Quarter 1

Question 1

By the late 1780s, dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation included a belief that the national government

had grown too powerful.

was too closely tied to England.

was pushing America into another war with England.

was ineffective.

had sold too much western land to speculators.

Answer 1

was ineffective

Question 2

In 1786, Alexander Hamilton found an important ally, in his push for a stronger central government, in

Thomas Jefferson.

James Madison.

George Washington.

Benjamin Franklin.

Thomas Paine.

Answer 2

James Madison

Question 3

Which event, more than any other, convinced George Washington that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised?

the Spanish threat to take New Orleans

the British refusal to evacuate the forts of the Northwest

Shays’s Rebellion

the Whiskey Rebellion

the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Answer 3

Shays’ Rebellion

Question 4

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787

did not fear concentrated government power.

welcomed the possibilities of direct democracy.

were suspicious of wealthy property owners.

well represented the diversity of the national population.

were well educated by the standards of their time.

Answer 4

were well educated by the standards of their time

Question 5

At the start of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the delegates ruled that

their proceeding would be open to the public.

states would have proportional voting based on each state’s population.

each state delegation would have a single vote.

slavery would have to be preserved within the United States.

the country needed a stronger army to prevent further popular uprisings.

Answer 5

each state delegation would have a single vote

Question 6

The Virginia Plan called for

retaining the Articles of Confederation, with the addition of a national executive.

a two-tier national legislature.

combining the three smallest states into one large state.

a Senate in which each state would have two members.

an end to the slave trade and gradual emancipation.

Answer 6

a two-tier national legislature

Question 7

The New Jersey Plan

proposed a legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate.

was chosen by the convention delegates to replace the Virginia Plan.

had the general support of the larger states.

expanded the taxation and regulatory powers of Congress.

was proposed by delegate Edmund Randolph.

Answer 7

expanded the taxation and regulatory powers of Congress

Question 8

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 came close to

abolishing slavery.

granting citizenship to slaves.

granting suffrage for free black males.

abolishing slavery and granting citizenship to slaves.

None of these answers is correct.

Answer 8

None of these answers is correct

Question 9

The achievement of the “Great Compromise” of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was its resolution of the problem regarding

women and voting.

the definition of citizenship.

political representation.

states versus federal authority.

expansion of slavery into the territories.

Answer 9

political representation

Question 10

In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, for the purpose of political representation, slaves were classified as

three-fifths of a free person.

non-taxable.

property.

equivalent to children.

citizens.

Answer 10

three-fifths of a free person

Question 11

In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a major concession to the pro-slavery delegates was the

agreement that half of all future states would allow slavery.

strengthened fugitive slave provision.

continuation of the slave trade for at least twenty more years.

guarantee of the permanent continuation of slavery where it existed.

denial of suffrage to free black men.

Answer 11

continuation of the slave trade for at least twenty more years

Question 12

At the Philadelphia convention, James Madison argued that the ultimate authority of the federal government came from the

individual states.

people.

Congress.

Constitution.

rule of law.

Answer 12

people

Question 13

James Madison’s ideas regarding republican government

were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu.

reflected his fear that a large republic was more likely to result in tyranny.

assumed that political factions would help in preventing tyranny.

suggested that the state governments were ultimately sovereign.

All these answers are correct.

Answer 13

were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu

Question 14

Under the “checks and balances” system of the Constitution of 1787, federal judges

were appointed by Congress.

served for life.

were elected by state legislatures.

could not reverse state court rulings.

served at the pleasure of the executive.

Answer 14

served for life

Question 15

Under the Constitution of 1787, the people would directly elect

members of the House of Representatives.

members of the Senate.

the president.

federal judges.

All these answers are correct.

Answer 15

members of the House of Representatives

Question 16

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 recommended the document be ratified by

a direct vote of the people.

special state ratifying conventions.

another national convention.

state legislatures.

the Confederation Congress.

Answer 16

special state ratifying conventions

Question 17

In the debate over the Constitution of 1787, Antifederalist opponents to the document

were better organized.

had the support of George Washington.

feared that poorly educated men would be elected to prominent political offices.

believed the new government was not strong enough to maintain order.

argued that the Constitution would put an end to individual liberty.

Answer 17

argued that the Constitution would put an end to individual liberty

Question 18

Who among the following was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers?

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton

George Mason

Samuel Adams

Answer 18

Alexander Hamilton

Question 19

The core complaint of Antifederalists about the proposed Constitution of 1787 was that it

placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power.

omitted references to God.

allowed the people to have too much direct influence on the choosing of politicians.

granted the states too much power.

failed to abolish slavery.

Answer 19

placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power

Question 20

The Antifederalists

saw the power of the southern states as the chief obstacle to an effective new government.

feared that the new government would be too weak to enforce its new powers.

feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.”

saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers.

saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.”

Answer 20

saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers

Question 21

The first state to ratify the Constitution in 1787 was

New Hampshire.

Delaware.

Connecticut.

New Jersey.

Rhode Island.

Answer 21

Delaware

Question 22

Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution of 1787 under the assumption that

a provision would be added allowing for the direct election of presidents.

Thomas Jefferson would become the first president.

there would be a ban on the importation of slaves.

a bill of rights would be added later, in the form of amendments.

it would not be ratified by enough other states to become binding.

Answer 22

a bill of rights would be added later, in the form of amendments

Question 23

In the first national elections in 1789,

all the presidential electors cast their votes for George Washington.

Thomas Jefferson was chosen to be vice president.

the presidential inauguration was held in Philadelphia.

John Adams campaigned against George Washington.

Antifederalists won a convincing majority in the Senate.

Answer 23

all the presidential electors cast their votes for George Washington

Question 24

Nine of the first ten amendments to the Constitution placed limits on the

states.

new government.

rights of individuals.

courts.

presidential cabinet.

Answer 24

new government

Question 25

According to the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Supreme Court was to be ## Footnote composed of nine members. the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws. directly elected by the people. both composed of nine members and the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws. both composed of nine members and directly elected by the people.

Answer 25

the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws

Question 26

The first secretary of the treasury under the new government of 1789 was ## Footnote Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson. Robert Morris. James Madison. Henry Knox.

Answer 26

Alexander Hamilton

Question 27

In the 1790s, those who were labeled Republicans envisioned developing a nation that would ## Footnote be highly commercial and urban. be largely agricultural and rural. be a leading world power. eventually control most of North America. eventually grant political rights to women and minorities as well as white men.

Answer 27

be largely agricultural and rural

Question 28

Federalists controlled the new government under the Constitution for its first ## Footnote four years. eight years. twelve years. sixteen years. twenty years.

Answer 28

twelve years

Question 29

As president, George Washington ## Footnote had never envisioned a strong central government. considered it his duty to resolve political controversies. sought to dominate national politics. grew concerned that the federal government was gaining too much power. avoided personal involvement with the deliberations of Congress.

Answer 29

avoided personal involvenement with the deliberations of Congress

Question 30

The dominant figure of George Washington's administration was ## Footnote George Washington. Thomas Jefferson. Henry Knox. Alexander Hamilton. Aaron Burr.

Answer 30

Alexander Hamilton

Question 31

As treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton ## Footnote wanted to eliminate the national debt. opposed the federal government's assumption of state debts. supported the creation of a national bank. encouraged the federal government to focus on the needs of the independent farmer. All these answers are correct.

Answer 31

supported the creation of a national bank

Question 32

Under Alexander Hamilton's plan, a new national bank would ## Footnote have a monopoly on the government's banking business. facilitate the collection of taxes. provide loans to private businesses. act as a storehouse for federal deposits. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 32

All of these answers are correct

Question 33

Alexander Hamilton recommended that the federal government raise revenue through ## Footnote an import tax and a personal income tax. a sales tax and a property tax. an excise tax and an import tax. an excise tax and a sales tax. a sales tax and a personal income tax.

Answer 33

an excise tax and an import tax

Question 34

Alexander Hamilton's funding plan ## Footnote was eventually passed by Congress essentially as Hamilton had desired. was supported by James Madison. was rejected by Congress. called for paying all bondholders only a fraction of the value of the bonds. called for dividing bonds between their original purchasers and speculators.

Answer 34

was eventually passed by Congress essentially as Hamilton had desired

Question 35

Alexander Hamilton's plan for the federal government to assume state debts was passed by Congress after a deal was made to ## Footnote give a pay increase to government employees. appoint key Jefferson allies to the Washington administration. create two new states in the West. locate the nation's capital between Virginia and Maryland. eliminate the national bank.

Answer 35

locate the nation's capital between Virginia and Maryland

Question 36

James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other leaders opposed Alexander Hamilton's proposed national bank on the grounds that ## Footnote Congress had no authority to create a national bank. a national bank would lead to currency inflation. a national bank would lead to rampant speculation. Congress had no authority to create a national bank, and a national bank would lead to currency inflation. a national bank would lead to currency inflation and rampant speculation.

Answer 36

Congress had no authority to create a national bank

Question 37

Which group opposed Alexander Hamilton's economic program on the grounds that they would bear a disproportionate tax burden? ## Footnote creditors. manufacturers. the urban wealthy. Federalists. small farmers.

Answer 37

small farmers

Question 38

In the Constitution, political parties were ## Footnote not mentioned. described as dangerous. encouraged. viewed as temporary factions. specifically proscribed.

Answer 38

not mentioned

Question 39

The emergence of an alternative political organization to the Federalists was prompted by ## Footnote a dispute over President Washington's policies for westward expansion. fear that the Federalists were attempting to end free elections. belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained. a growing debate over the national bank. fear that George Washington would try to run for a third term.

