Quarter 4 Flashcards
(384 cards)
1
Q
The secretary of state of the Harding administration was
Charles Evans Hughes.
Charles Dawes.
Henry Cabot Lodge.
Henry Stimson.
Cordell Hull.
A
Charles Evans Hughes
2
Q
During the Harding administration, the United States
eventually joined the League of Nations.
threatened to blockade Japan if it did not stop its military aggression.
largely retired from international diplomacy.
proposed a dramatic reduction in the fleets of the United States, Britain, and Japan.
forgave the international debts of the former European allies.
A
proposed a dramatic reduction in the fleets of the United States, Britain, and Japan
3
Q
The Washington Conference of 1921
attempted to prevent a global naval arms race.
saw the Harding administration refuse to participate in it.
sought to expand the global markets of the United States.
ended as a diplomatic failure for the United States.
attempted to create a world court.
A
attempted to prevent a global naval arms race
4
Q
The Five-Power Pact of 1922 dealt with
restructuring Germany’s war debt.
the League of Nations.
the civil war in Russia.
Japanese aggression toward China.
armament limitations.
A
armament limitations
5
Q
All of the following nations were signatories to the Five-Power Pact of 1922 EXCEPT
Britain.
Russia.
France.
Italy.
Japan.
A
Russia
6
Q
The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
was an alliance between France and the United States against Germany.
was to be enforced with multinational trade embargoes.
was signed with wide international acclaim.
stated that an attack on one nation was an attack on all nations.
was an alliance between France and the United States against Japan.
A
was signed with wide international acclaim
7
Q
The Dawes Plan of 1924
called for the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments.
was designed to help England and France make their debt payments to the United States.
called for Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
All these answers are correct.
A
Called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
8
Q
In his foreign policy for Latin America, President Herbert Hoover
repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
repeatedly ordered troops into various Central American nations.
canceled Latin American war debts owed to the United States.
closely followed the policies of the two previous administrations.
declared America would henceforth only recognize democratically-elected regimes.
A
repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
9
Q
As part of his foreign policy, President Herbert Hoover moved to withdraw American troops from
Mexico.
Cuba.
Venezuela.
Colombia.
Haiti.
A
Haiti
10
Q
In 1929, a fascist-led government was in power in
Germany.
Spain.
Italy.
Japan.
France.
A
Italy
11
Q
Which of the following statements about the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany is FALSE?
His rise was partially precipitated by ruinous inflation.
Hitler displayed a pathological anti-Semitism and a passionate militarism.
Hitler believed in the genetic superiority of the Aryan people.
Hitler argued in favor of extending German territory for the purpose of Lebensraum.
Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government “the Weimar Republic.”
A
Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government “the Weimar Republic”
12
Q
In 1932, the Hoover administration, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria,
issued warnings to the Japanese government.
imposed economic sanctions against Japan.
sent financial aid to Chiang Kai-shek’s government in China.
sent Americans to Manchuria to train Chinese pilots.
called for Japanese recognition of the Open Door policy.
A
issued warnings to the Japanese government
13
Q
President Franklin Roosevelt’s sharpest foreign policy break with Herbert Hoover concerned
Latin America.
Europe.
Asia.
Russia.
Mexico.
A
Europe
14
Q
In what became known as the 1933 “bombshell” message, Franklin Roosevelt declared that
all foreign war debts would be forgiven.
America would no longer recognize fascist governments.
the Monroe Doctrine was now null and void.
further Japanese aggression against China would be met with force.
America would reject any international agreement on currency stabilization.
A
America would reject any international agreement on currency stabilization
15
Q
In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt carried out international policies that
kept the United States on the gold standard.
preserved the circular loan system of the Dawes Plan.
established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
allowed American banks to make loans to nations in default to the United States.
further soured relations with Latin America.
A
established diplomatic relatoins with the Soviet Union
16
Q
In 1934, U.S.-Soviet relations soured in part because the United States demonstrated little interest in stopping the expansion of
Germany.
Italy.
China.
Japan.
Great Britain.
A
Japan
17
Q
President Franklin Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy”
expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover.
was designed to keep the peace in western Europe.
limited land purchases by U.S. companies in neighboring countries.
was abandoned by the United States at the start of World War II.
gave nations allied against fascism preferential loan rates.
A
expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover
18
Q
During the 1920s and 1930s, interest in pursuing an isolationist foreign policy
led the United States to give up its membership in the World Court.
seemed to grow in the U.S. as it became apparent that Italy would invade Ethiopia.
led the U.S. Senate to assert that no single nation was a threat to world peace.
was strongly supported by President Franklin Roosevelt.
declined after the investigations chaired by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota.
A
seemed to grow in the U.S. as it became apparent that Italy would invade Ethiopia
19
Q
The Neutrality Act of 1935
sought to protect America’s international trade agreements.
prevented Americans from traveling on ships of warring nations.
did not prevent the United States from intervening when Italy invaded Ethiopia.
was passed by Congress with recent acts of Nazi aggression in mind.
included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict.
A
included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict
20
Q
The Neutrality Act of 1937
stripped the president of many of his powers as commander-in-chief.
allowed warring nations to purchase nonmilitary goods in the United States if they paid cash.
loosened the trade policy for England, while tightening it for Germany and Japan.
banned the sale of all goods from the United States to any nation at war.
exempted Asian nations from the provisions of the 1935 Neutrality Act.
A
allowed warring nations to purchase nonmilitary goods in the United States if they paid cash
21
Q
In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech
saw the president call for further isolation from the nation’s enemies.
warned Japan it faced a U.S. embargo if it continued to be aggressive.
saw Roosevelt challenge England and France to limit the aggression of Germany.
received a decidedly hostile response by the American people.
was given in response to the Japanese sinking of the Panay.
A
received a decidedly hostile response by the American people
22
Q
In response to the breakout of the civil war in Spain, the U.S. government joined with Britain and France in an agreement to
support the republican side.
support Franco’s regime.
offer no help to either side.
use the conflict as a means of establishing military positions in Spain.
offer help to whichever side would repudiate any diplomatic contact with Hitler’s regime.
A
offer no help to either side
23
Q
In 1938, Anschluss
was proclaimed by Hitler.
caused an uproar in the United States.
was created at the Munich Conference.
led France to put its military on alert.
came to be identified with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
A
was proclaimed by Hitler
24
Q
The Munich Conference of 1938 was precipitated by a crisis over
Austria.
Poland.
Hungary.
Belgium.
Czechoslovakia.
A
Czechoslovakia
25
The Munich agreement of 1938
## Footnote
was the result of negotiations involving the League of Nations.
put most of Poland under German control.
ended further German aggression until World War II began.
was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt.
was signed by Joseph Stalin despite misgivings about German intent.
was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt
26
Germany began World War II in Europe days after
## Footnote
Germany's occupation of additional areas of Czechoslovakia.
a nonaggression pact was signed between Germany and Russia.
France promised Poland it would provide military support if attacked.
Germany and Austria were unified.
Hitler's violation of the Munich agreement.
a nonaggression pact was signed between Germany and Russia
27
Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt
## Footnote
declared the United States would remain neutral.
declared the United States would be the "arsenal of democracy."
sent American military advisers to England.
ordered a "preparedness" campaign much like Woodrow Wilson had in 1916.
was unsure whether a majority of Americans supported Germany.
declared the United States would remain neutral
28
By the middle of 1940, Germany had defeated
## Footnote
Norway.
Denmark.
France.
the Netherlands.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
29
The American ambassador to London who insisted in 1940 that the British plight was already hopeless was
## Footnote
Neville Chamberlain.
Joseph Kennedy.
Gerald Nye.
Burton Wheeler.
Wendell Willkie.
Joseph Kennedy
30
President Franklin Roosevelt's decision in 1940 to give fifty American destroyers to England
## Footnote
was cancelled by Congress.
circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts.
was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London.
both circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts and was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London.
None of these answers is correct.
circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts
31
In July 1940, opinion polls showed the clear majority of the American public
## Footnote
believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States.
were strongly against any involvement by the United States in the war.
thought the United States should immediately declare war on Germany.
believed it would be a waste to aid England, as that nation would soon fall to Germany.
believed Japan was a greater threat to the United States than the war in Europe.
believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States
32
The Burke-Wadsworth Act of 1940
## Footnote
reaffirmed the desires of isolationists to stay out of the war.
approved sending U.S. weapons to England.
approved the first peacetime draft in American history.
saw the United States end all trade with any nation allied with Nazi Germany.
repealed the 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts.
approved the first peacetime draft in American history
33
The America First Committee
## Footnote
was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war.
was strongly opposed by both major political parties.
called for increased U.S. assistance to England without any actual intervention.
was made up largely of Democrats who favored diplomacy to end the war.
tried and failed to enlist the support of Charles Lindbergh.
was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war
34
In the election of 1940, Franklin Roosevelt
## Footnote
selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate.
won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term.
removed Harry Truman from the ticket at the request of conservatives.
both selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate, and won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term.
None of these answers is correct.
selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate
35
In 1940, the "lend-lease" plan
## Footnote
allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England, to be returned or paid for when the war was over.
saw England agree to allow jobless Americans to enlist in the British military.
saw England allow the construction of American military bases in British territory.
saw the U.S. lend funds to the Allies so they could lease war supplies from the U.S.
was extremely controversial and barely passed the Senate.
allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England, to be returned or paid for when the war was over
36
By September 1941,
## Footnote
Germany had agreed with Japan to fight against the United States.
the United States extended lend-lease privileges to the Soviet Union.
President Roosevelt made a secret agreement to send American troops to England.
