PY. Ch.11 Flashcards by Kierstan Wilson

Research in behavioral genetics has shown that the family environment shared by children growing up together has

little impact on personality.

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About what percentage of your personality traits come from inherited genes?

40%

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Personality traits such as Leadership, traditionalism, and obedience to authority have been found to be mostly determined by heredity

(60-75%)

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The need to achieve, including ambition, and an inclination to work hard towards goals is genetically influenced, but more than half of this trait seems to be determined by

life experience

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I enjoy social gatherings/outings with friends, and she enjoys more time at home with just her husband, she doesn’t go out much and is quite content to just stay home and watch TV all weekend which depends on situations

personality

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Prone to anxiety, worry, guilt, impulsivity, and emotional instability is high or low in what? Have a more negative outlook on life

high in Neuroticism

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versus
relaxed, calm, secure, and emotionally stable high or low in what?

low in Neuroticism

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Outgoing, friendly, enthusiastic, fun-loving/People high in extroversion have a positive outlook on life

high in extroversion

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solitary, shy, serious,
reserved

low in extroversion

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Imaginative, curious, intellectual, open to nontraditional values

high in openess

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conforming, practical, conventional (likes doing things the same way always
done, very traditional)

low in openness

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Sensitive, warm, tolerant, easy to get along with, concerned with other’s
feelings and needs

high in Agreeableness

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cold, suspicious, hostile, or callous

low in agreeableness

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Reliable, responsible, self-disciplined, ethical, hard working, ambitious

high in Conscientiousness

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disorganized, unreliable, lax, impulsive, careless

low in conscientiousness

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Freud believed our personalities
were shaped by our childhood
experiences. He also believed that if
a child’s needs are not met or are
overindulged at one particular
psychosexual stage, that the child
may become

fixated

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under stress, individuals supposedly
may return (or …… to a stage at
which earlier needs were frustrated
or overly gratified.

regress

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behaviors such as
smoking, alcohol use, nail
biting; dependency; passivity;
pessimism

oral

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Genital
anxiety derived from severe
toilet training could evolve into
anxiety about sexual activities
later in life.

Anal

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Homosexuality; resentment
of authority figures in men;
unresolved penis envy in women

Phallic

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None (focus on play and
school activities)

Latency

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Return of sexual interests
expressed in mature
sexual relationships

Genital

thoughts and feelings

conscious

memories and knowledge

preconscious

unattractive motives, fears, immoral, selfish needs, unpleasant experiences, undesirable urges

unconscious

pleasure principle seeks immediate gratification without regard to social rules or customs)

reality principle (delays gratification of the id’s impulses until it is appropriate) rules and the law you learned

Ego

morality principle (guilt if rules are violated)

Superego

serve to prevent the awareness of threatening thoughts. The ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and creating self-deception

Defense Mechanisms

the egos protective method of reducing anxiety

by distorting reality and creating self-deception

Defense Mechanisms Used excessively, defense mechanisms can be dangerous because they

they distort reality.

A person remains unaware of harboring hateful or destructive impulses toward others

Repression

Under stress, a college student starts biting his nails or becomes totally dependent on others

Regression

A worker slams a door after his boss chews him out

Displacement

A person who nearly chokes someone to death acts afterward like it was “no big deal”

Denial

A sexually frustrated person goes on a personal crusade to stamp out pornography

Reaction formation

When asked why she continues to smoke, a woman says, “Cancer doesn’t run in my family”

Rationalization

A sexually inhibited person misinterprets other people’s friendly approaches as sexual advances

Projection

A person channels aggressive impulses into competitive sports

Sublimation

he also proposed that the entire human race shares a collective unconscious, which exists in the deepest reaches of everyone’s awareness.

Carl Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious

He saw the collective unconscious as a storehouse of hidden ancestral memories, called

Archetypes

which are feelings of inferiority developed from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence and how it is related to an individual's drive for superiority.

inferiority complex

Analytical Psychology) distinguished between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, which is a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans. He emphasized the importance of archetypes, such as the image of the young warrior that is so common in folklore and even contemporary movies. He also recognized Introversion/Extroversion.

Carl Jung

(Individual Psychology) wrote about the inferiority complex, which are feelings of inferiority developed from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence and how it is related to an individual's drive for superiority. He believed all children have feelings of inferiority and that our personality organizes goal seeking behaviors with the primary motivation in life to overcome these feelings of Inferiority. Our feelings of inferiority lead to a desire to compensate with our behaviors and overcome those feelings.

Alfred Alder

I think my experiences align because I've been a good person

(Congruence)

A person that views themselves a negative in life

incongruence(poorly adjusted behavior)

Love and acceptance with no conditions Important for healthy and full development Behavior and value of a person are separate Roger’s believed you should separate the evaluation of a person from his or her bad behavior, that shows UPR. Maladjustment is the result of incongruence between self-concept and life experiences. Our self esteem is a function of how closely we come to matching our self ideals (our sense of who and what we should be).

Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)

So why are so many people unhappy?

Carl Roger’s says it is because we have both a real self and an ideal self, and they are often in conflict. In some cases, the hopes and wishes of one’s ideal self

Defense Mechanisms Used excessively, defense mechanisms can be dangerous because they

they distort reality.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

lower needs need to be met first/ Physiological, safety, love and and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

What type of twins have higher correlation in personality?

Identical or more alike than fraternal and that means personality is partly inherited

Different cultures unique to their selves and want themselves to achieve

individualistic

Connected to the group and want others to succeed and respect to elders

collectivist