Answer 39

belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained

Question 40

The two preeminent Republicans of the 1790s were ## Footnote Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe. John Adams and James Madison. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

Answer 40

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Question 41

During the 1790s, regional support in the United States for Federalists was greatest in the ## Footnote rural Deep South. rural Far West. Northeast. Southwest. mid-Atlantic region.

Answer 41

Northeast

Question 42

In America, the French Revolution was generally praised by ## Footnote Federalists. Republicans. Federalists and Republicans. Indians and slaves. no one.

Answer 42

Republicans

Question 43

The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 saw ## Footnote the federal government conduct itself much as it did during Shays's Rebellion. violent clashes between urban merchants and American troops. a briefly successful move by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union. a failed attempt by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union. President Washington lead thousands of troops into the field.

Answer 43

President Washington lead thousands of troops into the field

Question 44

In reference to Indians living in the United States, the Constitution ## Footnote made no mention of Indian nations. stated Indian tribes were entitled to direct representation in the federal government. required the federal government to respect treaties negotiated under the Confederation. declared Congress had no legal right to regulate commerce with Indian tribes. defined a precise legal standing for Indians and Indian nations.

Answer 44

required the federal government to respect treaties negotiated under the Confederation

Question 45

Jay's Treaty (1794) ## Footnote avoided a likely war with England. secured British compensation for recent attacks on American ships. led to the withdrawal of British forces posted on the American frontier. prompted England to send its first minister since the Revolution to the United States. recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth.

Answer 45

avoided a likely war with England

Question 46

Pinckney's Treaty (1795) was negotiated between the United States and ## Footnote Great Britain. France. Spain. the Netherlands. the Iroquois Confederacy.

Answer 46

Spain

Question 47

Pinckney's Treaty (1795) gave the United States ## Footnote the right to navigate the Mississippi River to its mouth. the freedom to use the port at New Orleans. a desired fixed northern boundary of Florida. assurances that Indians in Florida would be prevented from launching northern raids. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 47

All of these answers are correct

Question 48

The election of 1796 saw ## Footnote a Federalist president and a Republican vice president take office. the Republicans win the presidency for the first time. the House of Representatives determine the presidential victor. the Federalists reach their height of power and unity. John Adams become president on the Republican ticket.

Answer 48

a Federalist president and a Republican vice president take office

Question 49

The "XYZ Affair" ## Footnote involved foreign interference in an American presidential election. involved secret foreign treaties with nearby Indian nations. increased tensions between the United States and Great Britain. was prompted by a feud between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. led to an undeclared war between the United States and France.

Answer 49

led to an undeclared war between the United States and France

Question 50

The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) ## Footnote gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism. were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism. were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism, and were aggressively used by the Adams administration to that effect. were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism until they were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Answer 50

gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism

Question 51

In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it was asserted that ## Footnote the Republicans had betrayed the spirit of the Constitution. the federal government had the right to void state laws. the Supreme Court had no constitutional authority to invalidate federal laws. the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution was unjust. states had the right to nullify federal laws.

Answer 51

states had the right to nullify federal laws

Question 52

In the late 1790s, on the political scene, ## Footnote the United States was deeply and bitterly divided. the republican form of government had won over most skeptics. the power of the Republicans was declining. the United States had developed a clear two-party system. there was considerable agreement over most important foreign policy questions.

Answer 52

the United States was deeply and bitterly divided

Question 53

The presidential campaign in 1800 ## Footnote saw the Republicans win a decisive victory over the Federalists. was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates. saw leading Federalists in Congress attempt to engineer the election of Aaron Burr. was decided by a newly elected Republican Congress. was further complicated by the emergence of a third party, the Whigs.

Answer 53

was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates.

Question 54

Who described the election of 1800 as the "Revolution of 1800"? ## Footnote Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton John Adams James Madison George Washington

Answer 54

Thomas Jefferson

Question 55

The Judiciary Act of 1801 ## Footnote was passed by the new Republican Congress. increased the size of the Supreme Court by two seats. was an attempt by Federalists to secure their hold on the courts. resulted in the Federalists losing control of the judiciary. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Answer 55

was an attempt by Federalists to secure their hold on the courts

Question 56

Regarding education, early-nineteenth-century Republicans favored ## Footnote a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens. the federal government paying the costs of primary schools. private schools as the primary institutions of learning. the practice that only the children of elite families received an education. free college education for all white male citizens of the republic.

Answer 56

a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens

Question 57

In the early nineteenth century, school education was largely the responsibility of ## Footnote private institutions. the states. individual cities and towns. the federal government. individual parents.

Answer 57

private institutions

Question 58

The writer Judith Sargent Murray argued that women ## Footnote should have the same educational opportunities as men. were equal to men in intellect and potential. should have a role in society apart from their husbands. should have opportunities to earn their own livings. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 58

All of these answers are correct

Question 59

Thomas Jefferson believed American Indians were primitive people ## Footnote who had been greatly mistreated by white Americans. who might become civilized through exposure to white culture. who should be completely separated from white society. with no redemptive qualities. who nevertheless had an education system worth emulating.

Answer 59

who might become civilized through exposure to white culture

Question 60

Around 1800, higher education in the United States ## Footnote served about two percent of the white men in the country. began to admit many more poor citizens than before. gave access to women, blacks, and Indians. was increasingly becoming dominated by public institutions. saw the number of colleges and universities growing substantially.

Answer 60

saw the number of colleges and universities growing substantially

Question 61

The first American medical school was established at ## Footnote Harvard. William and Mary. the University of North Carolina. the University of Pennsylvania. Columbia.

Answer 61

the University of Pennsylvania

Question 62

In the study of medicine during the early nineteenth century, ## Footnote anatomy became the leading contributor to medical knowledge. municipal leaders sought better public awareness of sanitation to reduce diseases. most physicians spoke out against the practice of bleeding and purging. most doctors received their training by working with an established physician. physicians found the public remarkably receptive to new discoveries and innovations.

Answer 62

most doctors received their training by working with an established physician

Question 63

The expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century resulted in a ## Footnote broad increase in the number of hospitals. decline in midwives. rapid rise in care for the disabled. significant gain in the general body of medical knowledge. large jump in average life expectancy.

Answer 63

decline in midwives

Question 64

Noah Webster thought every American schoolboy should be educated ## Footnote in a skilled trade. to appreciate European culture. in community service. as a nationalist. in Greek and Latin.

Answer 64

as a nationalist

Question 65

The writer Washington Irving is best remembered for his works on ## Footnote Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle. the American Revolution. George Washington. Philadelphia society. the Mohican Indians.

Answer 65

Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle

Question 66

The religious concept of deism ## Footnote emphasized the role of God in the world. challenged many of the ideas that had emerged in the Enlightenment. argued for a remote God that had withdrawn from human affairs. was frowned upon by educated Americans such as Jefferson and Franklin. All these answers are correct.

Answer 66

argued for a remote God that had withdrawn from human affairs

Question 67

Religious skepticism resulted in ## Footnote the decline of universalism. a growth of commitment to organized churches and denominations. both the philosophy of "unitarianism" and a wave of revivalism. the disestablishment of the Anglican Church. no discernible effect on American religious life.

Answer 67

both the philosophy of "unitarianism" and a wave of revivalism

Question 68

The Second Great Awakening ## Footnote rejected the idea of the Trinity. was consistent with the ideas of the Enlightenment. helped promote universalism and Unitarianism. was confined to New England. began as an effort by church establishments to revitalize their organizations.

Answer 68

began as an effort by Church establishments to revitalize their organizations

Question 69

The Second Great Awakening helped spread all of the following denominations EXCEPT the ## Footnote Baptists. Unitarians. Presbyterians. Methodists. Baptists and Unitarians.

Answer 69

Unitarians

Question 70

The message of the Second Great Awakening ## Footnote called for an active and fervent piety. restored the traditional belief in predestination. incorporated the belief of skeptical rationalism. found its greatest number of converts among young men. was rejected by most women as being retrograde and reactionary.

Answer 70

called for an active and fervent piety

Question 71

The revivalism of the Second Great Awakening ## Footnote was largely limited to white Americans. pacified opponents of slavery. encouraged racial unrest. was rejected by the black American community. fostered an anti-egalitarian religious ethos.

Answer 71

encouraged racial unrest

Question 72

During the Second Great Awakening, the Indian revivalist Handsome Lake called for ## Footnote the adoption by Indian tribes of white American culture. an armed Indian rebellion against white American society. the United States to live up to its broken treaties with Indian tribes. the return of lands taken from Indian tribes by the United States. the restoration of traditional Indian culture.

Answer 72

the restoration of traditional Indian culture

Question 73

The cotton gin was invented by ## Footnote Robert Fulton. Eli Whitney. Samuel Slater. Albert Gallatin. Moses Brown.

Answer 73

Eli Whitney

Question 74

The invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century ## Footnote allowed for the introduction of cotton in southern coastal states. had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England. reduced the total number of slaves in the American South. led to a great increase in the production of long-staple cotton. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 74

had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England

Question 75

Eli Whitney is a major figure in American technology for introducing the ## Footnote concept of interchangeable parts. first modern factory. steam engine. mechanized assembly line. steel plow.

Answer 75

concept of interchangable parts

Question 76

In the early eighteenth century, the Americans Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston ## Footnote invented the steam engine. made significant advances in steam-powered navigation. developed the nation's first merchant marine. brought the first steam engines from England to the United States. launched America's first railroad engine, the Clermont, in 1807.

Answer 76

made significant advances in steam-powered navigation

Question 77

The early nineteenth century in America is known as the "turnpike era" because ## Footnote most towns and villages became connected by a network of inexpensive roads. Americans stopped transporting goods by canal in favor of roads. the federal government provided free land to road construction companies. concrete was first developed as a long-life road surface. many roads were built for profit by private companies.