Germany claimed it had no interest in engaging America in war.
the German navy had begun to sink American destroyers, including the Reuben James.
the United States extended lend-lease privileges to the Soviet Union
37
The German sinking of the American ship Reuben James
## Footnote
essentially triggered an American naval war against Germany.
led Congress to approve the arming of American merchant ships.
led Congress to approve American ships sailing into belligerent ports.
led Congress to approve both the arming of American merchant ships and the sailing of American ships into belligerent ports.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
38
In 1941, the Atlantic Charter
## Footnote
was signed in Washington, D.C.
was completed by senior military officials in the United States and England.
saw President Roosevelt agree to an eventual invasion of Europe to drive out the Nazis.
saw the United States and England claim to share common principles.
gave American merchant ships the authority to fire on German submarines.
saw the United States and England claim to share common principles
39
The Tripartite Pact was a defensive alliance among
## Footnote
the United States, England, and Russia.
the United States, England, and France.
Japan, Germany, and Italy.
Japan, Germany, and Austria.
England, France, and Italy.
Japan, Germany, and Italy
40
In 1941, prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
## Footnote
Japanese troops attacked the Philippines.
the Japanese developed a new, unbreakable communication code.
Japan tried to repair relations with the United States in order to restore their flow of supplies.
President Franklin Roosevelt ordered Japan's diplomats to leave Washington.
President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States.
President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States
41
Which of the following statements regarding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is FALSE?
## Footnote
The State Department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests.
The American aircraft carriers escaped the attack.
Few American authorities believed Japan was capable of an attack on Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese suffered light losses in the attack.
More than 2,000 American soldiers and sailors died in the attack.
The State Department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests
42
In 1941, Germany's declaration of war against the United States
## Footnote
occurred after the United States declared war on Germany.
came the same day that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
did not occur until two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
occurred before the United States declared war on Germany.
was never reciprocated by Congress.
occured before the United States declared war on Germany
43
In World War II, the main American strategy to fight Japan was to
## Footnote
mount two offensive campaigns to attack the Japanese from two directions.
concentrate U.S. forces into one large offensive moving west from the Marshall Islands.
quickly recapture the Midway Islands from the Japanese.
establish a strong defensive position in the Solomon Islands to lure in the Japanese.
encourage the Japanese navy to overextend itself past the Gilbert Islands, then attack from behind.
mount two offensive campaigns to attack the Japanese from two directions
44
In World War II, one of the primary American commanders in the Pacific was
## Footnote
Dwight Eisenhower.
Omar Bradley.
Chester Nimitz.
George Marshall.
George Patton.
Chester Nimitz
45
The Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942
## Footnote
saw the Americans take the offensive for the first time.
saw the United States forced to withdraw its naval forces.
marked the major turning point of the war in the Pacific.
saw the Japanese lose most of its aircraft carriers.
marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan.
marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan
46
The Battle of Midway in 1942
## Footnote
saw the United States suffer great losses.
was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy.
lasted four days.
both lasted four days and was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
47
After 1943, the United States advanced on Japan primarily with the aid of forces from
## Footnote
England and France.
the Soviet Union and China.
the Dutch and the Soviet Union.
England and the Soviet Union.
Australia and New Zealand.
Australia and New Zealand
48
During World War II, the United States Army chief of staff was
## Footnote
Douglas MacArthur.
George Marshall.
Omar Bradley.
Dwight Eisenhower.
George Patton.
George Marshall
49
In 1943, the country that pressed for an immediate Allied invasion of France against Germany was
## Footnote
the Soviet Union.
China.
Great Britain.
the United States.
Canada.
the Soviet Union
50
In 1942-1943, the British and American war effort against the Nazis concentrated on
## Footnote
freeing France from German control.
supporting the Russians.
fighting in North Africa and southern Europe.
protecting England.
stopping the Holocaust.
fighting in North Africa and southern Europe
51
In 1942, in the North African campaign against the Nazis, the
## Footnote
Americans advanced under the command of Omar Bradley.
Americans successfully regrouped from a defeat at Kasserine Pass.
Germans suffered a major defeat at Stalingrad.
Americans pushed the Germans out of Egypt.
British lost a key early battle at El Alamein.
Americans successfully regrouped from a defeat at Kasserine Pass
52
In 1943, in a meeting in Casablanca, the Allies decided they would next invade
## Footnote
Cyprus.
France.
Sicily.
Corsica.
Greece.
Sicily
53
During World War II, the first Axis country to be defeated was
## Footnote
Germany.
Spain.
Austria.
Japan.
Italy.
Italy
54
The Allied decisions that delayed an invasion of France
## Footnote
left the Soviet Union deeply embittered.
put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe.
occurred after the Soviet Union had won a significant victory in Stalingrad.
both put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe, and left the Soviet Union deeply embittered.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
55
The U.S. government acquired definite knowledge of the Holocaust
## Footnote
prior to World War II beginning in Europe.
before the U.S. had entered the war.
as early as 1942.
only in the last year of the war.
only after the war was over.
as early as 1942
56
During World War II, Allied bombers targeted
## Footnote
the crematoria at Auschwitz.
the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz.
the guard towers and Nazi bunkers at Auschwitz.
both the crematories at Auschwitz and the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
57
Regarding European Jewish refugees, between 1939 and 1945, the United States
## Footnote
refused to accept large numbers of refugees.
won an agreement by England to accept several thousand refugees.
made many efforts to help refugees escape the Nazis but not have them enter the United States.
denied the Nazis were targeting Jews for murder.
rescinded the provisions of the 1924 National Origins Act dealing with Jewish immigrants.
refused to accept large numbers of refugees
58
Between 1939 and 1945, the federal budget of the United States
## Footnote
Halved.
Doubled.
Tripled.
rose over five-fold.
rose over ten-fold.
rose over ten-fold
59
During World War II, the regional impact of government spending was the greatest in the
## Footnote
Northeast.
Midwest.
South.
East.
West.
West
60
During World War II, the labor force of the United States
## Footnote
saw 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces.
saw the supply of civilian labor decline by 25 percent.
was forced to contend with a large labor surplus.
saw both 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces and the supply of civilian labor decline by 25 percent.
None of these answers is correct.
saw 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces
61
During World War II, organized labor in the United States
## Footnote
lost membership as wages rose across most industries.
frequently used the threats of strikes to obtain higher wages.
agreed to freeze union membership and wages until the war was over.
won automatic union memberships for new defense-plant workers.
won a significant victory with the passage of the Smith-Connally Act.
won automatic union membership for new defense-plant workers
62
Which of the following is true of organized American labor during World War II?
## Footnote
No major union went on strike.
"Wildcat" strikes were the most common.
Unions accepted a freeze on wages until the war ended.
Many states passed laws expanding the influence of unions.
Opposition to strikes was led by the influential United Mine Workers.
"Wildcat" strikes were the most common
63
The Smith-Connally Act of 1943
## Footnote
was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt.
authorized the president to seize a war factory where workers had gone on strike.
passed as a result of actions taken by the United Mine Workers.
both was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt and passed as a result of actions taken by the United Mine Workers.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
64
Over the course of World War II, inflation in the United States
## Footnote
remained low before 1941.
was much less serious a problem than it had been during World War I.
was largely uncontrolled by the federal government.
was at its highest in the last year of the war.
was less a concern than fears of deflation.
was much less serious a problem than it had been during World War I
65
In 1943, to simplify tax collections, Congress enacted
## Footnote
automatic payroll deductions.
a short form for paying income taxes.
a sales tax.
a flat tax.
an earned income tax credit.
automatic payroll deductions
66
During World War II, the War Production Board
## Footnote
was maintained under the auspices of the Department of Labor.
was directed by Roosevelt ally Leon Henderson.
had complete control over military purchases.
favored large over small contractors.
won the support of small business.
favored large over small contractors
67
During World War II, the National Defense Research Committee
## Footnote
had, by 1941, pushed the U.S. into a position of technological superiority over Germany.
funded less research than its predecessor had during World War I.
was headed by a scientist who was a pioneer in the development of the computer.
concentrated its work on developing an atomic bomb.
received more private funding than government money.
was headed by a scientist who was a pioneer in the development of the computer
68
During World War II, the effectiveness of German U-boats and underwater mines was greatly reduced by the development of
## Footnote
acoustic countermeasures.
Sonar.
centimetric radar.
advanced cavity magnetron valves.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
69
During World War II, Germany held the technological edge over the Allies in
## Footnote
centimetric radar.
rocket-propelled bombs.
ocean mine detection.
aircraft bombers.
intelligence gathering.
rocket-propelled bombs
70
During World War II, the Allied development of the Gee navigation system
## Footnote
was first used in the last months of the war.
sent a sonic message telling pilots they were in range of their targets.
used electronic pulses to plot course locations.
proved ineffective at sea.
raised the accuracy rate of night-bombing raids to 30 percent.
used electronic pulses to plot course locations
71
All of the following were Allied advances in intelligence-gathering in World War II EXCEPT the
## Footnote
creation of the Purple machine for coded communications.
capturing of an Enigma machine.
creation of the first programmable, digital computer.
breaking of the German codes early in the war.
breaking of Japanese codes before American entry into the war.
creation of the Purple machine for coded communications
72
During World War II, the Fair Employment Practices Commission was created
## Footnote
to help southern African Americans move to northern cities to take war jobs.
by President Roosevelt to stop black protesters from marching on the capital.
after serious racial rioting broke out in several northern industrial cities.
and led by A. Philip Randolph.
in response to significant protests led by the Congress of Racial Equality.
by President Roosevelt to stop black protestors from marching on the capital
73
During World War II, the U.S. military
## Footnote
used quotas to limit the number of black servicemen in the military.
excluded blacks from combat duty.
began to relax its practices of racial segregation.
allowed blacks into all branches of the military for the first time.
doubled the number of black servicemen to 200,000.
began to relax its practices of racial segregation
74
During World War II, American Indians
## Footnote
saw government war contracts bring a higher standard of living to many reservations.
were excluded from military service.
were pushed out of white society and back onto the reservations.
saw war work spread to almost every Indian reservation in the United States.
saw the war effort undermine efforts to revitalize tribal traditions.
saw the war effort undermine efforts to revitalize tribal traditions
75
In 1942, the United States and Mexico agreed to the braceros program, which
## Footnote
increased the number of Mexican immigrants the United States would accept as new citizens.
allowed U.S. businesses to establish war production factories in Mexico.
admitted Mexican contract laborers into the United States for a limited time.
accepted Mexican citizens into the U.S. armed forces.
eliminated the tariff on goods produced in Mexico.
admitted Mexican contract laborers into the United States for a limited time
76
The 1943 "zoot-suit riots" in Los Angeles
## Footnote
resulted from tensions between the African American and Mexican American communities.
led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits.
began when off-duty Mexican American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms.
both began when off-duty Mexican American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms, and led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits.
