Qualitative Designs and Approaches

Question 1

Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design

Answer 1

1. Flexible - capable of adjusting to what is learned during data collection
2. Ongoing data analysis - benefit of subsequent strategies
3. Triangulation - of various data sources
4. Holistic - aimed at understanding teh whole
5. Reflexive/Involvement - researchers need to be very involed and reflexive
6. Emergent Design

Question 2

Emergent Design

Answer 2

one that evolves as researchers make ongoing decisions about their data needs based on what they have already learned

Question 3

3 Main Methods of Qualitative Design

Answer 3

Ethnography

Grounded Research

Phenomenology

Question 4

Ethnography

Answer 4

Describes and interprets a CULTURE and cultural behavior

Question 5

Culture

Answer 5

the way a group of people live - the patterns of activity and the symbolic structures (e.g. the values and norms) that give such activity significance

Question 6

Ethnography research relies on what

Answer 6

extensive labor intensive FIELDWORK

Question 7

Culture is inferred…

Answer 7

from the group’s words actions and products of its members

Question 8

Assumption of Ethnography Research

Answer 8

Cultures guide the way people structure their experiences

Question 9

Macroethnography

Answer 9

Focus on externally designed cultures - so larger cultures as a whole

Question 10

Focused Ethnography

Answer 10

Focus on a smaller culture/sub-culture and group such as nurses in a department

Question 11

Emic Perspective

Answer 11

Insider’s view - of their culture

Question 12

Ethnography seeks a ____ perspective. What does this mean?

Answer 12

Emic Perspective: It is an insiders view of the culture and to reveal tacit knowledge - information about the culture that is deeply embedded in the culture

Question 13

Ethnography data relies on…

Answer 13

a wide range of data sources and 3 broad types of information

Question 14

What are the 3 broad types of information that ethnography relies on

Answer 14

1. Cultural Behaviors
2. Cultural Artifacts
3. Cultural Speech

Question 15

So with ethnography we want to learn what exactly?

Answer 15

very specific knowledge that is deep in a culture and is not always known on the surface to an outsider - look deep and to what is unknown to outsiders

Question 16

The problem with ethnography research is…

Answer 16

gaining entry and identifying key informants to get a holistic portrait of culture

Question 17

_____ observation is a particularly important source for ethnography as well

Answer 17

Participant (Researcher) Observation

Question 18

The product of ethnography research is?

Answer 18

an in depth holistic portrait of the culture under study

Question 19

The key word for ethnography is

Answer 19

culture

Question 20

Phenomenology

Answer 20

Focus of qualitative research where the focus is on the description and interpretation of people’s lived experience

Question 21

Phenomenology asks…

Answer 21

What is the ESSENCE of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people and what does it mean

Question 22

Key word of phenomenology is what

Answer 22

Experience

Question 23

Phenomenology acknowledges…

Answer 23

people’s physical ties to their world - “being in the world”

Question 24

What is Descriptive Phenomenology

Answer 24

A form of phenomenology based on the philosophy of Husserl and his questions

It DESCRIBED human experience

Question 25

Husserl

Answer 25

Asked the question "What do we know as persons" which laid the basis for descriptive phenomenology

Question 26

Descriptive phenomenology insists...

Answer 26

on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life - a depiction of "things" as people experience them ex: Hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating So even experiences not focused on are looked at

Question 27

Descriptive Phenomenology relies on a technique known as ____

Answer 27

Bracketing

Question 28

Bracketing

Answer 28

Process of a researcher writing down their own biases and looking at them to remove the researcher's subjective thoughts out of the way and to see a pure form of the data/information/experience The process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study

Question 29

One form of Bracketing that is important is via a...