Answer 77

many roads were built for profit by private companies

Question 78

Population data of the United States in 1800 reveals ## Footnote ten percent of the non-Indian population lived in towns of more than 8,000. no American city had a population larger than 28,000. New York was the most populous city in the country. the nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian. fifteen percent of the population lived in towns of more than 8,000.

Answer 78

the nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian

Question 79

In the United States during the early nineteenth century, horse racing ## Footnote was bound by lines of race and class. first became a spectator sport. never developed wide appeal in the United States. was considered a form of gambling and was banned in most towns. was considered a waste of valuable horses and frowned upon.

Answer 79

was bound by lines of race and class

Question 80

The chief designer of the capital city of Washington was ## Footnote Thomas Jefferson. Robert Fulton. Daniel Burnham. Guy Dupont. Pierre L'Enfant.

Answer 80

Pierre L'Enfant

Question 81

In 1800, Washington, D.C., ## Footnote had grown in size equal to Philadelphia. was little more than a simple village. was widely recognized as a city built on a grand scale. had yet to be occupied by the national government. had 13,200 residents, according to the census.

Answer 81

was little more than a simple village

Question 82

In the early nineteenth century, many members of Congress ## Footnote had to live in tents when in Washington, D.C. considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. stayed in Washington year-round. had to live in tents in Washington, D.C., year-round, and considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 82

considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies

Question 83

As president, Thomas Jefferson ## Footnote sought to convey the public image of a plain, ordinary citizen. believed in a passive presidency. gave the White House its name. tended to keep talented Federalists in office despite objections from Republicans. only served one term.

Answer 83

sought to convey the public image of a plain, ordinary citizen

Question 84

In his first term, President Thomas Jefferson ## Footnote argued for mandatory military service to mold and improve citizens. increased the size of the army. increased the size of the navy. aggressively used the military to assert American interests abroad. helped establish a military academy at West Point.

Answer 84

helped establish a military academy at West Point

Question 85

During his first term, President Thomas Jefferson ## Footnote sought to create a tax on personal income. restricted the sale of government lands to western settlers. saw a doubling of the national debt. eliminated all internal taxes. drastically increased government spending.

Answer 85

eliminated all internal taxes

Question 86

The Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) ## Footnote stated that Congress had the authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court. stated that the states had the power to nullify an act of Congress with the support of the Court. ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission. stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court, and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress. stated that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress, and ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission.

Answer 86

stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court, and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress

Question 87

John Marshall was ## Footnote chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Marbury v. Madison. appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court by Thomas Jefferson. a Republican. a former vice president of the United States. secretary of state in the Jefferson administration, and Madison's successor.

Answer 87

chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of *Marbury v. Madison*

Question 88

In 1802, what spurred President Jefferson to seek the building of a river fleet and to give the impression that the United States might ally with Great Britain? ## Footnote a growing incidence of Indian attacks on western settlers a Spanish attempt to readjust the northern border of its Florida colony the arrival of a French invasion fleet near New York a new French regulation restricting the use of the port of New Orleans by American ships the capture of the island of Santo Domingo by a black revolutionary force

Answer 88

a new French regulation restricting the use of the port of New Orleans by American ships

Question 89

Under the treaty terms for the Louisiana Purchase, ## Footnote the United States agreed to make annual payments to France for twenty years. the United States would gain exclusive access to the port of New Orleans. residents living in Louisiana were to be made citizens of France. the land boundaries were not clearly defined. the United States had to remain neutral in the war between England and France.

Answer 89

the land boundaries were not clearly defined

Question 90

Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States in part because ## Footnote the British had threatened to invade the territory. he wanted full control of the port of New Orleans in exchange. he needed the United States to contribute military forces on the continent in his war against Britain. the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease. he believed the Louisiana Territory was a "great desert" unfit for habitation.

Answer 90

the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease

Question 91

When Thomas Jefferson received the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, he ## Footnote felt his government had been asked to pay too much for it. was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it. assumed the French would not honor its terms. insisted on numerous revisions before accepting it. angrily fired Livingston and Monroe for insubordination.

Answer 91

was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it

Question 92

When President Jefferson spoke of "loose construction," he was referring to ## Footnote interpretation of the Constitution. the USS Constitution and its hull form. an early method of earthwork fortifications. a medical theory compatible with the "humors" theory. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 92

interpretation of the Constitution

Question 93

The Lewis and Clark expedition ## Footnote was first planned after the Louisiana Purchase was made. was assisted by the guide Sacajawea. was led by two men who had little experience with Indians. saw both leaders die before the expedition was complete. never made it to the Pacific Coast.

Answer 93

was assisted by the guide Sacajawea

Question 94

The explorations of Zebulon Pike ## Footnote included Pike's successful climb to the top of the peak that now bears his name. ended with his death at the hands of Choctaw Indians. convinced President Jefferson to form reservations for Indians. convinced many Americans that the land between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains was undesirable. were hampered by Pike's old age and infirm health.

Answer 94

convinced many Americans that the land between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains was undesirable

Question 95

In 1804, the Federalists known as the Essex Junto ## Footnote were led by Alexander Hamilton. believed slavery could not be allowed to expand into the territories. feared that the United States might be divided by secessionists. attempted to interest Napoleon in reclaiming Louisiana. feared the westward growth of the United States.

Answer 95

feared the westward growth of the United States

Question 96

The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton was the result of ## Footnote a business failure between them. a dispute over a woman. Hamilton's election as governor of New York. Burr's belief that Hamilton's malevolence had cost him the New York governor's race. Burr's attempt to capture Mexico from the Spanish.

Answer 96

Burr's belief that Hamilton's malevolence had cost him the New York governor's race

Question 97

During the Jefferson administration, the British claimed the right to stop American merchant ships and seize ## Footnote vessels that had deserters on board from British ships. naturalized Americans born on British soil. any persons they chose. all military cargo. any slaves found on board.

Answer 97

vessels that had deserters on board from British ships

Question 98

The Chesapeake-Leopard incident ## Footnote led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports. saw the British sink an American merchant ship. led the British government to end its practice of impressment. began the War of 1812. saw the Americans sink a British naval frigate.

Answer 98

led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports

Question 99

The Embargo of 1807 ## Footnote was ineffective. helped to put a Federalist in the White House in 1808. resulted in the Republican loss of control of Congress in 1808. was quickly repealed. created a serious economic depression in the nation.

Answer 99

created a serious economic depression in the nation

Question 100

The Non-Intercourse Act reopened American trade with ## Footnote Great Britain. France. both Great Britain and France. all nations except Great Britain and France. all nations.

Answer 100

all nations except Great Britain and France

Question 101

In 1810, the Non-Intercourse Act expired and was replaced by ## Footnote the Harrison Land Law. "Peaceable Coercion." Macon's Bill No. 2. the Tallmadge Amendment. Madison's embargo.

Answer 101

Macon's Bill No. 2

Question 102

President Thomas Jefferson's Indian policy included ## Footnote an offer to Indians to have full citizenship in the United States and the right to vote. an offer to Indians to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union. the insistence that Indians reduce the size of their exclusive tribal lands in the Northwest, as well as allow some limited hunting by white settlers on those lands. an offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union. an offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest.

Answer 102

an offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest

Question 103

During William Henry Harrison's governorship of the Indiana Territory, ## Footnote violence between the United States and Indian tribes declined. he refused to sign new treaties with Indian tribes. all Indian tribes were driven west of the Mississippi River. he used threats and bribery as a means to acquire Indian lands. he thwarted plans by Indian tribes to elect a separate Indian governor of the territory.

Answer 103

he used threats and bribery as a means to acquire Indian lands

Question 104

Tecumseh ## Footnote believed the only effective means to resist white settlers was Indian tribal unity. encouraged Indian assimilation into the United States to save their lives. had a brother known as "the Shooting Star." fought against William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism.

Answer 104

believed the only effective means to resist white settlers was Indian tribal unity

Question 105

The desire by American southerners to acquire Florida ## Footnote led to war between the United States and Spain in 1812. was partly motivated by the number of runaway slaves who escaped there. was intended to reduce the presence of the British in America. was unfulfilled until the 1830s. was fervently attacked by leaders such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

Answer 105

was partly motivated by the number of runaway slaves who escaped there

Question 106

In 1812, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun could best be described as ## Footnote Jeffersonians. pacifists. secessionists. Federalists. war hawks.

Answer 106

war hawks

Question 107

In the War of 1812, Britain turned its full military attention to America after ## Footnote Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. Napoleon's incarceration at Elba. Napoleon's catastrophic campaign against Russia. the American invasion of Canada. the American raid and burning of York.

Answer 107

Napoleon's catastrophic campaign against Russia

Question 108

Which statement about the War of 1812 is true? ## Footnote England remained preoccupied with Napoleon's attacks throughout the war. The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism. The initial American focus of the war was on controlling the Mississippi River. The military struggle on the Great Lakes was a disaster for the United States. The outmatched Americans saw no military successes at all during the war

Answer 108

The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism

Question 109

During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military success ## Footnote on the Atlantic Ocean. in New England. in the Carolinas. on the Great Lakes. in the Caribbean.

Answer 109

on the Great Lakes

Question 110

During the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames ## Footnote saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army. led to the long American occupation of Canada. strengthened the resolve of the Indians in the Northwest. saw British forces come from Canada to attack Detroit. saw a surprise American attack in the heart of London.

Answer 110

saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army

Question 111

At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in 1814, Andrew Jackson ## Footnote was seriously wounded. viciously broke the resistance of the Creek. captured the city of New Orleans. defeated the Spanish at Pensacola. turned back the British invasion from the Southwest.