All these answers are correct.
led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits
77
In 1942, when the United States interned Japanese Americans in "relocation centers,"
## Footnote
all of the affected Japanese were American citizens.
a powerful popular movement sprung up to protest the internments.
all of those affected were first-generation Japanese immigrants.
the move was protested by California Attorney General Earl Warren.
there was no evidence that the Japanese Americans were a domestic security risk.
there was no evidence that the Japanese Americans were a domestic security risk
78
All of the following statements regarding the internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
the United States government has never admitted wrongdoing.
the order for internment was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1944.
most of those interned lost all their property and possessions.
the internment camps were essentially prisons.
government officials claimed the camps were places where the Japanese could be socialized and "Americanized."
the United States government has never admitted wrongdoing
79
During World War II, Chinese Americans
## Footnote
were drafted in a higher proportion than any other national group.
received a favorable image in U.S. government propaganda.
saw the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts.
both received a favorable image in U.S. government propaganda and saw the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
80
During World War II, American women who worked outside the home
## Footnote
tended to be older than women who worked in the past.
were barred from unions.
were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care.
both tended to be older than women who worked in the past, and were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care.
None of these answers is correct.
tended to be older than women who worked in the past
81
During World War II, in the United States, all of the following social indicators experienced a rise in their rate of occurrence EXCEPT
## Footnote
the marriage rate.
high school enrollment.
the divorce rate.
the juvenile crime rate.
the birth rate.
high school enrollment
82
During World War II, American shoppers
## Footnote
faced many shortages of consumer goods.
did not buy as many magazines, as part of the war effort.
had less money to spend than they had the decade before.
had less money to spend than they had the decade before, but did not buy as many magazines, as part of the war effort.
All these answers are correct.
faced many shortages of consumer goods
83
Most employed women during the war worked in
## Footnote
the service sector.
industrial jobs.
the factory.
military support positions
child care.
the service sector
84
During World War II, the United States military services
## Footnote
saw the major purpose of the USO as bringing new recruits into the armed forces.
tolerated homosexuality.
quietly tolerated illicit heterosexual relationships.
encouraged USO women to form relationships with servicemen.
banned the practice of painting bathing beauties on the nosecones of fighter planes.
quietly tolerated illicit heterosexual relationships
85
During World War II, Congress abolished the
## Footnote
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
Works Progress Administration (WPA).
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
CCC and WPA.
WPA and FDIC.
CCC and WPA
86
A significant issue in the 1944 election was
## Footnote
America's relationship with the Soviet Union.
corruption charges involving the White House.
the strategy of the war.
civil rights.
the domestic economy.
the domestic economy
87
In the 1944 elections,
## Footnote
Republicans gained control of the Senate.
President Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to campaign.
Democrats increased their control of the House.
Thomas Dewey nearly won the electoral vote.
Henry Wallace was elected vice president.
Democrats increased their control of the House
88
All of the following statements regarding the Allied invasion of France in June 1944 are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
the attack involved perhaps the largest number of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one place.
the landing was made across the narrowest part of the English Channel.
Allied paratroopers were dropped behind German lines prior to the beach landings.
within a week, German forces had been dislodged from most of the Normandy coast.
American, British, and Canadian forces stormed the beaches on June 6, 1944.
the landing was made across the narrowest part of the English Channel
89
In August 1944, the Allies liberated from German occupation the city of
## Footnote
Rome.
Warsaw.
Stockholm.
Paris.
Amsterdam.
Paris
90
In February 1945, an Allied bombing attack on Dresden, Germany
## Footnote
destroyed 75 percent of the previously undamaged city.
killed approximately 135,000 people.
resulted in mostly civilian casualties.
both killed approximately 135,000 people and resulted in mostly civilian casualties.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
91
The Battle of the Bulge
## Footnote
began in the spring of 1945.
saw the American army drive deep into Germany.
ended serious German resistance in the west.
both saw the American army drive deep into Germany and was the last major battle on the western front.
None of these answers is correct.
ended serious German resistance in the west
92
In April 1945, American and British forces halted their advance on Germany at the Elbe River
## Footnote
because their supply lines had become overextended.
to wait for the Russian army to arrive.
due to fierce German resistance.
at the announcement that President Franklin Roosevelt had died.
because all bridges over the river had been destroyed.
to wait for the Russian army to arrive
93
In February 1944, American naval forces won a series of victories in the Marshall Islands, under the command of
## Footnote
Dwight Eisenhower.
Douglas MacArthur.
Omar Bradley.
Joseph Stilwell.
Chester Nimitz.
Chester Nimitz
94
The 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf
## Footnote
was the largest naval engagement in history.
saw Japanese forces sink four American aircraft carriers.
was the only time German and Japanese naval forces fought together.
included the American capture of Okinawa.
resulted in the American capture of Tinian, Guam, and Saipan.
was the largest naval engagement in history
95
The costliest battle in the history of the United States Marines Corps was the Battle of
## Footnote
Iwo Jima.
Leyte Gulf.
Okinawa.
Midway.
Guadalcanal.
Iwo Jima
96
In mid-1945, evidence of Japan's desperation to continue the war included
## Footnote
the sending of thousands of pilots on suicide missions.
nighttime attacks by Japanese troops against American lines.
the loss of over 100,000 Japanese lives at Okinawa.
both the sending of thousands of pilots on suicide missions, and nighttime attacks by Japanese troops against American lines.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
97
In 1939, the first steps toward the creation of an atomic bomb were taken by
## Footnote
the Soviet Union.
Great Britain.
the United States.
Japan.
Nazi Germany.
Nazi Germany
98
All of the following statements regarding the Allied development of an atomic bomb during World War II are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
the program was code-named the Manhattan Project.
plutonium was a practical fuel for the bomb.
the program proceeded at a faster pace than had been expected.
the government secretly poured nearly $2 billion into the project.
Albert Einstein was in charge of the development program.
Albert Einstein was in charge of the developement program
99
The first atomic explosion in history took place in 1945 in
## Footnote
Hiroshima, Japan.
the Bikini Islands.
Alamogordo, New Mexico.
the Salt Lake desert in Utah.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Alamogordo, New Mexico
100
Prior to ordering the use of an atomic bomb against Japan, President Harry Truman
## Footnote
sent evidence of a test explosion to the Japanese government.
issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or face utter devastation.
warned the Japanese about the atomic bomb but sent no evidence of its effect.
told Japan to evacuate Hiroshima or face the consequences.
did not send any kind of message to Japan.
issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or face utter devastation
101
The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Japan in August 1945 after
## Footnote
the Japanese failed to provide a response to the first bomb.
the Soviet Union announced it would not enter into war against Japan.
the Japanese government announced that the United States had only one atomic bomb.
the emperor of Japan asked the United States for more time to consider surrendering.
the emperor of Japan declared that his country would fight to the death.
the Japanese failed to provide a response to the first bomb
102
The Japanese surrender to the United States
## Footnote
was announced a few days after a second atomic bomb had been dropped.
was formally signed on the American battleship Missouri.
occurred on September 2, 1945.
was both formally signed on the American battleship Missouri and announced a few days after a second atomic bomb had been dropped.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
103
Which of the following is true of casualties in World War II?
## Footnote
Fourteen million combatants died.
More than a million Americans were killed or wounded.
Casualties were relatively light in the United States, compared to those of other countries.
The war had cost the lives of 322,000 Americans.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
104
In 1945, Joseph Stalin's vision of a postwar world in which great powers would control strategic areas of interest was largely shared by
## Footnote
Charles de Gaulle.
Winston Churchill.
Franklin Roosevelt.
Mao Zedong.
Harry Truman.
Winston Churchill
105
In early 1943 at a meeting in Casablanca,
## Footnote
Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt agreed the Axis powers must surrender unconditionally.
Joseph Stalin had refused to attend.
Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to follow Stalin's strategy to defeat Germany.
Stalin threatened to make a separate peace with Germany.
Stalin argued against the Allies opening a second front in western Europe.
Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt agreed the Axis powers must surrender unconditionally
106
At the Tehran Conference in late 1943,
## Footnote
Franklin Roosevelt knew Joseph Stalin urgently needed American aid in fighting Germany.
Winston Churchill agreed to enter the war in the Pacific as soon as Germany was defeated.
Franklin Roosevelt urged Joseph Stalin to postpone his westward offensive.
it was agreed that Poland should be put under Soviet control after the war.
Franklin Roosevelt promised an Anglo-American second front within six months.
Franklin Roosevelt promised an Anglo-American second front within six months
107
In early 1945 at the Yalta Conference,
## Footnote
Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to attend.
Joseph Stalin withdrew a promise to enter the Pacific war.
Winston Churchill left early in a dispute with Stalin.
it was agreed that the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War.
Joseph Stalin refused to agree to Roosevelt and Churchill's plans for the United Nations.
It was agreed that the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War
108
In designing the structure of the new United Nations, planners called for
## Footnote
each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others.
a General Assembly in which select nations would have voting rights.
the president of the UN to be selected from one of the five major powers.
membership to be limited to one hundred nations.
Germany and Japan to be added to the Security Council after 25 years.
each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others
109
In 1945, when the United States Senate considered the proposed United Nations, it
## Footnote
initially rejected American membership.
quickly ratified the agreement by a large majority.
refused to vote on the charter for nearly a year.
made major changes to its charter.
put the question to a national referendum.
quickly ratified the agreement by a large majority
110
At the conclusion of the Yalta Conference in 1945, basic disagreements remained on
## Footnote
the government of Poland.
the unification of Germany.
war reparations to the Soviet Union.
both the government of Poland and the unification of Germany.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
111
All the following statements regarding the "zones of occupation" of Germany in 1945 are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
there were a total of four zones, each controlled by a different nation.
the zones were to be determined by the position of troops at the end of the war.
all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control.
at an unspecified date, Germany would be reunited.
