth week

Embryonic Period

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What is the baby called in the Embryonic Period?

Embryo

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*From eight weeks to birth
*Increased growth and “fine detailing”

Fetal Period

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What is the baby called in the Fetal stage?

Fetus

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How many and what months are critical during pregnancy?

The First Three Months

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such as
alcohol and nicotine, are environmental agents that can cross the placental barrier and cause damage during prenatal development.

Teratogens

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is a combination of birth defects from
maternal alcohol abuse.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

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use during pregnancy is most associated with premature birth, low birth weight infants, and fetal death. Smoking increases the risk in the offspring for reduced attention span and learning and behavioral problems.

Nicotine

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Average American newborn is ?inches long and weighs ?pounds.

20 inches & 7½ lbs

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Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of four months and nearly about what in a year?

triple their birth weight by the age of one year.

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At birth, the brain weighs about 25% of its adult weight
* By 2 years, the brain is

75% of its adult weight

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Period of psychological development between childhood and adulthood

Adolescence

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Biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity

Puberty

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Lasts for 2 to 3 years with Rapid increases in height, weight, and skeletal growth
Changes in reproductive structures and sex characteristics
Boys tend to benefit from early maturation while girls tend to benefit from late maturation

Growth spurt during Adolescence:

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Cessation of menstruation
Decreased estrogen production
Does NOT cause mood swings, loss of
sexual interest, or depression but for
some there are some losses
Many report relief

Menopause (45-55)

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Gradual decline in testosterone and
sperm production
Can reproduce into their 80s or 90s
May have weight gain, graying or loss
of hair, decreased sexual response
and muscle strength

Male climacteric

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Peak physical performance typically occurs between

19 and 26

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believed humans progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development
* Learning in 1 period enables progress to next
* Each marked by different abilities, ways of thinking
* Concept of cognitive disequilibrium

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory

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you hide an object under a blanket and a child tries to find it. is an example of what operation?

Stage 1 Sensorimotor with development of object permanence

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A child drawing people or objects from their own life but understanding they are only representations or playing pretend. is an example of what operation?

Stage 2 Preoperational symbolic thought with irreversibility, Egocentrism, Centration

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Children understand logical reasoning is an example of what operation?

Concrete Operational * Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation

If Kelly is taller than Ali and Ali is taller than Jo, who is the tallest? is an example of what operation?

Formal Operational * Abstraction, Hypothetical thinking

That is, the infant will become very upset when the adult they rely on leaves them for extended times.

separation anxiety.

Infants will try hard to maintain the presence of their primary caregiver— they will crawl up to her, climb on her, follow her around. They use her as a

secure base

Infants play and explore comfortably with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return.

Secure attachment

(resistant attachment) – Infants appear anxious even when their mothers are near and protest excessively when she leave, but are not particularly comforted when she returns.

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Infants seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves.

Avoidant attachment

Parent is sensitive and responsive to child

secure

Parent is is inconsistent and often responsive (depressed)

Resistant

Parent is rejecting unresponsive or intrusive-overly simulating

Avoidant

A parent that has a disorganized or disoriented child

frightened and frightening

*Children’s cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with parents, teachers, and older children who can provide invaluable guidance. *Language acquisition plays a crucial role in fostering cognitive development.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Upper Limit assistance and lower level child can do tasks by themselves

Zone of Proximal Development

A child uses what for their goals and strategies and as they grow older it develops it becomes a normal verbal dialogue

Private speech

obedience to authority and avoidance of that punishment building a moral compass

Punishment-obedience orientation

exchange of perspectives

Instrumental-exchange orientation

approved by others and intent of others

Good-Child Orientation

understanding laws and rules of society

Law-and-order

like voting appreciate the laws and are obeyed because of social contract and that

social contact orientation

what is our own right what is our own truth what is right in their own mind

universal-ethics orientation

birth to adolescence punishment and obedience / instrumental exchange

Preconventional level

adolescence and young adulthood

Conventional level

adulthood

Postconventional Level

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Eight Developmental periods during which an individual’s primary goal is to

primary goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs

The most attractive aspect of Erikson’s theory is that

he sees development as continuing throughout life, with many opportunities for reworking and rebuilding personality traits.

Trust v Mistrust(can I trust others?)

(Birth-age 1)hope

(independence)Autonomy v shame and Doubt(Can I act on my own)

(ages 1-3)will

Initiative v. guilt (Can I carry out my plans successfully?)

(ages 3-6)purpose

Industry v. Inferiority(Am I competent compared to others?)

(Ages 6-12)competence

Identity v. role confusion (Who am I and where am I going?)

(ages 12-20)fidelity

Intimacy v isolation (Am I ready for a committed relationship?)

early adulthood(20-40)love

Generativity v. Self-Absorption(Have I given something to future generations?)

middle adulthood(40-65)care

Ego integrity v. despair(Has my life been meaningful?)

late adulthood(65+)Wisdom

"I haven't really thought much about religion, and I guess I don't know what I believe exactly."

Diffusion Status( no commitment mad no crisis experienced)

"My parents are Baptist and I'm a Baptist; it's just the way I grew up."

Foreclosure Status (no crisis but commitment)

"I'm in the middle of evaluating my beliefs and hope that I'll be able to figure out what's right for me. I have been taught and I am looking into other faiths for answers."

Moratorium Status (crisis but not commitment)

"I really did some soul-searching about my religion and other religions, too, and finally know what I don't"

Identity Achievement Status(Crisis and commitment made)

Person denies or refuses to believe that death is really going to take place – may insist that lab results are wrong, and they need a 2nd or 3rd opinion

Denial and isolation

Person recognizes that denial can no longer be maintained, and they are angry at their fate

Anger

Person develops the hope that death can be postponed or delayed through promises to change life choices

Bargaining

Dying person comes to realize the certainty of death and a sense of loss over leaving loved ones

Depression

Person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of one’s fate, and in many cases, a desire to be left alone

Acceptance