Answer 111

viciously broke the resistance of the Creek

Question 112

In 1814, the British ## Footnote took control of the Ohio Valley. repulsed the United States from Florida. seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion. established naval supremacy on the Atlantic Ocean. forced the surrender of Fort McHenry in Baltimore.

Answer 112

seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion

Question 113

Following the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote ## Footnote "Yankee Doodle." "The Battle Hymn of the Republic." "The Pledge of Allegiance." "Stars and Stripes Forever." "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Answer 113

"The Star-Spangled Banner."

Question 114

In the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans ## Footnote took place weeks after the war had officially ended. saw inexperienced British troops face battle-hardened American forces. resulted in hundreds of American deaths. saw the British lay siege to the city for nearly a month. gave the British control of the Mississippi River.

Answer 114

took place weeks after the war had officially ended

Question 115

During the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention ## Footnote was a gathering of strong supporters of the war. saw its participants vote to secede from the United States. struck a virtual death blow to the Federalist Party. sought to strengthen the political influence of the South and West. aimed to create a new political party, called the Whigs.

Answer 115

struck a virtual death blow to the Federalist Party

Question 116

The Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812 ## Footnote was signed on New Year's Day, 1815. was reluctantly negotiated by the British. included the condition that the United States create an Indian buffer state in the Northwest. put huge areas of the new lands under the control of the United States. began an improvement in relations between England and the United States.

Answer 116

began an improvement in relations between England and the United States

Question 117

The Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 called for ## Footnote the joint occupation of Oregon by France and the United States. the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States. France to pull out of the fur trade in the Great Lakes region. a general trade agreement between the United States and France. Spain to give up its claim to Florida, in exchange for navigation rights on the Mississippi.

Answer 117

the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States

Question 118

The experience of American banking during the War of 1812 revealed the need for ## Footnote another national bank. more state banks. a reduction in gold and silver reserves. an increase in the number of bank notes in circulation. currency backed by both gold and silver.

Answer 118

another national bank

Question 119

Which of the following statements about American currency and banking in this era is FALSE? ## Footnote Counterfeiting was a serious problem. The national bank forbade state banks from issuing their own notes. Congress re-chartered the Bank of the United States in 1816. Vast quantities of varying bank notes created confusion over currency. The second Bank of the United States had more capital than its predecessor.

Answer 119

The national bank forbade state banks from issuing their own notes

Question 120

As a result of the War of 1812, ## Footnote politicians spent less time on questions of national economic development. American banking was stabilized. America's internal transportation system proved its worthiness. American shippers experienced a financial boom. the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated.

Answer 120

the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated

Question 121

Francis Cabot Lowell's contribution to American textile mills included ## Footnote the invention of the cotton spindle. improving the power loom. dramatically expanding the textile industry in the South. improving the cotton gin. organizing his workers by task into a primitive assembly line.

Answer 121

improving the power loom

Question 122

The first American mill to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof was located in ## Footnote Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Newport, Rhode Island. Springfield, Massachusetts. Waltham, Massachusetts.

Answer 122

Waltham, Massachusetts

Question 123

After the War of 1812, it was clear that the United States needed an improved ## Footnote trade policy with Europe. system of tariffs. system for selling public lands. internal transportation system. system of currency.

Answer 123

internal transporation system

Question 124

By 1818, the United States' internal road system ## Footnote had been paid for without any federal funds. consisted only of a small number of private turnpikes. included a national road that reached as far as the Ohio River. formed a network that connected most large towns and cities. had for the most part been replaced by railroads.

Answer 124

included a national road that reached as far as the Ohio River

Question 125

The Lancaster Pike was a road partially financed by the state of ## Footnote Massachusetts. New York. Virginia. Pennsylvania. Maryland.

Answer 125

Pennsylvania

Question 126

By 1820, American steam-powered shipping ## Footnote carried more cargo on the Mississippi than all other forms of river transport combined. increased the transport of manufactured goods westward. stimulated agriculture in both the West and the South. had reached as far up the Ohio River as Pittsburgh. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 126

All of these answers are correct

Question 127

On his last day in office, President James Madison influenced "internal improvements" by ## Footnote establishing a military corps of engineers to help study and contribute to infrastructure development. approving a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals. supporting federal financing of scientific and technological research into steam power. vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals. allocating federal funds to finance transportation construction.

Answer 127

vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals

Question 128

Between 1800 and 1820, the population of the United States ## Footnote nearly doubled. reached five million. saw its largest increases in southern states. generally ignored the rocky soil of the Old Northwest. All these answers are correct.

Answer 128

nearly doubled

Question 129

In the early nineteenth century, the westward movement of white Americans was encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT for ## Footnote the exhaustion of agricultural lands in the East. the spread of the plantation system in the South. the federal government's policy toward Indian tribes in the West. the lure of mineral mining in the mountainous regions of the West. the expansion of a slave labor in the South.

Answer 129

the lure of mineral mining in the mountainous regions of the West

Question 130

The rapid growth of the Northwest and Southwest led to which of the following in the immediate aftermath of the War of 1812? ## Footnote the admission of four new states to the Union. the breakout of two major wars between federal forces and united Indian tribes. the establishment of two large territories in the West with provincial governments. the development of a new Western-expansion political party that pushed for secession from the United States. a rapid reduction in the political popularity of slavery in the South.

Answer 130

the admission of four new states to the Union

Question 131

In the early nineteenth century, the Deep South ## Footnote saw tobacco as its primary crop. included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi. was largely developed by wealthy planters. was slow to organize into states. contemplated seceding from the rest of the Union.

Answer 131

included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi

Question 132

After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it ## Footnote attempted to close its northern territories to the United States. sought cooperative economic and military arrangements with England. quickly opened its northern territories to trade with the United States. began selling its northern territories to the United States. began planning for war against the United States.

Answer 132

quickly opened its nothern territories to trade with the United States

Question 133

The trapper who led a series of forays deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves was ## Footnote John Jacob Astor. William Ashley. Rufus King. William Crawford. Jedediah Smith.

Answer 133

Jedidiah Smith

Question 134

In the early nineteenth century, "mountain men" ## Footnote were mostly older settlers of an earlier era. had little impact on the character of Far West society. were the dominant segment of the population in the Far West. frequently warred against Indian and Mexican peoples. very often married Indian and Mexican women.

Answer 134

very often married Indian and Mexican women

Question 135

In the early nineteenth century, the explorer Stephen Long ## Footnote agreed with the findings and conclusions of Zebulon Pike. labeled the Great Plains the "American breadbasket." was one of the most colorful of the "mountain men." discovered the source of the Red River. inadvertently brought the United States to the brink of war with Mexico.

Answer 135

agreed with the findings and conclusions of Zebulon Pike

Question 136

The "era of good feelings" following the War of 1812 reflected ## Footnote declining violence in the West between the United States and Indian tribes. increased political divisions in the United States federal government. rising nationalism and optimism in the United States. the renewed good relations between the United States and the European continent. the need for Americans to band together in the wake of economic depression.

Answer 136

rising nationalism and optimism in the United States

Question 137

Who among the following was a part of the "Virginia Dynasty"? ## Footnote Rufus King Henry Clay John Adams James Monroe John C. Calhoun

Answer 137

James Monroe

Question 138

Prior to becoming president, James Monroe had ## Footnote served as secretary of state. been vice president. explored the western frontier. fought in the War of 1812. switched political parties.

Answer 138

served as secretary of state

Question 139

Shortly after becoming president, James Monroe ## Footnote acted to limit the future influence of Federalists. called for an end to political parties. undertook a goodwill tour of the country. became the first president to leave the country while in office. called for increased manumissions in the South.

Answer 139

undertook a goodwill tour of the country

Question 140

During the administration of James Monroe, ## Footnote all cabinet positions were filled by New Englanders. the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist. Henry Clay became secretary of war. his vice president was charged with corruption. John C. Calhoun served as secretary of state.

Answer 140

the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist

Question 141

What event prompted Spain to negotiate the sale of Florida to the United States? ## Footnote the Missouri Compromise the Panic of 1819 civil war in Spain the Mexican war for independence against Spain the Seminole War

Answer 141

the Seminole War

Question 142

In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty dealt with the American purchase of ## Footnote Texas. Ohio. Florida. Illinois. Puerto Rico.

Answer 142

Florida

Question 143

One cause of the Panic of 1819 was ## Footnote decreased foreign demand for American agricultural goods. restrictive credit practices prior to 1819 the announcement that year that dozens of new state banks were to be chartered. new management practices within the Bank of the United States. an English embargo of American goods.

Answer 143

new management practices within the Bank of the United States

Question 144

The Panic of 1819 resulted in a depression that lasted ## Footnote six months. one year. two years. four years. six years.

Answer 144

six years

Question 145

The representative from New York who proposed an 1819 amendment prohibiting slavery in Missouri was ## Footnote Rufus King. James Tallmadge Jr. Henry Clay. John C. Calhoun. John Jacob Astor.

Answer 145

James Tallmadge Jr.

Question 146

The Missouri Compromise of 1819 ## Footnote extended slavery throughout the Louisiana Territory. maintained the nation's equal number of slave and free states. was roundly criticized by nationalists in the North. denied statehood for Missouri for two more years. created a northern boundary of slavery at the 42°40ʹ parallel.

Answer 146

maintained the nation's equal number of slave and free states

Question 147

The Supreme Court ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) was a victory for ## Footnote corporations. the Republican Party. state government. public education. state courts.

Answer 147

corporations

Question 148

In Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutionality of ## Footnote Supreme Court review of congressional laws. state court review of congressional laws. state court review of state laws. Supreme Court review of state court decisions. state court overturning of corporate charters.