Roosevelt preferred a reconstructed and reunited Germany.
all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control
112
Between the Yalta Conference and his death, President Franklin Roosevelt
## Footnote
saw no evidence that Stalin would not live up to his promises at Yalta.
concluded that diplomacy would not settle American differences with Stalin.
began to push for major reparations to the Soviet Union in hopes that it would bring Stalin on board with the Yalta agreements.
began to coordinate a military strike on the Soviet zone of occupation in Berlin.
became increasingly concerned, though not without hope, that Stalin was not going to fulfill conference agreements.
became increasingly concerned, though not without hope, that Stalin was not going to fulfill conference agreements
113
In 1945, when Harry Truman became president, he
## Footnote
had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs.
believed Joseph Stalin could be trusted.
was already drawing up plans for his "Truman Doctrine."
looked to Great Britain to contain the Soviet Union.
renounced the Yalta accords signed by Roosevelt.
had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs
114
President Harry Truman initially decided to "get tough" with the Soviet Union
## Footnote
following the end of the war in the Pacific.
once the United States had successfully used the atomic bomb.
at the Potsdam Conference.
after his first few days in office.
after it became clear Stalin was supporting communist forces in China.
after his first few days in office
115
In 1945, President Harry Truman conceded to communist authority in
## Footnote
China.
Poland.
Berlin.
Hungary.
Yugoslavia.
Poland
116
By 1945, the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek had
## Footnote
grown antagonistic toward the United States.
designs on taking over conquered Japan.
little popular support.
drifted toward communism.
willingly ceded authority to Mao Zedong.
little popular support
117
In the years immediately following World War II, the United States policy toward Asia led
## Footnote
to U.S. military intervention in China to fight communist advances there.
President Harry Truman to place restrictions on industrial development in Japan.
President Truman to threaten communists in China with atomic bombs.
the United States to provide financial support to Mao Zedong for reasons of stability.
the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan.
the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan
118
Beginning in 1947, the United States' policy of "containment" was
## Footnote
the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years.
first applied in Poland.
an extension of the Atlantic Charter.
both the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years, and an extension of the Atlantic Charter.
None of these answers is correct.
the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years
119
In 1947, the Truman Doctrine
## Footnote
asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world.
assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority.
was initially invoked to provide aid to Greece and Turkey.
both asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world, and assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
120
The United States was motivated to develop the Marshall Plan in 1947 due to
## Footnote
a humanitarian concern for the European people.
a desire to roll back communism from East Asia.
a desire to create strong European markets for American goods.
both a humanitarian concern for the European people, and a desire to create strong European markets for American goods.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
121
U.S. aid through the Marshall Plan
## Footnote
was offered to the Soviet Union.
failed to significantly revive European industrial production.
had little impact on communist influence within nations that accepted aid.
was opposed by many Republicans in Congress.
grew more controversial, after a Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948.
was offered to the Soviet Union
122
The National Security Act of 1947
## Footnote
created the National Security Council.
created the Central Intelligence Agency.
created the Department of Defense.
combined the functions previously performed separately by the War and Navy Departments.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
123
The Soviet Union's 1948 blockade of West Berlin was primarily a response to the
## Footnote
Marshall Plan.
United States putting nuclear missiles in Turkey.
establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Truman Doctrine.
creation of a unified West Germany.
creation of a unified West Germany
124
In 1948, President Harry Truman responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by
## Footnote
sending American paratroopers into West Berlin.
airlifting supplies to West Berlin.
threatening war with the Soviet Union.
encouraging the United Nations to pass economic sanctions.
creating a blockade of East Berlin.
airlifting supplies to West Berlin
125
In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
## Footnote
was created in response to the Soviet Union's Warsaw Pact.
called for a de-militarized zone across Western Europe.
declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all.
both was created in response to the Soviet Union's Warsaw Pact, and declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all.
All these answers are correct.
declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all
126
In the last months of 1949, events in the Soviet Union and China included
## Footnote
Russia's successful test of an atomic weapon.
the collapse of Mao Zedong's government to communist forces.
the death of Joseph Stalin.
both the collapse of Mao Zedong's government to communist forces, and the death of Joseph Stalin.
All these answers are correct.
Russia's successful test of an atomic weapon
127
The 1950 National Security Council report known as NSC-68 stated
## Footnote
Western allies must take the initiative in resisting communism in their region.
the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world.
the defense of Western Europe was the key to winning the fight against communism.
the United States must gradually increase its level of defense spending.
that Chinese aggression against Taiwan would result in war.
the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world
128
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
## Footnote
was limited to servicemen who had been wounded in combat.
mainly provided counseling for emotionally troubled veterans.
helped to reduce government spending.
gave economic and education subsidies to veterans.
explicitly discriminated against African Americans.
gave economic and education subsidies to veterans
129
During the mid-1940s, the American economy
## Footnote
was plagued by serious inflation.
experienced few labor strikes.
fell back to depression conditions.
witnessed a significant tax increase.
confronted a wave of unexpected bank failures.
was plagued by serious inflation
130
Following World War II, the great majority of working American women
## Footnote
kept the same jobs they had during the war.
voluntarily left the labor force.
moved to jobs outside the service sector.
found themselves excluded from nearly all employment.
wanted to keep working.
wanted to keep working
131
President Harry Truman's Fair Deal called for
## Footnote
a retraction of many New Deal programs.
an end to public housing.
a freeze on the minimum wage to combat inflation.
the creation of national health insurance.
an end to the Fair Employment Practices Act and other wartime measures.
the creation of national health insurance
132
The 1946 elections
## Footnote
revealed growing public support for President Harry Truman's domestic agenda.
saw the Democrats retain control of the House, but lose the Senate.
saw Republicans win control of both houses of Congress.
saw President Truman chastise Republican critics with the slogan "Had Enough?"
saw Republicans argue that Truman aimed to roll back the New Deal.
saw Repulicans win control of both houses of Congress
133
The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
## Footnote
permitted the "union shop."
expanded the Wagner Act.
permitted the "closed shop."
prohibited states from passing "right-to-work" laws.
was supported by President Truman.
permitted the "union shop"
134
President Harry Truman's actions after the 1946 election included
## Footnote
deciding not to run for office in 1948.
becoming more conservative.
proposing a major civil rights bill.
abandoning his Fair Deal.
calling his opponents "soft on communism."
proposing a major civil rights bill
135
In 1948, the Americans for Democratic Action
## Footnote
formed as a coalition of conservative Democrats.
supported Henry Wallace for president.
was the major support group for President Harry Truman.
supported Strom Thurmond for president.
tried to draft Dwight Eisenhower for president.
tried to draft Dwight Eisenhower for president
136
In the 1948 presidential election,
## Footnote
early polls had seemed to indicate that Harry Truman would lose.
President Truman refrained from attacking Republicans, for fear of alienating voters.
the Progressive and "Dixiecrat" candidates combined for 20 percent of the popular vote.
both of these were the case: early polls had seemed to indicate that Harry Truman would lose, and President Truman refrained from attacking Republicans for fear of alienating voters.
None of these answers is correct.
early polls had seemed to indicate that Harry Truman would lose
137
In 1949, President Harry Truman succeeded in getting Congress to pass
## Footnote
civil rights legislation.
nationalized health care.
federal aid to education.
aid for public housing.
significant tax cuts.
aid for public housing
138
In 1949, the Truman administration made progress in civil rights by
## Footnote
making lynching a federal crime.
abolishing the poll tax.
ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees.
establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission.
ordering the desegregation of public transportation.
ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees
139
The Supreme Court case of Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) dealt a blow to
## Footnote
voter discrimination.
housing discrimination.
communism in the United States.
labor unions.
Truman's plans for national health care.
housing discrimination
140
A 1948 public opinion poll revealed that a majority of Americans believed atomic power would
## Footnote
cause significant harm to the environment if used as an energy source.
likely result in the destruction of much of human civilization in the next few decades.
be used in war within the next five years.
have few practical applications in the foreseeable future.
in the long run, do more good than harm.
in the long run, do more good than harm
141
The immediate cause of the Korean War, in 1950, was the
## Footnote
decision by the United States to send troops to South Korea.
triumph of communism in China.
military invasion by North Korea into South Korea.
division of Korea into northern and southern halves.
military invasion of North Korea by China.
military invasion by North Korea into South Korea
142
All of the following statements regarding Korea are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
in 1945, both the United States and the Soviet Union had troops in Korea.
the Soviet Union established a communist government in the north.
the United States left Korea in 1946.
the Soviet Union left Korea in 1949.
the country was divided along the 38th parallel.
the United States left Korea in 1946
143
The government of Syngman Rhee in Korea after World War II
## Footnote
was pro-Western.
had a powerful military.
was supported by the Soviet Union.
was backed by communists in China.
was remarkably democratic.
was pro-Western
144
The Truman administration responded in 1950 to the onset of fighting in Korea by
## Footnote
declaring war on North Korea.
calling on the United Nations to intervene.
warning China not to intervene.
threatening the use of atomic weapons.
telling South Korea to stand down.
calling on the United Nations to intervene
145
The American invasion at Inchon during the Korean War
## Footnote
was aimed at preventing Chinese communists from entering the war.
was a military debacle.
led to a fight between General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry Truman.
prompted President Truman to try to push communists out of North Korea.
was ultimately thwarted due to the surprise intervention of the Chinese navy.
prompted President Truman to try to push communists out of North Korea
146
In 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of command because MacArthur
## Footnote
publicly stated that an invasion of China would be a military disaster.
publicly criticized President Truman's policy in Korea.
refused to support Truman's plan to use atomic weapons in Korea.
both publicly criticized Truman's policy in Korea and refused to support Truman's plan to use atomic weapons in Korea.