Answer 29

reflexive journal

Question 30

What are the 4 phases of Descriptive Phenomenological Study

Answer 30

``` BIAD: Bracketing Intuiting Analyzing Describing ```

Question 31

Desc. Phen.: Intuiting Phase

Answer 31

Occurs when the research remains open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it Attempting to remain open by bracketing to take the subjective experience out of it and clearly see the experience of the subject

Question 32

Desc. Phen.: Analyzing Phase

Answer 32

extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of essential meanings

Question 33

Desc. Phen: Describing Phase

Answer 33

Defining the phenomenon

Question 34

Ultimate goal of descriptive phenomenology is what?

Answer 34

To give the phenomenon a vivid picture similar to how its experienced by the subjects

Question 35

What is Interpretive Phenomenology

Answer 35

A type of phenomenology based on the philosophy of Heidegger and Gadamer with hermeneutics as a basis

Question 36

Gadamer and Heidegger

Answer 36

Students that came with the idea stating that bracketing is impossible so the best way to stay unbiased isnt to remove the subjective ideas but rather acknowledge, integrate, and approach the research from a new experience or perspective building off prio knowledge --> Known as the Hemeneutic Circle

Question 37

Hermeneutic Circle

Answer 37

Idea of constant interpretation and constant reevaluation of your own understanding that is impossible to avoid so it is important to continuously do this and reevaluate new information

Question 38

Interpretive Phenomenology has an emphasis on...

Answer 38

interpreting and understanding experience - not just describing it. And Bracketing down not occur

Question 39

Interpretive Phenomenology relies on what sources

Answer 39

in depth interviews and supplementary data sources like texts and artistic expressions

Question 40

Key word for Grounded Theory

Answer 40

Process

Question 41

Grounded Theory

Answer 41

focus on the discovery of a basic psychological problem that a defined group of people experience So it elucidates social psychological processes and social structures It allows generation of theories from what we see, how people manage themselves, interact, and move through the world

Question 42

Glaser and Strauss

Answer 42

creators of grounded theory

Question 43

Grounded Theory has a number of theoretical roots such as ...

Answer 43

symbolic interaction

Question 44

What does it mean if grounded theory roots are in symbolic interaction?

Answer 44

It means we look at how people make sense of social interactions - and how those symbolic interactions influence behavior

Question 45

Which type of qualitative research has contributed to the development of many of the middle range theories of phenomena relevant to nurses

Answer 45

Grounded Theory

Question 46

What might primary data sources in grounded theory look like

Answer 46

in depth interviews with 20-30 people - may be supplemented witj observations and written documents

Question 47

Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur ___ in grounded theory

Answer 47

simultaneously

Question 48

What is a unique procedure to grounded theory

Answer 48

Constant comparison - collectin data, sampling, and analyzing at the same time so processes will change based on this

Question 49

Grounded theory will seek to identify a main concern or problem and then...

Answer 49

understand the behavior done to solve that problem

Question 50

The core variable/idea of grounded theory is of behavior...

Answer 50

designed to resolve a problem - and this is based in basic social processes

Question 51

In grounded theory we are generating theories to explain...

Answer 51

how people solve or resolve problems/behaviors in context of social interactions

Question 52

Constant Comparison

Answer 52

Unique to grounded theory and used to develop and regine theoretically relevant categories Categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that commonalities and variations can be detected

Question 53

Grounded theory focus is on...

Answer 53

understanding a central concern or CORE VARIABLE

Question 54

What explains how people come to resolve the problem or concern in grounded theory?

Answer 54

a BSP (Basic social process)

Question 55

Strauss & Corbin v. Glaser v. Charmaz Grounded Theories

Answer 55

Strauss and Corbin came up with a controversial book discussing grounded theory Following this, Glaser believed Corbin adn Strauss did not come up with a method of grounded theory but rather a "full conceptual description" Charmaz came up witha CONSTRUCTIVIST GROUNDED THEORY (many nurse researchers use this) and regarded Glaser and Strauss' grounded theory as having positivst roots

Question 56

Some examples of Qualitative Research that does not rely on a disciplinary tradition

Answer 56

Case Studies Narratve Analysis Descriptive Qualitative Studies Idological Perspective Studies

Question 57

Case Studies

Answer 57

Focus on a thorough description and explanation of a single case or smaller number of cases - either individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities Data often collected over an extended period of time For unique situations

Question 58

Narrative Analysis

Answer 58

Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes analyzed through narrative analysis - this is looking at the narratives themselves to find out how the people who wrote them viewed themselves Lets you know who wrote the story and why it was written that way

Question 59

Descriptive Qualitative Studies

Answer 59

Similar to Phenomenology Eclectic Based on general premises of constructivist inquiry Seek to holistically describe phenomena as they are perceived by the people who experience them - so they may do a content analysis for example of narrative data with the intent of understanding important themes and patterns

Question 60

Critical Theory Research

Answer 60

A type of qualitative study of ideological perspective Concerned with a critique of existing social structures and with envisioning new possibilities - wants effective social change in a culture Includes Critical Ethnography

Question 61

Critical Ethnography

Answer 61

Focus on raising consciousness in the hope of affecting social change TRANSFORMATION is a key objective - as critical ethnographers attempt to increase the political dimensions of cultural research and undermine oppressive systems It involves looking critically at how culture functions, looking from the outside, et, and know how to make things better and transform systems

Question 62

What sets normal ethnography and critical ethnogrpahy apart

Answer 62

CE has the goal of systemic transformation

Question 63

Feminist Research

Answer 63

A qual research with ideological perspective Similar to critical, but focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women's lives and their consciousness

Question 64

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Answer 64

A qual research with ideological perspective Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression

Question 65

What process is associated with descriptive phenomenology? A. Emic Perspective B. Bracketing C. Fieldwork D. Lived human relation

Answer 65

B. Bracketing Rationale:Descriptive phenomenology involves 4 steps: first is bracketing. Emic perspective and fieldwork are associated with ethnography and lived human relation is characteristic of phenomenology in general

Question 66

T/F: When applying grounded theory methods, the research obtains the sample first and then collects data

Answer 66

False Rationale: When using grounded theory methods, data collection analysis and sampling are simultaneous

Question 67

Which phrase best describes the key objective of critical theory research? A. Long term data collection B. Gender domination C. Transformation D. Vulnerable groups

Answer 67

C. Transformation Rationale: A key objective of critical theory research is transformation. Data collection over time is common in case studies. The effect of gender domination and discrimination is associated with feminist research. Groups or communities vulnerable to control or oppression are associated with participatory action research