Answer 148

Supreme Court review of state court decisions

Question 149

In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court confirmed the ## Footnote right of the federal government to tax states. right of states to tax the Bank of the United States. "implied powers" of Congress. right of states to prohibit the Bank of the United States. right of states to abolish slavery within their borders.

Answer 149

"implied powers" of Congress

Question 150

The Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ## Footnote strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. narrowed the federal government's role in regulating the economy. declared transportation monopolies unconstitutional. reaffirmed the New York court's ruling regarding interstate trade. was a victory for Aaron Ogden, Robert Fulton, and Robert Livingston.

Answer 150

strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce

Question 151

The Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) that ## Footnote individual Americans had the right to buy land from Indian tribes. Indians had all the rights and protections afforded to U.S. citizens. the federal government had no right to take lands from tribes. the laws of the United States invalidated all Indian rights. Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands.

Answer 151

Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands

Question 152

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Marshall Court affirmed federal authority over ## Footnote individual states. all American Indian tribes. the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase. both individual states and all American Indian tribes. both American Indian tribes and the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase

Answer 152

both individual states and all American Indian tribes

Question 153

The policy expressed in the Monroe Doctrine was principally directed at ## Footnote Mexico. Europe. American Indians. Asia. southern slaveholders.

Answer 153

Europe

Question 154

The Monroe Doctrine declared that ## Footnote European powers should not engage in new colonization of the American continents. the United States reserved the right to involve itself in European affairs. Cuba should come under the control of the United States. European powers should abandon all their interests in the Western Hemisphere. the United States had a "manifest destiny" to colonize North America.

Answer 154

European powers should not engage in new colonization of the American continents

Question 155

The writing of the Monroe Doctrine ## Footnote had an immediate and dramatic effect on American policy. was primarily based on the earlier writings of Thomas Jefferson. was motivated by American interests in Hawaii. deeply angered the European powers. was an important example of American nationalism.

Answer 155

was an important example of American nationalism

Question 156

In the presidential election of 1824, ## Footnote Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes and became president. John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and became president. Henry Clay received the fourth-most electoral votes and became president. William Crawford received the most electoral votes, but died before a president was chosen. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 156

John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and became president

Question 157

The so-called "corrupt bargain" was negotiated between ## Footnote Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. William Crawford and John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson. John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun.

Answer 157

Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams

Question 158

The presidential administration of John Quincy Adams was ## Footnote plagued by financial corruption. noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively. widely popular in the South for its tariff policies. successful in domestic policies, but had little success in foreign policies. deeply antagonistic to the ideas behind Clay's "American System."

Answer 158

noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively

Question 159

During the presidential campaign of 1828, ## Footnote Republicans were able to effectively unite. President Adams was accused of adultery. Andrew Jackson was labeled a murderer. the major election issue was the Bank of the United States. John Quincy Adams gave a strong showing in the South.

Answer 159

Andrew Jackson was labeled a murderer

Question 160

Andrew Jackson's presidential victory in 1828 was ## Footnote extremely narrow. decisive but sectional. an overwhelming victory. a result of the support he received from New England states. likely a product of corrupted voting in several key states

Answer 160

decisive but sectional

Question 161

The election of 1828 ## Footnote was decided by the House of Representatives. saw Andrew Jackson receive the largest majority in American political history. saw Andrew Jackson sweep most of New England. represented to Jacksonians a victory for the forces of privilege. saw the emergence of a new two-party system.

Answer 161

saw the emergence of a new two-party system

Question 162

Which statement regarding the American electorate during the 1820s is true? ## Footnote The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males. The right to vote was restricted to property owners. Married white women had the right to vote but could not hold elected office. Changes in voting rights first occurred in New England states and then spread west. Older states began to expand their property ownership requirements.

Answer 162

The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males

Question 163

In 1840, efforts to expand voting rights in Rhode Island resulted in ## Footnote new laws that actually further restricted voting rights. federal troops occupying the state capital for two years. an effort within the state to secede from the Union. two governments claiming control of the state. female and black male suffrage for a brief period of time.

Answer 163

two governments claiming control of the state

Question 164

The lawyer and activist who led the campaign to expand voting rights in Rhode Island was ## Footnote Amos Kendall. Joseph Story. Daniel Webster. Roger Taney. Thomas Dorr.

Answer 164

Thomas Dorr

Question 165

By 1828, in all but one state, presidential electors were chosen by ## Footnote state legislatures. popular vote. lottery. Congress. state governors.

Answer 165

popular vote

Question 166

By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded as ## Footnote being in the control of special interest factions. unnecessary to the political process. a dangerous threat to the democratic process. a desired and essential part of the democratic process. an aberration.

Answer 166

a desired and essential part of the democratic process

Question 167

In the years after the War of 1812, support for the idea of political parties was greatest in ## Footnote Virginia. New Jersey. New York. Rhode Island. Pennsylvania.

Answer 167

New York

Question 168

In the years after the War of 1812, the "Bucktail" philosophy that favored political parties argued that ## Footnote the parties would provide the training ground for candidates. a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people's will. the present system of government had little effective organization. inexperienced political candidates would be less likely to gain office. parties could create a broader form of consensus than individual leaders.

Answer 168

a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people's will.

Question 169

Today, the oldest political party in the United States is the ## Footnote Green Party. Socialist Party. Libertarian Party. Republican Party. Democratic Party.

Answer 169

Democratic Party

Question 170

According to Andrew Jackson's theory of democracy, ## Footnote there should be one national political party. all white male citizens should be treated equally. all white Americans should eventually be given the vote. slavery should not extend into the West. the South and West deserved special privileges as growing areas.

Answer 170

all white male citizens should be treated equally

Question 171

President Andrew Jackson sought to apply his democratic principles by first targeting ## Footnote the wealthy New England aristocracy. the southern planter class. federal officeholders. his Whig opponents. the Five Civilized Tribes.

Answer 171

federal officeholders

Question 172

The "spoils system" refers to ## Footnote making illegal payoffs to political supporters. giving away land taken from Indians to white settlers. the destruction of land by overly aggressive settlement. giving out jobs as political rewards. parceling out federal land to the highest bidder.

Answer 172

giving out jobs as political rewards

Question 173

In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order to ## Footnote force the opposition to make their case in public. bring more public attention to their candidate. have greater control of the nominating process. shore up Jackson's shaky support among voters in the Northeast. renominate him for the presidency.

Answer 173

renominate him for the presidency

Question 174

As president, Andrew Jackson believed the power of the federal government ## Footnote should be reduced. should be expanded. was supreme over individual states. should be expanded and was supreme over individual states. should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual state

Answer 174

should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual states

Question 175

When John C. Calhoun put forth his doctrine of nullification, he was ## Footnote a congressman. a senator. secretary of state. vice president. governor of South Carolina.

Answer 175

vice president

Question 176

In the 1820s, John C. Calhoun proposed his doctrine of nullification ## Footnote to reduce the political power of Andrew Jackson. as an alternative to possible secession. as a means to end the national bank. to support trade tariffs. to counter the growing influence of abolitionism in the North.

Answer 176

as an alternative to possible secession

Question 177

John C. Calhoun drew his doctrine of nullification ideas from the ## Footnote Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. United States Constitution. Missouri Compromise. ideas of Madison and Jefferson, and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution. United States Constitution and the Missouri Compromise.

Answer 177

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Question 178

In his doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun argued that ## Footnote states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws. all laws related to a state's economic development should come from that state. states, not Congress, should ratify amendments to the Constitution. there should not be a federal court system. a state could not impose tariffs and levies on goods made in a neighboring state.

Answer 178

states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws

Question 179

Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair? ## Footnote DeWitt Clinton Martin Van Buren Isaac Hill Francis Blair John C. Calhoun

Answer 179

Martin Van Buren

Question 180

The political significance of Peggy Eaton on Andrew Jackson's administration was that ## Footnote the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended. John Eaton's ties with the administration were strengthened. Martin Van Buren had a political falling-out with President Jackson. the political strength of President Jackson was weakened. it encouraged Jackson to liberalize the nation's divorce and coverture laws.

Answer 180

the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended

Question 181

The Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate of 1830 was begun by a political dispute over ## Footnote the value of the two-party system. the sale of public land. slavery. trade with England. relations with Indian tribes.

Answer 181

the sale of public land

Question 182

Senator Robert Hayne represented the state of ## Footnote New York. Ohio. Pennsylvania. Virginia. South Carolina.

Answer 182

South Carolina

Question 183

In the 1830 Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate, Webster considered Hayne's arguments to be an attack on ## Footnote free states. the nation's tariff policies. President Jackson's leadership. the integrity of the Union. the institution of slavery.

Answer 183

the integrity of the Union

Question 184

In 1830, what political figure said, "Our Federal Union—It must be preserved"? ## Footnote Andrew Jackson Robert Hayne John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster Henry Clay

Answer 184

Andrew Jackson

Question 185

In 1830, what political figure said, "The Union, next to our liberty most dear"? ## Footnote Andrew Jackson Robert Hayne John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster Henry Clay

Answer 185

John C. Calhoun

Question 186

In an attempt to end the nullification crisis, President Andrew Jackson in 1833 ## Footnote authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed. raised the "tariff of abominations." threatened to arrest supporters of nullification. agreed to give a larger share of federal authority to the states. acceded to John C. Calhoun's demands.

Answer 186

authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed

Question 187

The policy most favored by white westerners during the early 1800s was to ## Footnote spread the Christian faith among the tribes. protect Indians from attacks by white settlers. assimilate Indian tribes into white society. acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes and move the Indians west. preserve disappearing Indian traditions and culture.