None of these answers is correct.
publicly criticized President Truman's policy in Korea
147
The initial response by the American public to the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur was
## Footnote
anger at the United Nations.
criticism of MacArthur.
relief that nuclear war had been avoided.
anger at China.
criticism of President Truman.
criticism of President Truman
148
During the Korean War, the Truman administration faced major strikes in the industries of
## Footnote
rail and steel.
steel and textiles.
textiles and coal.
coal and rail.
rail and textiles.
rail and steel
149
As a result of the Korean War, the
## Footnote
American economy was dragged into a recession.
American public felt reassured that communism was being contained.
stature of the American military increased.
American public believed there was something wrong with the United States.
government reduced the amount of money it was pumping into the economy.
American public believed there was something wrong with the United States
150
In 1947, the first target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was
## Footnote
labor unions.
the Democratic Party.
the State Department.
the American Communist Party.
the movie industry.
the movie industry
151
All of the following statements regarding the HUAC investigation of Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
Chambers was a former communist agent.
classified documents allegedly stolen by Hiss were kept hidden by Chambers in a pumpkin.
the case cast suspicion on a generation of liberal Democrats.
Hiss was convicted of espionage.
Hiss served several years in prison.
Hiss was convicted of espionage
152
Of the following, the HUAC investigation of Alger Hiss primarily helped the political career of
## Footnote
Richard Nixon.
Joseph McCarthy.
John Kennedy.
Ronald Reagan.
Lyndon B. Johnson.
Richard Nixon
153
In 1947, the Truman administration responded to Republican attacks that it was weak on communism by
## Footnote
ignoring them.
charging the Republicans with harboring communists within their own party.
beginning an investigation into the loyalty of federal employees.
blaming lax security on the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
supporting passage of the McCarran Internal Security Act.
beginning an investigation into the loyalty of federal employees
154
The McCarran Internal Security Act
## Footnote
outlawed all communist organizations in the United States.
created the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
was strongly supported by the Truman administration.
stripped American citizenship from all known communists.
required communist organizations to register with the government.
required communist organizations to register with the government
155
In 1950, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of spying for
## Footnote
the Soviet Union.
North Korea.
China.
Poland.
Israel.
the Soviet Union
156
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were
## Footnote
not members of the Communist Party.
accused of passing American secrets to its enemies.
convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
both accused of passing American secrets to its enemies, and convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
None of these answers is correct.
accused of passing American secrets to its enemies
157
When Joseph McCarthy first leveled charges of communist infiltration in the government, he was a
## Footnote
member of the State Department.
private citizen.
first-term Republican senator.
member of the Defense Department.
Democratic member of the House.
first-term Republican senator
158
Joseph McCarthy burst into national prominence by charging that there were known communists in the
## Footnote
State Department.
Defense Department.
Truman Cabinet.
Central Intelligence Agency.
United States Senate.
State Department
159
During Joseph McCarthy's investigation into alleged subversion in government,
## Footnote
Republicans criticized his broad attacks on the Democratic Party.
Dwight Eisenhower spoke against him, after McCarthy attacked George Marshall in 1952.
he never produced conclusive evidence that any federal employee was a communist.
much of the public criticized his blunt tactics and coarse behavior.
he drew particularly strong support from the "eastern establishment."
he never produced conclusive evidence that any federal employee was a communist
160
The election of 1952 saw
## Footnote
a contest between two war heroes, neither of whom had ever held elective office.
President Harry Truman run for another term.
Richard Nixon forced to step down from the Republican ticket.
Joseph McCarthy run for president.
television play a role in the campaign.
television play a role in the campaign
161
The results of the election of 1952 saw
## Footnote
the Republicans take control of the White House but not the Congress.
the end to a long period of Democratic dominance.
a close outcome between the two major parties.
all of these: the Republicans take control of the White House but not the Congress; the end to a long period of Democratic dominance; and a close outcome between the two major parties.
None of these answers is correct.
the end to a long period of Democratic dominance
162
During the 1950s, the general economic conditions of the United States included
## Footnote
stagnant economic growth.
high inflation.
low federal government spending.
a slowly rising gross national product.
low unemployment.
low enemployment
163
Between 1945 and 1960, the birth rate in the United States
## Footnote
reversed a long pattern of decline.
peaked in 1949.
led to a doubling of the nation's population in this period.
led to shortages of many consumer goods.
fell precipitously from its World War II highs.
reversed a long pattern of decline
164
Following World War II, the American economy
## Footnote
gave the average American 50 percent more purchasing power in 1960 than in 1945.
gave Americans the highest standard of living in 1960, after Switzerland and Sweden.
grew, between 1945 and 1975, nearly ten times faster than the population.
produced wealth that was equally distributed throughout the nation's population.
gave the average American 10 percent more purchasing power than during the 1920s.
grew, between 1945 and 1975, nearly ten times faster than the population
165
During the 1950s, the region of the United States that experienced the most dramatic change as a result of
## Footnote
the North.
the South.
the East.
the West.
Alaska and Hawaii.
the West
166
During the 1950s, the American Federation of Labor in the United States
## Footnote
was intimidated by powerful and wealthy corporations.
made significant concessions in benefits in order to gain higher wages.
merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
represented nearly half of all working Americans.
saw its president, David Beck, charged with the misappropriation of union funds.
merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations
167
All of the following researchers made important contributions to the development of antibiotics EXCEPT
## Footnote
Louis Pasteur.
Paul Muller.
Joseph Lister.
Alexander Fleming.
Howard Florey.
Paul Muller
168
Following World War II, American scientists made a critical contribution to the development of penicillin by
## Footnote
demonstrating the value of antiseptic solutions to prevent infection.
first using the antibacterial agent known as sulfanilamide.
developing methods for its mass production and commercial distribution.
discovering the antibacterial properties for which the drug was named.
discovering it could be used to treat streptococcal blood infections.
developing methods for its mass production and commercial distribution
169
In the early twentieth century, the vaccine that raised the most safety concerns in the United States was for the prevention of
## Footnote
Typhoid.
Tetanus.
small pox.
Rubella.
tuberculosis.
tuberculosis
170
In 1954, the American scientist Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for the prevention of
## Footnote
Polio.
Tuberculosis.
Influenza.
yellow fever.
typhoid.
Polio
171
All the following statements regarding the use of DDT are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
the pesticide likely saved the lives of thousands of soldiers during World War II.
the pesticide was recognized to be extremely toxic to insects.
after its introduction, it quickly gained a positive reputation for its effectiveness.
scientists during WWII knew the pesticide had a long-term toxic effect on humans and animals.
it was first used on a large scale in Italy in 1943-1944, during a typhus outbreak.
scientists during WWII knew the pesticide had a long-term toxic effect on humans and animals
172
The correct chronological order for developments in electronic technology, from earliest to latest, is
## Footnote
vacuum tube, integrated circuit, transistor.
transistor, vacuum tube, integrated circuit.
vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit.
integrated circuit, transistor, vacuum tube.
transistor, integrated circuit, vacuum tube.
vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit
173
The first significant public awareness of computers in the United States came during the
## Footnote
1961 Mercury space flight.
1957 launch of Sputnik.
1958 launch of the first American satellite.
1950 Bureau of Census tabulations.
1952 election tabulations.
1952 election tabulations
174
During the 1950s, the U.S. government's primary motive for the development of rocket and missile technology was
## Footnote
exploration of outer space.
the establishment of communication and spy satellites around the earth.
the quest to land a man on the moon.
the long-range delivery of weapons.
to catch up with German knowledge of rocketry.
the long-range delivery of weapons
175
The United States first successfully launched a missile from a submarine in 1960, with the
## Footnote
Polaris.
Minuteman.
Titan.
Atlas.
Mercury.
Polaris
176
The first American to be launched into space, in 1961, was
## Footnote
Yuri Gagarin.
John Glenn.
Alan Shepard.
Edwin Aldrin.
Neil Armstrong.
Alan Shepard
177
The primary goal of the American Apollo program was to
## Footnote
launch manned vehicles into space to orbit the earth.
land men on the moon.
build an orbiting space station.
send men to Mars.
develop a reusable spaceship.
land men on the moon
178
Between 1945 and 1957, the growth of American consumerism was aided by
## Footnote
an 800-percent increase in consumer credit.
the development of credit cards.
low-payment credit plans.
revolving charge accounts.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
179
With highways, travel by automobile, truck, and bus was as fast or faster than by trains and contributed to the decline of
## Footnote
drive-in restaurants.
Downtowns.
Supermarkets.
drive-in movies.
None of these choices is correct.
Downtowns
180
During the 1950s, the popularity in the United States of suburban living was partly explained by
## Footnote
the social importance placed on the family.
a desire for racial segregation.
a desire for larger homes.
both the social importance placed on the family, and a desire for racial segregation.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
181
In 1946, Dr. Benjamin Spock's best-selling Baby and Child Care contended that
## Footnote
fathers needed to spend as much time as mothers in the care and raising of their children.
mothers should subordinate their physical and emotional needs to those of their children.
families should not have more than three children.
the ages of children in a family should not be spaced out over more than five years.
children should not be breast-fed or allowed to sleep with their parents.
mothers should subordinate their physical and emotional needs to those of their children
182
During the 1950s in the United States, married women who worked outside the home
## Footnote
faced social pressures to continue working.
decreased in number throughout the decade.
accounted for only one-third of all married women.
both decreased in number throughout the decade, and accounted for only one-third of all married women.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
183
All of the following statements regarding early television are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
in the 1920s there were experiments in broadcasting pictures and sound.
in 1946 there were 17,000 television sets in the United States.
the federal government largely kept big business sponsorship out of television advertising.
all three major television networks had started as radio companies.
television quickly became the most powerful medium of mass communication in history.
the federal government largely kept big business sponsorship out of television advertising
184
During the 1950s, television networks
## Footnote
refused to show how the lower classes lived in America.
generally sought to convey an idealized image of a homogeneous America.
created conditions that helped to ameliorate social conflict.
both refused to show how the lower classes lived in America and generally conveyed an idealized image of America.
None of these answers is correct.
generally sought to convey an idealized image of homogeneous America
185
During the 1950s, the American environmental preservation movement was mobilized by
## Footnote
a proposed dam on the Green River in Echo Park, Utah.
the construction of a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley at Yosemite National Park.
the diverting of water from Owens Valley to Los Angeles, California.
the growing proliferation of nuclear power plants.
the nuclear incident at Three Mile Island.
a proposed dam on the Green River in Echo Park, Utah
186
In his 1956 book on corporate America, The Organization Man, William Whyte Jr. contended
## Footnote
the ideal of rugged individualism had been reestablished in the business community.
women and minorities had little chance for advancement in American corporations.
corporate wealth was not being fairly shared with workers.
the "inner-directed man" had become "other-directed."
a worker's most valuable trait in the corporate work setting was to get along.
a worker's most valuable trait in the corporate work setting was to get along
187
The popular "beat" novel On the Road (1957) was written by
## Footnote
Allen Ginsberg.
J. D. Salinger.
Jack Kerouac.
William Burroughs.
Saul Bellow.
Jack Kerouac
188
In his 1950 book, The Lonely Crowd, sociologist David Riesman argued that Americans were
## Footnote
increasingly more likely to judge themselves on the basis of their own values.
increasingly interested in winning approval in their jobs and from their family.
increasingly more likely to be "other-directed."
both increasingly more likely to judge themselves on the basis of their own values, and increasingly interested in winning approval in their jobs and from their family.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
189
In the 1950s, crimes committed by juveniles
## Footnote
were the most visible evidence of widespread restiveness among young Americans.
did not receive much public attention.
soared, particularly in categories of violent crimes.
resulted in widespread social unrest during the decade.
did not dramatically increase.
did not dramatically increase
190
Like many early white rock musicians, Elvis Presley drew heavily from black traditions in
## Footnote
Jazz.
rhythm and blues.
country western.
Gospel.
folk.
rhythm and blues
191
The rapid rise in the popularity of rock music was partly due to
## Footnote
innovations in radio programming.
innovations in television programming.
the success of American Bandstand.
Jukeboxes.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
192
Michael Harrington's 1962 book, The Other America, focused on the problems of
## Footnote
Sexism.
Racism.
Poverty.
the alienation of youth.
McCarthyism.
Poverty
193
All of the following statements regarding poverty in America between 1950 and 1960 are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
more than 30 million Americans lived in poverty at any given time during the year 1960.
the percentage of the population living in poverty rose during the decade.
Native Americans were the single poorest group in the country.
most of the poor experienced poverty only temporarily.
many rural Americans lived on the margins of the affluent society.
the percentage of the population living in poverty rose during the decade
194
Rural America
## Footnote
lost 10 percent of its population in 1956 alone.
saw its percentage of the national income drop to less than 2 percent in the 1950s.
saw the South increase plantings of cotton as a cash crop in the 1950s.
both lost 10 percent of its population in 1956 alone, and saw its percentage of the national income drop to less than two percent within the decade of the 1950s.
All these answers are correct.
lost 10 percent of its population in 1956 alone
195
In 1960, the city in the United States with the largest Mexican American population was
## Footnote
New York.
San Antonio.
Chicago.
San Diego.
Los Angeles.
Los Angeles
196
All of the following were factors in rising poverty rates in inner cities in the 1950s, EXCEPT
## Footnote
large numbers of poor people migrating into these areas.
increasing automation.
a growth of unskilled industrial jobs in these areas.
persistent racial discrimination.
the movement of factories and mills to new locations.
a growth of unskilled industrial jobs in these areas
197
The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
## Footnote
reaffirmed the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
passed by a narrow 5-4 vote.
set specific timetables for enactment.
declared that separate educational facilities were unlawful.
arose from a case involving segregation in Mississippi.
declared that separate educational facilities were unlawful
198
In the civil rights movement, the spirit of "massive resistance" is associated with the actions of
## Footnote
northern blacks.
southern blacks.
northern whites.
progressive liberals.
southern whites
southern whites
199
In 1957, the effort to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, required
## Footnote
President Dwight Eisenhower to remove the governor of Arkansas from office.
the presence of federal troops to enforce court orders.
the replacement of many of the school's teachers.
the arrest of hundreds of whites protesting at the school.
the Supreme Court to issue another decision, Brown II.
the presence of federal troops to enforce court orders
200
The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956
## Footnote
failed to end the segregation policies on public city buses.
was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court.
was sparked by a beating of an African American woman.
marked the emergence of an effective form of racial protest.
led to the creation of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
marked the emergence of an effective form of racial protest
201
Martin Luther King Jr. was leader of the
## Footnote
Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
United Negro Improvement Association.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
Congress of Racial Equality.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
202
Factors in the rise of the civil rights movement included
## Footnote
the events of World War II.
the growth of the urban middle class.
the rapid spread of television.
Cold War politics.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
203
As part of his economic agenda, President Dwight Eisenhower
## Footnote
cut back public welfare programs.
lowered federal support for farm prices.
generally followed the lead of the right wing of his party.
allowed the federal deficit to rise due to high military spending.
maintained the wage and price controls of the Truman administration.
lowered federal support for farm prices
204
The most significant and largest public works project of the federal government under President Dwight Eisenhower involved
## Footnote
a nuclear energy program.
the space program.
a federal highway system.
a national healthcare system.
a large tax cut.
a federal highway system
205
The political decline of Senator Joseph McCarthy began when he investigated
## Footnote
the United States Senate.
the Central Intelligence Agency.
Dwight Eisenhower's family.
the civil rights movement.
the army.
the army
206
In 1954, the United States Senate voted to
## Footnote
expel Joseph McCarthy from the Senate.
censure Joseph McCarthy for "conduct unbecoming a senator."
charge Senator McCarthy with slander and libel.
fine Senator McCarthy.
convict Senator McCarthy of perjury.
censure Joseph McCarthy for "conduct unbecoming a senator"
207
Under John Foster Dulles's policy of "massive retaliation," announced in 1954, the United States would
## Footnote
counter any Soviet military move with a larger American force.
win the Cold War regardless of the financial cost.
use nuclear weapons against communist aggression.
use military force before diplomacy in dealing with the Soviet Union.
rely primarily on large conventional forces in local conflicts to defeat communism.
use nuclear weapons against communist aggression
208
Until the early 1950s, the country the United States assisted in trying to control Vietnam was
## Footnote
France.
Taiwan.
Japan.
England.
China.
France
209
Between 1945 and 1959, U.S. policy in the Middle East saw
## Footnote
the Eisenhower administration assist in the construction of the Aswan Dam.
the Truman administration refuse to recognize the state of Israel.
President Eisenhower seek to end the rule of Egyptian leader Gamal Nasser during the Suez crisis.
the CIA engineer a coup that brought the shah of Iran to power.
the U.S. refuse to join in a UN resolution denouncing British and French actions during the Suez crisis.
the CIA engineer a coup that brought the shah of Iran to power
210
In 1954, the Eisenhower administration ordered the CIA to help overthrow the government of
## Footnote
Panama.
Colombia.
Guatemala.
Cuba.
Haiti.
Guatemala
211
The Eisenhower administration responded to Fidel Castro's coming to power in Cuba by
## Footnote
ending diplomatic relations.
blockading Cuban ports.
establishing a military presence in Guantanamo Bay.
ending diplomatic relations, blockading Cuban ports, and establishing a military presence in Guantanamo Bay.
None of these answers is correct.
ending diplomatic relations
212
The Soviet Union's announcement in 1960 that it had shot down an American U-2 spy plane
## Footnote
proved to be false.
occurred at the close of an important summit conference in Paris.
compelled President Dwight Eisenhower to apologize for invading Soviet airspace.
resulted in a UN proclamation that criticized the United States.
led Soviet Premier Khrushchev to withdraw his invitation to Eisenhower to visit Moscow.
led Soviet Premier Khrushchev to withdraw his invitation to Eisenhower to visit Moscow
213
In his farewell address to the nation, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the dangers of
## Footnote
global nuclear war.
excessive consumer materialism.
"brinkmanship" diplomacy.
the "military-industrial complex."
the growing communist threat.
the "military-industrial complex"
214
One of the chief obstacles in John Kennedy's presidential bid in 1960 was his
## Footnote
Religion.
public image.
Wealth.
Womanizing.
lack of resources.
Religion
215
In the 1960 presidential election,
## Footnote
John Kennedy narrowly won the popular vote but fared slightly better in the electoral vote.
Richard Nixon was soundly defeated.
Richard Nixon won the popular vote but lost the electoral vote and the election.
Dixiecrat Harry F. Byrd swept the Deep South.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
216
In 1961, President John Kennedy saw legislative success in
## Footnote
a major civil rights bill.
tariff reductions.
improved Soviet-American relations.
a major tax increase.
a reduction of Social Security.
tariff reductions
217
Which of the following is true of the assassination of President John Kennedy?
## Footnote
Vice President Lyndon Johnson had made a last-minute decision not to accompany Kennedy.
The president died instantly.
Lee Harvey Oswald was shot and killed while in police custody.
Kennedy was struck by three bullets.
The president was shot while in a motorcade in downtown Houston.
Lee Harvey Oswald was shot and killed while in police custody
218
The Warren Commission investigation of the assassination of President John Kennedy concluded
## Footnote
Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of Kennedy.
Jack Ruby killed Oswald on the orders of an unknown third party.
An unknown second gunman shot from a "grassy knoll" behind the motorcade.
both that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby killed Oswald on the orders of an unknown third party.
None of these answers is correct.
Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of Kennedy
219
Lyndon Johnson was similar to John Kennedy in his
## Footnote
political career.
family background.
active use of power.
Personality.
All these answers are correct.
active use of power
220
The 1964 election saw
## Footnote
Lyndon Johnson distance himself from the memory of John Kennedy.
Lyndon Johnson win a decisive victory over Richard Nixon.
Republicans gain control of the Senate, but not the House.