Answer 187

acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes and move the Indians west

Question 188

The Black Hawk War ## Footnote constituted a major, although temporary, Indian victory. occurred in New England and upstate New York. was notable for vicious behavior by the American military. was sparked by the kidnapping of the leader of the Fox Indians. resulted in the removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to the West.

Answer 188

was notable for vicious behavior by the American military

Question 189

Although the Supreme Court found in favor of the Cherokee tribes in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson decided ## Footnote that Georgia could remove the Cherokee tribes if it served the "public good." the Cherokee had no right to file a legal claim in U.S. courts. the entire process of Indian removal was unconstitutional. that the Cherokee tribes could only be removed if they were properly compensated. the Court could not enforce the order.

Answer 189

the Court could not enforce the order

Question 190

The "Trail of Tears" traveled by the Cherokees led them to the area that later became ## Footnote Texas. Oklahoma. Missouri. New Mexico. Nevada.

Answer 190

Oklahoma

Question 191

The first of the "Five Civilized Tribes" to be removed to the West, beginning in 1830, was the ## Footnote Creek. Seminole. Chickasaw. Choctaw. Cherokee.

Answer 191

Choctaw

Question 192

Of the "Five Civilized Tribes," the tribe that best resisted the pressures of removal was the ## Footnote Creek. Choctaw. Seminole. Chickasaw. Cherokee.

Answer 192

Seminole

Question 193

As a result of the U.S. government's Indian policy in the 1830s and 1840s, ## Footnote violence between white Americans and Indian tribes ended. all Indian tribes were forced to intermingle on one large reservation. new federal attempts were made to assimilate Indian tribes into white society. the United States gained control of ten million acres of Indian lands. nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi.

Answer 193

nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi

Question 194

In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road, because ## Footnote he sought to demonstrate his presidential power at a time when it was being questioned. the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce. the subsidy was to be paid-for out of tariff revenue, which he opposed. he thought the proposal might jeopardize his bid for reelection. he thought it would upset the balance created by the Missouri Compromise nine years earlier.

Answer 194

the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce

Question 195

In the 1820s, under Nicholas Biddle, the Bank of the United States ## Footnote was financially sound and profitable. exercised little influence on state banks. restricted credit to growing enterprises. prohibited the existence of state banks. had to borrow credit from state banks to stay afloat.

Answer 195

was financially sound and profitable

Question 196

In the 1830s, the Bank of the United States was opposed by ## Footnote "soft-money" advocates. "hard-money" advocates. Henry Clay. both "soft-money" advocates and "hard-money" advocates. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 196

both "soft-money" advocates and "hard-money" advocates

Question 197

In the debate over the Bank of the United States, President Andrew Jackson agreed with ## Footnote the "soft-money" advocates. the "hard-money" advocates. Henry Clay. both "soft-money" and "hard-money" advocates. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 197

the "hard-money" advoccates

Question 198

In 1832, Henry Clay sought to use the debate over the Bank of the United States primarily to ## Footnote politically embarrass President Jackson. help his reelection to the Senate. promote his "American System." boost his presidential candidacy. exact revenge on Nicholas Biddle for a perceived slight.

Answer 198

boost his presidential candidacy

Question 199

Which of the following statements regarding the Bank of the United States is FALSE? ## Footnote The charter of the Bank was due to expire in 1836. Nicholas Biddle had the support of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. The controversy over the Bank became the leading issue in the 1832 election. President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter. President Jackson went through several secretaries of the treasury before finding one who would help him weaken the bank.

Answer 199

President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter

Question 200

President Andrew Jackson's success in abolishing the Bank of the United States ## Footnote caused serious political damage to his administration. led the nation into a period of long economic decline. left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years. led him to lose the political support of Roger B. Taney. seriously damaged his support within the Democratic Party.

Answer 200

left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years

Question 201

The Supreme Court ruling in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) ## Footnote outraged supporters of Andrew Jackson. was a victory for federal authority. continued the constitutional interpretation set forth by John Marshall. affirmed the inviolability of contracts. reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity.

Answer 201

reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity

Question 202

Jacksonian Democrats ## Footnote praised President Jackson as "King Andrew I." faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast. praised President Jackson as "King Andrew I," were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, and faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 202

None of these answers is correct

Question 203

In the 1830s, Democrats were more likely than Whigs to support ## Footnote the chartering of banks and corporations. territorial expansion. established wealth. federally supported internal improvements. the abolition of slavery.

Answer 203

territorial expansion

Question 204

The so-called Locofocos of the 1830s were ## Footnote radical Democrats. defenders of monopolies. southern slaveholders. western farmers. radical abolitionists.

Answer 204

radical Democrats

Question 205

The political philosophy of Whigs ## Footnote opposed industrialism as a source of concentrated wealth. favored expanding the power of the federal government. encouraged the rapid western expansion of the nation. allied the party with the abolition movement. celebrated "honest workers" and "simple farmers."

Answer 205

favored expanding the power of the federal government

Question 206

Of the following groups, support for the Whigs was weakest among ## Footnote wealthy southern planters. substantial New England manufacturers. small western farmers. aristocratic Americans. evangelical Protestants.

Answer 206

small western famers

Question 207

In the 1820s, Whig support for the Anti-Mason Party demonstrated ## Footnote the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters. the intention of the party to refrain from political mud-slinging. their conviction that Masonry encouraged radical egalitarianism. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters, and the party's intention to refrain from political mud-slinging. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 207

the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters

Question 208

During the 1830s, evangelical Protestants tended to support ## Footnote Democrats. Irish immigrants. Whigs. German immigrants. Masons.

Answer 208

Whigs

Question 209

Who among the following was NOT a leading Whig at some point during his political career? ## Footnote Martin Van Buren John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster Henry Clay None of these answers is correct, as each was at some point a leading Whig

Answer 209

Martin Van Buren

Question 210

What proved to be a serious liability to Henry Clay's presidential ambitions? ## Footnote his close connection with the Bank of the United States his program for internal improvements his identification with the West his public drunkenness his reliance on the wealthy for political support

Answer 210

his identification with the West

Question 211

The Whig Party was LEAST successful at ## Footnote defining its political position. attracting a loyal constituency of voters. connecting with evangelical Protestants. competing against Democrats in local, state, and congressional races. uniting behind a strong national leader.

Answer 211

uniting behind a strong national leader

Question 212

Martin Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 because ## Footnote he was more popular with the public than Andrew Jackson. federal spending had supported an economic boom. the political opposition offered multiple candidates. land speculation had been reduced under President Andrew Jackson. his opponent openly advocated ending Indian removal.

Answer 212

the political opposition offered multiple candidates.

Question 213

In 1836, Congress passed a "distribution" act that required the federal government to ## Footnote apply a higher tax to foreign bondholders. parcel out Indian land to the states. reward loyal Democrats with government jobs. make pension payments to veterans of the War of 1812. disperse its surplus funds to the states.

Answer 213

disperse its surplus funds to the states

Question 214

In 1836, President Andrew Jackson's "specie circular" ## Footnote resulted in a severe financial panic. was defeated by Congress. was of considerable political benefit to Martin Van Buren. required foreigners doing business in the United States to pay their debts in hard currency. caused a significant rise in prices, especially the price of land.

Answer 214

resulted in a severe financial panic

Question 215

President Martin Van Buren's "subtreasury" system ## Footnote was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States. created a new national bank. never became law. quickly failed. did not pass until his successor's administration.

Answer 215

was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States

Question 216

The presidential election campaign of 1840 saw ## Footnote Martin Van Buren drop out of the presidential race. the first influence of the "penny press" in politics. Henry Clay chosen as the Whig presidential candidate. the emergence of the Republican Party. William Henry Harrison serve as the Democratic candidate.

Answer 216

the first influence of the "penny press" in politics

Question 217

William Henry Harrison ## Footnote was, in 1840, the youngest man to win the presidency. was a simple frontiersman with little money or resources to his name. died before he took office. was a Republican. had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy.

Answer 217

had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy

Question 218

As president, John Tyler ## Footnote was a Whig who had once been a Democrat. favored the recharter of the Bank of the United States. considered Andrew Jackson to be his political role model. approved several internal improvement bills. forced John C. Calhoun out of his cabinet.

Answer 218

was a Whig who had once been a Democrat

Question 219

In 1841, the British government ## Footnote supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole. seized the Creole because it carried slaves. briefly declared war on American shipping in response to the Creole mutiny. refused to trade with American shipping companies that carried slaves. returned mutinous slaves from the Creole to Virginia, at the request of President Tyler.

Answer 219

supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole

Question 220

Which statement about the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty is FALSE? ## Footnote It settled the Aroostook War. It resulted in more than half the disputed territory being added to the United States. It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports. It included a British pledge not to interfere with American ships. It significantly improved Anglo-American relations.

Answer 220

It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports

Question 221

Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States ## Footnote rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health. saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase. increased at a slower rate than the populations of Europe. remained relatively constant. grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America.

Answer 221

rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health

Question 222

Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States ## Footnote was the most significant factor in the nation's population growth. consisted mostly of people from southern Europe. was at its peak for the century. consisted mostly of people from Germany and Russia. was not a significant contributor to the national population.

Answer 222

was not a significant contributor to the national population

Question 223

In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (places of 2,500 people or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was ## Footnote 7 percent. 13 percent. 26 percent. 39 percent. 42 percent.

Answer 223

26 percent

Question 224

In 1860, the percentage of the population in the South living in towns (places of 2,500 or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was ## Footnote 5 percent. 10 percent. 15 percent. 20 percent. 33 percent.

Answer 224

10 percent

Question 225

Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes? ## Footnote Milwaukee Chicago Cleveland Cincinnati Buffalo

Answer 225

Cincinnati

Question 226

Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States came from ## Footnote Italy and Russia. Ireland and Germany. England and Russia. England and Ireland. Ireland and Italy.