Lyndon Johnson receive a larger plurality than any candidate before or since.
Lyndon Johnson carry the entire South.
Lyndon Johnson receive a larger plurality than any candidate before or since
221
President Lyndon Johnson's Medicare program
## Footnote
was broadly unpopular in the form in which it was enacted.
provided benefits to all seniors regardless of need.
appealed mainly to poor and working-class Americans.
built on the success of his Medicaid program.
angered doctors by forcing them to lower their fees.
provided benefits to all seniors regardless of need
222
Only weeks after taking office, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "war" on
## Footnote
Racism.
Crime.
Intolerance.
Illiteracy.
poverty.
poverty
223
The Johnson administration's Office of Economic Opportunity
## Footnote
eliminated poverty in many regions of the nation.
called for the relocation of many of the nation's urban poor.
was criticized for its absence of minority appointments.
included a controversial community action program.
spent less than $500 million in its first two years of existence.
included a controversial community action program
224
The Housing Act of 1961 provided federal funds for all of the following EXCEPT the
## Footnote
construction of low-income public housing.
preservation of open space in cities.
development of mass-transit systems.
subsidization of middle-income housing.
revitalization of decaying cities.
construction of low-income public housing
225
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and subsequent related measures
## Footnote
offered aid to both public and private schools.
based aid on student need rather than school need.
managed to circumvent objections that the Kennedy administration had faced.
both offered aid to public and private schools, and based aid on student rather than school need.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
226
The Immigration Act of 1965
## Footnote
ended the strict limits on the total number of immigrants to be admitted each year.
allowed people from all parts of Latin America to enter the United States on an equal basis.
had little impact on the character of the American population.
maintained strict restrictions on immigrants from Africa.
eliminated rules that gave preference to immigrants from northern Europe.
eliminated rules that gave preference to immigrants from northern Europe
227
Great Society reforms
## Footnote
were generally proven to be cost-effective.
improved the lives of whites far more than blacks.
contributed to the greatest reduction in poverty in American history.
grew in popularity over the next decade and a half.
made no dent in reducing hunger in America.
contributed to the greatest reduction in poverty in American history
228
In February 1960, the first "sit-in" demonstration protesting segregation was held at a
## Footnote
Church.
swimming pool.
movie theater.
lunch counter.
bus station.
lunch counter
229
In the early 1960s, the SNCC was formed primarily by
## Footnote
college students.
Republicans.
rural blacks.
the urban poor.
Catholics.
college students
230
In 1961, the "freedom rides" sponsored by CORE attempted to
## Footnote
bring northern civil rights activists into the South to register black voters.
transport black children to formerly all-white schools.
force the desegregation of bus stations.
help move poor blacks out of the South.
transport black workers to white-only businesses.
force the desegregation of bus stations
231
In 1963, civil rights activist Medgar Evers was murdered the same day
## Footnote
a black church was bombed in Birmingham, Alabama.
a federal court ruled James Meredith could attend the University of Mississippi.
Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a dream" speech.
George Wallace tried to prevent black students from enrolling in the University of Alabama.
Attorney General Robert Kennedy mandated the integration of bus and train stations.
George Wallace tried to prevent black students from enrolling in the University of Alabama
232
Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I have a dream" speech
## Footnote
was given during the greatest civil rights demonstration in the nation's history.
was made shortly after Lyndon Johnson become president.
saw King call for a significant shift in tactics in the quest of civil rights.
was made before a joint session of Congress and the Senate.
was given to commemorate passage of the Voting Rights Act.
was given during the greatest civil rights demonstration in the nation's history
233
Legislation to prohibit segregation in all public accommodations was proposed
## Footnote
and approved during the Kennedy administration.
and approved during the Johnson administration.
by Eisenhower and approved during the Kennedy administration.
by Johnson and approved during the Nixon administration.
by Kennedy and approved during the Johnson administration.
by Kennedy and approved during the Johnson administration
234
The 1964 murder of civil rights activists Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney
## Footnote
was supported by local police.
took place in Montgomery, Alabama.
prompted Congress to pass legislation to end segregation in public accommodations.
never resulted in anyone being convicted for the crimes.
led to the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
was supported by local police
235
The 1965 civil rights march in Selma, Alabama, involved all of the following EXCEPT the
## Footnote
call for voting rights for blacks.
involvement of Martin Luther King Jr.
televised attack on demonstrators by local police.
resignation of Governor George Wallace.
murder of two northern whites.
resignation of Governor George Wallace
236
The Civil Rights Act of 1965 primarily focused on the issue of
## Footnote
desegregation of public accommodations.
voting rights.
fair employment practices.
housing discrimination.
violence directed against civil rights workers.
voting rights
237
In 1965, the first major race riot in the United States since World War II took place in
## Footnote
Detroit.
Chicago.
Los Angeles.
Cleveland.
Memphis.
Los Angeles
238
In the summer of 1967, racial conflicts in the United States
## Footnote
resulted in more than a hundred major disorders.
saw 43 people die in a riot in Detroit.
went ignored by the Johnson administration.
both resulted in more than a hundred major disorders, and went ignored by the Johnson administration.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
239
In the 1960s, the philosophy of "black power"
## Footnote
called for an increased awareness of racial differences.
helped to unite the many different black civil rights groups.
encouraged greater racial assimilation.
disavowed the use of violence in the civil rights movement.
was rejected by groups such as SNCC and CORE.
called for an increased awareness of racial differences
240
In 1965, Malcolm X
## Footnote
denounced the Black Panthers.
was assassinated by white racists.
advocated nonviolence to end segregation.
belonged to the Nation of Islam for a time.
argued in favor of integration.
belonged to the Nation of Islam for a time
241
In 1961, President John Kennedy believed the major struggle against communism in the future would be waged in
## Footnote
the Baltic.
Western Europe.
China.
Eastern Europe.
the Third World.
the Third World
242
All of the following actions were initiated by President John Kennedy EXCEPT
## Footnote
an expansion of the Green Berets.
the creation of the "Alliance for Progress."
the CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro.
the creation of the Peace Corps.
the creation of the Agency for International Development.
the CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro
243
During the Bay of Pigs operation, President John Kennedy decided to withhold
## Footnote
American ground troops.
participation by CIA agents.
military air support.
the participation of Cuban exiles.
a planned rocket bombardment.
military air support
244
The 1961 Vienna summit between the United States and the Soviet Union
## Footnote
was canceled in the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs.
saw Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev make a veiled threat of war.
saw President John Kennedy agree not to invade Cuba.
saw President Kennedy criticize the construction of the Berlin Wall.
saw the United States and the Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty.
saw Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev made a veiled threat of war
245
In the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the
## Footnote
Cubans attempted to install defensive nuclear weapons.
United States ordered a naval and air blockade of Cuba.
United States made an air attack on Cuban missile sites.
Soviet Union launched a missile at an American naval destroyer.
Soviet Union attempted to invade Cuba.
United States ordered a naval and air blockade of Cuba
246
The Cuban missile crisis ended after President John Kennedy agreed to
## Footnote
remove American missiles from West Germany.
restore diplomatic ties with Cuba.
provide economic aid to Cuba.
not invade Cuba.
withdraw American troops from West Berlin.
not invade Cuba
247
The correct chronological order of the following events is
## Footnote
Vienna summit, Berlin Wall, Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban missile crisis.
Cuban missile crisis, Berlin Wall, Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit.
Berlin Wall, Vienna summit, Cuban missile crisis, Bay of Pigs.
Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit, Cuban missile crisis, Berlin Wall.
Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit, Berlin Wall, Cuban missile crisis.
Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit, Berlin Wall, Cuban missile crisis
248
President Lyndon Johnson's first major foreign policy test came in 1961 during a crisis in
## Footnote
Singapore.
the Middle East.
the Dominican Republic.
Brazil.
Laos.
the Dominican Republic
249
George Kennan stated the "most disastrous" undertaking in the United States' history involved
## Footnote
Vietnam.
Haiti.
Cuba.
Somalia.
Korea.
Vietnam
250
Under the terms of the Geneva Conference accords, Vietnam was
## Footnote
permanently divided into two parts along the 17th parallel.
to hold elections in 1956.
to receive military aid from the United States.
to be controlled by France.
to unify with nearby Laos and Cambodia.
to hold elections in 1956
251
In 1956, scheduled national elections for Vietnam were cancelled because
## Footnote
the communist government in North Vietnam refused to participate.
a leading presidential candidate was assassinated.
the pro-Western government in South Vietnam refused to hold them.
the United Nations asserted it would be impossible to prevent election fraud.
actions by the National Liberation Front (NLF) prevented free and open elections.
the pro-Western government in South Vietnam refused to hold them
252
In 1956, the United States' interest in South Vietnam
## Footnote
was nearly nonexistent.
was mainly in replacing the corrupt Ngo Dinh Diem government.
had made the country a recipient of large amounts of American aid.
was purely commercial.
was predicated on Diem agreeing to hold free and open elections.
had made the country a recipient of large amounts of American aid
253
The National Liberation Front was
## Footnote
created by Ngo Dinh Diem.
also known in the United States as the Viet Cong.
an organization attempting to overthrow the North Vietnamese government.
both created by Ngo Dinh Diem and also known in the United States as the Viet Cong.
None of these answers is correct.
also known in the United States as the Viet Cong
254
The overthrow of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963
## Footnote
resulted in Diem's imprisonment and eventual exile.
was carried out by Soviet KGB operatives.
brought short-term political stability to South Vietnam.
was carried out by the National Liberation Front.
was supported by the Kennedy administration.
was supported by the Kennedy administration
255
The Johnson administration
## Footnote
sent the first American military advisers to South Vietnam.
sent the first American combat troops to South Vietnam.
inherited a substantial American commitment to maintain South Vietnam.
believed all of Vietnam should be restored to French control.
began removing military advisers from South Vietnam.
inherited a substantial American commitment to maintain South Vietnam
256
The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was in response to
## Footnote
alleged attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers.
a Vietminh attack on an American-occupied air base in South Vietnam.
mortar attacks on the American embassy in Saigon.
the decision by North Vietnam to arm its allies in the South.
the so-called "Tet Offensive" by North Vietnamese soldiers.
alleged attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers
257
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
## Footnote
resulted in a U.S. declaration of war on North Vietnam.
gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict.
called for 250,000 U.S. combat troops to be sent to Vietnam.
both gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict, and called for 250,000 U.S. combat troops to be sent to Vietnam.