Answer 226

Ireland and Germany

Question 227

The great majority of Irish immigrants settled in the ## Footnote rural North. western territories. southern cities. rural South. eastern cities.

Answer 227

eastern cities

Question 228

Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States ## Footnote generally arrived with more money. were less likely to migrate with entire families. were more likely to remain in eastern cities. came in greater numbers. generally moved on to the Southeast.

Answer 228

generally arrived with more money

Question 229

Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by ## Footnote the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture. fears of political radicalism. the ability of immigrants to command high wages. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves.

Answer 229

fears of political radicalism

Question 230

The "Know-Nothing" movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of ## Footnote Catholics. Abolitionists. Democrats. Jews. free blacks.

Answer 230

Catholics

Question 231

After 1852, the "Know-Nothings" created a new political organization called the ## Footnote Copperheads. Republican Party. Nativist Party. Libertarian Party. American Party.

Answer 231

American Party

Question 232

Which of the following is true of the differences between canal and turnpike transportation? ## Footnote Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation. Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction. Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports. State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation. Pennsylvania was the first to finance canal construction.

Answer 232

Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports

Question 233

The Erie Canal was ## Footnote limited to flat land. built entirely by private investors. built without either locks or gates. a tremendous financial success. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia.

Answer 233

a tremendous financial success

Question 234

In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads ## Footnote played a relatively small role in the nation's transportation system. standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables. saw their greatest development in the southern slave states. became the dominant form of transportation in the nation. had not yet been constructed in America.

Answer 234

played a relatively small role in the nation's transportation system

Question 235

Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE? ## Footnote Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South. Most railroad "trunk lines" were reduced or eliminated. Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River. Chicago was the railroad center of the West. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development.

Answer 235

Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development

Question 236

During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT the ## Footnote creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization. technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint. invention of the steam cylinder rotary press. introduction of the telegraph system. dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers.

Answer 236

technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint

Question 237

Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by ## Footnote an act of Congress. presidential executive order. state legislatures. a public vote. a state governor.

Answer 237

state legislatures

Question 238

In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, which ## Footnote protected the stockholders' full investment in a company. restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess. prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders. protected corporations from liability lawsuits. meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment.

Answer 238

meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment

Question 239

By 1860, factories in the United States ## Footnote were concentrated in the Northeast. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation's agricultural output. employed one-third of the nation's manufacturing labor force. were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation's manufacturing labor force. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 239

were concentrated in the Northeast

Question 240

Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in the turret lathe. universal milling machine. precision grinder. turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 240

turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder

Question 241

By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from ## Footnote Water. Kerosene. Coal. Gasoline. wood.

Answer 241

coal

Question 242

Most American industry remained wedded to the most traditional source of power, which was ## Footnote Water. Kerosene. Coal. Gasoline. wood.

Answer 242

Water

Question 243

In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States ## Footnote saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs. consisted mostly of European immigrants. was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production. consisted mostly of European immigrants, saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs, and ultimately was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 243

None of these answers is correct

Question 244

American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted of ## Footnote families and rural, single women. single men. unskilled urban workers. young immigrants. slaves.

Answer 244

families and rural, single women

Question 245

When the Lowell factory system began, ## Footnote craftsmen were part of the production system. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale. the workday ended when production quotas were met. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement.

Answer 245

workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories

Question 246

As the factory system progressed into the 1840s, ## Footnote wages rose, while working hours increased to ten hours. female workers staged a successful strike for better living conditions. the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force. a paternalistic management system was developed. many mill girls moved into management roles in the factory system.

Answer 246

the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force

Question 247

In the 1840s, the dominant immigrant group in New England textile mills was the ## Footnote Irish. Germans. English. Italians. Chinese.

Answer 247

Irish

Question 248

As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s, ## Footnote the workday grew shorter and wages declined. payment by piece rates replaced a daily wage. women and children were more likely to earn more than men. safety conditions began to improve. the workday grew longer and wages increased.

Answer 248

the workday grew longer and wages increased

Question 249

The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of the ## Footnote skilled artisan. yeoman farmer. industrial entrepreneur. skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer. yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur.

Answer 249

skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer

Question 250

The rise of the American factory system ## Footnote complemented the nation's traditional republican ideals. resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers. saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans. led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition. led to the creation of skilled workingmen's craft societies.

Answer 250

led to the creation of skilled workingmen's craft societies

Question 251

The early union movement among skilled artisans ## Footnote was weakened by the Panic of 1837. was generally supported by state governments. attempted to create one collective national trade union. welcomed working women as members. was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborers.

Answer 251

was weakened by the Panic of 1837

Question 252

The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared that ## Footnote labor unions were lawful organizations. labor strikes were illegal. child labor laws were unconstitutional. minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade. unions must admit working women as members.

Answer 252

labor unions were lawful organizations

Question 253

All the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPT ## Footnote the large number of immigrant workers. the political strength of industrial capitalists. ethnic divisions among workers. the question of whether to include women members. a lack of labor union size sufficient to stage successful strikes.

Answer 253

the question of whether to include women members

Question 254

The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in ## Footnote increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans. decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 254

incereasing disparities in income between the rich and poor

Question 255

Prior to 1860, American urban society ## Footnote considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior. saw wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities. included a substantial number of destitute poor. saw Irish immigrants have fewer rights than free blacks. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 255

included a substantial number of desititute poor

Question 256

In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could ## Footnote Vote. attend public schools. use public services available to whites. compete for menial jobs. All these answers are correct.

Answer 256

compete for menial jobs

Question 257

Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States ## Footnote increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder. increased as the size of the middle class decreased. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class. decreased as immigration diversified society. increased as a result of geographical mobility.

Answer 257

was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class

Question 258

Prior to 1860, the fastest-growing segment in American society was the ## Footnote Slaves. very poor. middle class. Well-to-do. very rich.

Answer 258

middle class

Question 259

The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without ## Footnote a professional education. producing a product or service. owning land. capital. marrying.

Answer 259

owning land

Question 260

Before 1860, American middle-class families ## Footnote were typically renters. rarely employed servants. usually saw women holding part-time employment outside of the home. became the most influential cultural form of urban America. had to cook their meals over an open hearth.

Answer 260

became the most influential cultural form of urban America

Question 261

Prior to 1860, perhaps the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was the ## Footnote cast-iron stove. air conditioner. Icebox. electric iron. telegraph.

Answer 261

cast-iron stove

Question 262

Early American Victorian homes were characterized by ## Footnote spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light. dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture. small rooms, and a reduction in total living space. all members of a family sharing one bedroom. a lack of parlors and dining rooms.

Answer 262

dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture

Question 263

Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families ## Footnote had a rising birth rate. were less likely to see their children leave home in search of work. were less likely to see income earners work outside the home. had a declining birth rate. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 263

had a declining birth rate

Question 264

By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the "cult of domesticity," ## Footnote unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities. women became increasingly isolated from the public world. middle-class wives were given no special role in the family. women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized. women increasingly became seen as contributors to the family economy.

Answer 264

women became increasingly isolated from the public world

Question 265

All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT that ## Footnote men gravitated to taverns for drinking, talking, and game-playing. reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans. minstrel shows were increasingly popular. popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class.

Answer 265

unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class

Question 266

In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York showcased ## Footnote nature and natural history. American artists. human oddities. past American leaders and heroes. European artists.

Answer 266

human oddities

Question 267

In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today's Midwest) was ## Footnote the owner of a family farm. a marginal farmer. a farmhand who did not own his own land. an industrial worker. an urban artisan.

Answer 267

the owner of a family farm

Question 268

For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period of ## Footnote economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers. rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products. extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand. economic growth in the West but decline in the East. increasing economic connections between the North and South.

Answer 268

rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products

Question 269

The main staple crop of the Old Northwest (today's Midwest) was ## Footnote Barley. Soy. Corn. Wheat. cotton.

Answer 269

wheat

Question 270

In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the ## Footnote Tractor. Thresher. cotton gin. Reaper. plow.

Answer 270

plow

Question 271

In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his ## Footnote Tractor. Thresher. Plow. Reaper. mower.

Answer 271

reaper

Question 272

Prior to 1860, the social institution that most bound together rural Americans was the ## Footnote church. tavern. town hall. grocery store. schoolhouse.

Answer 272

church

Question 273

The historian who wrote "The South [prior to the Civil War] grew, but did not develop" meant that ## Footnote the southern population increased, but new technology had bypassed the region. agriculture remained the leading industry of the South, but the plantation system was declining. the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy. the South had expanded as a geographic region but had developed little prosperity. the South had created a prosperous plantation system but had not expanded its borders.

Answer 273

the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy

Question 274

Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the South ## Footnote was in Charleston, S.C. remained, as it had been, primarily within the upper South. remained, as it had been, primarily within the lower South. shifted from the lower South to the upper South. shifted from the upper South to the lower South.

Answer 274

shifted from the upper South to the lower South

Question 275

Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum South ## Footnote was easy on the soil. was gradually moving westward. enjoyed a stable market. was centered in the lower South. never made a profit.

Answer 275

was gradually moving westward

Question 276

Rice and sugar production in the antebellum South ## Footnote had short growing seasons. were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area. had difficulty sustaining profits for growers. was in considerable decline by the 1850s. threatened to overwhelm cotton production in the lower South.

Answer 276

were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area

Question 277

Short-staple cotton ## Footnote helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region. was less coarse than long-staple cotton. was easier to process than long-staple cotton. was more susceptible to disease than long-staple cotton. was only grown in the coastal regions of the upper South.

Answer 277

helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region

Question 278

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the "cotton kingdom" ## Footnote was already losing ground to other staples, such as rice and tobacco. saw wealthy planters outnumber small planters. did not rely on large numbers of slaves imported directly from Africa. was the dominant source of the income of the lower South. still had not adopted the cotton gin, despite the time and resources that could be saved.

Answer 278

was the dominant source of the income of the lower South

Question 279

Between 1840 and 1860, the American South's slave population ## Footnote could not meet the South's labor needs. changed little. dramatically shifted into the Southwest. declined in overall numbers. became concentrated in the upper South.

Answer 279

dramatically shifted into the Southwest

Question 280

By the time of the Civil War, cotton constituted nearly ________ of the total export trade of the United States. ## Footnote one-fourth one-tenth one-third half two-thirds

Answer 280

two-thirds

Question 281

By 1860, the textile manufacturing sector of the American South ## Footnote was nonexistent. had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years. had declined in value throughout the 1840s and 1850s. was equal to one-third of the value of cotton exported that year. had come to dominate the South's economy.

Answer 281

had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years

Question 282

The New Orleans magazine publisher, James B. D. De Bow, championed ## Footnote southern economic independence from the North. southern commercial and agricultural growth. closer economic ties with the North. southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth. closer economic ties with the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth.

Answer 282

southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth

Question 283

The South may have failed to develop a large industrial economy due to all the following factors EXCEPT ## Footnote the humid climate. little access to liquid capital. the profitability of cotton. cultural values. a shortage of labor.

Answer 283

a shortage of labor

Question 284

In the late 1850s, many of the great landholders of the lower South were ## Footnote still first-generation settlers. part of a wealthy leisure class. from longstanding aristocratic families. rooted to one plantation for many generations. former Old World aristocrats that emigrated from Europe.

Answer 284

still first-generation settlers

Question 285

Which of the following statements about the southern aristocratic ideal is FALSE? ## Footnote Wealthy southern whites adopted an elaborate code of "chivalry." Dueling became a prominent facet of southern planter life. Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism. Wealthy southern whites pretended to avoid such "coarse" occupations as trade and commerce. Wealthy southern whites often gravitated toward the military.

Answer 285

Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism

Question 286

Prior to 1860, affluent southern white women ## Footnote had created the most significant challenge to slavery in the South. occupied a significantly different role from their northern counterparts. commonly held income-producing jobs. typically played an important role in public activities. centered their lives in the home.

Answer 286

cetnered their lives in the home

Question 287

Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that they ## Footnote tended to have more formal education. were expected to be more subordinate to men. had fewer children. generally had a lesser engagement in the economic life of the family. were more likely to take a role in public activities.

Answer 287

were expected to be more subordinate to men

Question 288

In the 1850s, the southern social theorist George Fitzhugh wrote that women ## Footnote had an obligation to speak their minds. should be the manager of home affairs, while men managed business affairs. possessed as many rights as men. were like children. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 288

were like children

Question 289

Prior to 1860, southern white women ## Footnote had about the same access to education as northern white women. were not expected to engage in manual labor, whatever their social standing. generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world. had a birth rate that was lower than the national average. were more likely to see their children grow to adulthood than northern white women.

Answer 289

generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world

Question 290

Sexual relationships between white southern men and female slaves was ## Footnote virtually unheard of. against the law in all slave states. encouraged by proponents of slavery such as George Fitzhugh. an accepted cause for divorce in the southern court system. a common practice.

Answer 290

a common practice

Question 291

Most "plain folk" of the Old South ## Footnote owned at least one slave. were never able to move into the planter class. were passionately antislavery. were subsistence farmers who owned at least one slave. were subsistence farmers who were passionately antislavery.

Answer 291

were never able to move into the planter class

Question 292

Most white southerners owned ## Footnote no slaves. one slave. two slaves. three to five slaves. six to ten slaves.

Answer 292

no slaves

Question 293

Southern, white, lower-class resentment of the aristocratic system was most likely to be found in ## Footnote the cities. river and ocean port towns. the upper South. the mountain regions. the Deep South.

Answer 293

the mountain regions

Question 294

Southern whites who did not own slaves ## Footnote rarely married into the families living on large slave plantations. openly opposed the planter elite. were forced to move west to maintain a livelihood. generally opposed the institution of slavery. were largely dependent on the plantation economy.

Answer 294

were largely dependent on the plantation economy

Question 295

Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their ## Footnote kinship relationships. contempt of northern capitalism. perception of white racial superiority. fear of federal authority. intense national pride.

Answer 295

perception of white racial superiority

Question 296

Which of the following statements about the poorest class of white southerners is FALSE? ## Footnote They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class. They were known variously as "crackers" or "sand hillers." They supported themselves by foraging or hunting. They suffered from pellagra, hookworm, and malaria. They were forced to resort at times to eating clay.

Answer 296

They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class

Question 297

The "peculiar institution" was a southern reference to ## Footnote the plantation. manufacturing. capitalism. slavery. democracy.

Answer 297

slavery

Question 298

In 1850, outside of the United States, slavery in the Western Hemisphere also existed in ## Footnote Colombia. Brazil. the Virgin Islands. Haiti. no other country.

Answer 298

Brazil

Question 299

Within the American South, the institution of slavery ## Footnote isolated blacks and whites from each other. created a unique bond between masters and slaves. encouraged blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. created a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 299

creted a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own

Question 300

The slave codes of the American South ## Footnote defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black. legalized slave marriages. were rigidly enforced. considered it a crime for an owner to kill a slave. banned blacks from attending church.

Answer 300

defined anyone with a trace of African heritage as black

Question 301

Though the trade and sale of slaves continued to be legal inside the U.S. until the Civil War, the "slave trade," the importation of slaves from Africa or any other foreign locale, was made illegal in ## Footnote 1808. 1809. 1812. 1815. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 301

1808

Question 302

When emancipation came after the Civil War, it was often the ________ who were the first to leave the plantation of their former owners. ## Footnote field hands head drivers house servants subdrivers craftsmen

Answer 302

house servants

Question 303

Most enslaved blacks lived ## Footnote on small farms. on medium- to large-sized plantations. in urban areas. in rigidly-controlled circumstances. in Virginia and the Carolinas.

Answer 303

on medium- to large-sized plantations

Question 304

Which of the following statements regarding slave life is true? ## Footnote Slaves had to grow all of their own food. Slaves were not given medical care except by their own efforts. Slave children did no work until they turned twelve years old. It was uncommon to divide slave families for long periods of time. After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined.

Answer 304

After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined

Question 305

Which of the following statements regarding urban slavery is FALSE? ## Footnote Some urban slaves were skilled trade workers. Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks. Urban slaves were less supervised than rural slaves. Urban slaves in the South had little working competition from European immigrants. The line between slavery and freedom in cities was less distinct.

Answer 305

Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks

Question 306

Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South ## Footnote were concentrated in the Deep South. were required by law to leave the South. increased in number in the 1850s, as laws encouraged owners to free "surplus" slaves. occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves. avoided urban centers such as New Orleans or Natchez, where they might attract attention.

Answer 306

occaisionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves

Question 307

To "manumit" means to ## Footnote purchase. punish. work by hand. deny. set free.

Answer 307

set free

Question 308

Of the following, the most common form of resistance to slavery was ## Footnote group rebellions. arson. running away. subtle defiance. poisoning.

Answer 308

subtle defiance

Question 309

One actual slave revolt that resulted in numerous white deaths in the nineteenth-century South was led by ## Footnote Nat Turner. Denmark Vesey. Gabriel Prosser. Frederick Douglass. Harriet Tubman.

Answer 309

Nat Turner

Question 310

The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaway slaves escape was the ## Footnote Frederick Douglass road. underground railroad. Fugitive Slave Act. Cumberland passage. Second Middle Passage.

Answer 310

underground raliroad

Question 311

A runaway slave making a successful escape from the American South was ## Footnote highly likely. likely. unlikely. highly unlikely. impossible.

Answer 311

highly unlikely

Question 312

Regarding religion, American slaves ## Footnote were expected to worship in black churches separate from whites. had mostly converted to Islam by the early nineteenth century. were usually not allowed to attend a church at all. shunned Christianity in favor of the polytheistic traditions of Africa. often incorporated African features into their Christianity.

Answer 312

often incorporated African features into their Christianity

Question 313

As compared to nineteenth-century white practices, religious services for American slaves ## Footnote were not allowed, by law, to mention freedom. were often more emotional. were generally more despondent and melancholy than white services. denied all references to their African heritage. emphasized subservience and submission to God.

Answer 313

were often more emotional

Question 314

Ways in which slaves expressed elements of their African heritage included ## Footnote singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo. keeping family diaries and other written personal records. wearing clothing that incorporated traditional African designs or colors. speaking in their native African languages when out of the presence of whites. celebrating traditional African feasts and rites of passage, in defiance of white law.

Answer 314

singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo

Question 315

In the American slave family, ## Footnote most couples did not formally marry. black women typically began bearing children later than white women. premarital pregnancy was uncommon. extended kinship networks were strong and important. premarital cohabitation was frowned upon.

Answer 315

extended kinship networks were strong and important

Question 316

Which of the following is true of American slave families in the antebellum South? ## Footnote A child of a slave could not be sold after he or she had reached three years of age. Blacks typically had weaker family ties than did whites, due to the uncertainties of their lives. Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members. Most slaves who ran away did so to avoid punishment. Newly arrived slaves to a plantation were often shunned by the black community.

Answer 316

Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members

Question 317

The central ideology of slavery, and the vital instrument of white control, was ## Footnote fraternity. maternalism. paternalism. sorority. egalitarianism.

Answer 317

paternalism