None of these answers is correct.
gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict
258
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson responded to an attack on Pleiku by
## Footnote
sending 250,000 American troops to Vietnam.
warning China and the Soviet Union not to be involved in Vietnam.
organizing the Tet Offensive.
mining the harbor of Haiphong.
bombing North Vietnam.
bombing North Vietnam
259
By the end of 1967, the number of American troops in Vietnam had surpassed
## Footnote
200,000.
500,000.
750,000.
1,000,000.
1,250,000.
500,000
260
In Vietnam, the American military "attrition" strategy
## Footnote
prevented North Vietnam from sufficiently resupplying their soldiers.
led the United States to abandon its air bombardment campaign.
eventually broke the resolve of North Vietnam.
both prevented North Vietnam from sufficiently resupplying their soldiers, and led the United States to abandon its air bombardment campaign.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
261
In the Vietnam War, the "Ho Chi Minh Trail" was
## Footnote
eventually destroyed by American bombing raids.
continually moved by the North Vietnamese.
used by American troops to stage attacks on North Vietnam.
both continually moved by the North Vietnamese and eventually destroyed by American bombing raids.
None of these answers is correct.
continually moved by the North Vietnamese
262
In Vietnam, the American "pacification" strategy
## Footnote
called for a peaceful settlement with the North Vietnamese.
eliminated the Viet Cong's ability to attack American patrols.
was successful in the South, but not in the North.
was replaced by the more heavy-handed "relocation" strategy.
included giving Vietnamese villages significant economic aid.
was replaced by the more heavy-handed "relocation" strategy
263
In January 1966, highly publicized hearings airing criticisms of the war were staged by
## Footnote
Senator William Fulbright.
Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford.
General William Westmoreland.
Senator Robert Kennedy.
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.
Senator William Fulbright
264
In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson responded to mounting inflation at home by
## Footnote
raising the Federal Reserve interest rate.
increasing taxes while agreeing to large funding reductions in Great Society programs.
reducing the American troops in Vietnam.
calling for a tax reduction.
reinstalling the wartime wage and price controls of the Truman administration.
increasing taxes while agreeing to large funding reductions in Great Society programs
265
All of the following statements regarding the 1968 Tet offensive are true EXCEPT that it
## Footnote
began on a Vietnamese holiday.
saw the communists fighting on the grounds of the American embassy in Saigon.
saw American troops inflict enormous casualties on the communists.
suggested to the American public something of the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam.
involved the fall of Saigon to the communists.
involved the fall of Saigon to the communists
266
The 1968 Tet offensive
## Footnote
was a major political defeat for President Lyndon Johnson.
was a military victory, in terms of the physical battles, for the United States.
permanently depleted the ranks of the NLF.
both was a major political defeat for President Lyndon Johnson, and was a substantial military victory for the United States.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
267
Which of the following individuals was NOT at one point a candidate in the 1968 Democratic primaries?
## Footnote
Hubert Humphrey
George McGovern
Lyndon Johnson
Eugene McCarthy
Robert Kennedy
George McGovern
268
Robert Kennedy's assassin had apparently been angered by Kennedy's
## Footnote
association with the civil rights movement.
statements in favor of Israel.
attacks on corruption in organized labor.
criticism of the nation's wealthy elite.
opposition to the war in Vietnam.
statements in favor of Israel
269
In 1968, antiwar protesters at the Democratic convention in Chicago
## Footnote
invaded the convention hall.
forced significant changes to the party platform.
were attacked by police in a bloody riot.
went on a destructive rampage through city streets.
organized a massive hunger strike that drew worldwide notice.
were attacked by police in a bloody riot
270
In 1968, George Wallace ran for president
## Footnote
based on a variety of conservative grievances.
as a critic of the war in Vietnam.
as a Democrat.
until he was wounded in an assassination attempt.
to draw attention to his opposition to segregation.
based on a variety of conservative grievances
271
In the 1968 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon called for
## Footnote
an end to the Cold War with the Soviet Union.
an immediate withdrawal of American military forces in Vietnam.
a new commitment to effective social reform.
stability and national law and order.
the diplomatic recognition of China.
stability and national law and order
272
The 1968 presidential election results
## Footnote
were extremely close.
saw Hubert Humphrey win the popular vote but lose the electoral vote.
saw George Wallace carry the entire South.
saw both George Wallace carry the entire South, and Hubert Humphrey win the popular vote but lose the electoral vote.
None of these answers is correct.
were extremely close
273
Which of the following is true of the "New Left" that sprang up in the 1960s and 1970s?
## Footnote
The New Left showed little interest in the plight of African Americans.
It was formed mainly by middle-aged white individuals who had been disillusioned by the Vietnam War.
The New Left was relatively racially diverse.
The New Left was generally uninterested in the Vietnam War.
Relatively few members of the New Left were communists.
The New Left was relatively racially diverse
274
Students for a Democratic Society was formed
## Footnote
primarily by college students from prestigious universities.
to protest the Vietnam War.
in reaction to the Kennedy assassination.
as a branch of the Democratic Party.
to support civil rights efforts in the South.
primarily by college students from prestigious universities
275
In 1964, a dispute broke out at the University of California at Berkeley over
## Footnote
the cost of tuition and student housing.
the military draft.
the rights of students to engage in free speech.
corporate influence on the university's military research projects.
the question of graduate student unionization.
the rights of students to engage in free speech
276
In the 1960s, the radical group known as "Weathermen"
## Footnote
expressed their ideas in a manifesto known as the Port Huron Statement.
seized administration offices at Columbia University.
reflected the attitudes of a majority of college students at major universities.
were involved in college bombings that claimed several lives.
targeted SDS meetings as sites of un-American activity.
were involved in college bombings that claimed several lives
277
Throughout the late 1960s,
## Footnote
deferments for the military draft increased.
opposition in the United States to the Vietnam War intensified.
no American refused induction; instead, thousands fled to Canada and Sweden.
both deferments for the military draft increased, and opposition in the United States to the Vietnam War intensified.
None of these answers is correct.
opposition in the United States to the Vietnam War intensified
278
In the 1960s, the youth counterculture
## Footnote
rejected the complaints of the "beats" of the 1950s.
was really little more than a change in clothing styles.
sought to overthrow the U.S. government through an armed revolution.
was openly scornful of the values and conventions of American middle-class society.
attempted to differentiate itself from the stereotype of the "hippie."
was openly scornful of the values and conventions of American middle-class society
279
In the 1960s, the aspect of popular culture most strongly embraced by the counterculture was
## Footnote
Television.
Music.
Movies.
Literature.
sports.
Music
280
The 1969 Woodstock music festival was
## Footnote
held to establish cooperatives based on the principles of communal living.
organized as a rally in protest to the Vietnam War.
designed make amends for the events of Altamont four months earlier.
formed to help heal the cultural divisions within American society.
a powerful symbol of the ideals of the counterculture philosophy.
a powerful symbol of the ideals of the counterculture philosophy
281
In the 1950s, the federal "termination" policy as applied to American Indians sought to
## Footnote
withdraw all official recognition of the tribes as legal entities.
keep American Indians largely confined to rural areas.
enforce the tribal reservation system.
break up militant tribes.
restore tribal autonomy.
withdraw all official recognition of the tribes as legal entities
282
The 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose called for
## Footnote
a reassessment of current assimilation practices.
"affirmative action" for Native Americans.
the removal of whites from Indian reservations.
a complete separation from the society of the United States.
the right of Indians to choose their own way of life.
the right of Indians to choose their own way of life
283
In the late 1960s and early 1970s all of the following occurred due to American Indian activism, EXCEPT
## Footnote
Congress granting to reservations "independent nation" status within the United States.
Indians fighting for old treaty fishing rights in Washington State.
Indians occupying Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay.
Congress passing an Indian Civil Rights Act.
the appointment of a Mohawk-Sioux as Nixon's commissioner of Indian affairs.
Congress granting to reservations "independent nation" status within the United States
284
Founded in 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM)
## Footnote
drew all of its support from tribal reservations.
disbanded after the passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act.
focused on militant action.
vehemently opposed the idea of intertribal action.
emphasized assimilation into larger American society.
focused on militant action
285
In 1973, American Indian activists occupied the old Indian battle site of
## Footnote
Wounded Knee.
Little Bighorn.
Horseshoe Bend.
Fallen Timbers.
Sand Creek.
Wounded Knee
286
Between 1960 and 1970, the Latino population of the United States
## Footnote
rose by 25 percent.
rose by 50 percent.
Doubled.
Tripled.
sextupled.
Tripled
287
All of the following statements regarding Latinos in the United States are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
by the late 1960s, Mexican Americans were one of the largest population groups in the West.
large numbers of Central American immigrants arrived in the U.S. in the 1980s.
Cuban immigrants in the 1980s were more well-to-do than their counterparts in the 1960s.
in 1953, the government launched what it called Operation Wetback to deport illegals.
Puerto Rican migrants established a large community in New York City.
Cuban immigrants in the 1980s were more well-to-do than their counterparts in the 1960s
288
The 1969 "Stonewall Riot" is associated with the civil rights movement for
## Footnote
Women.
Homosexuals.
African Americans.
Hispanic Americans.
Native Americans.
Homosexuals
289
By the early 1990s, gay men and lesbians in the United States
## Footnote
were experiencing a powerful backlash from within American society.
achieved many of the same milestones that other minority groups had attained in earlier decades.
saw some openly gay politicians win election to public office.
were making slow, halting progress in achieving laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual preference.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
290
Betty Friedan's 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique,
## Footnote
described why women had found success and satisfaction in postwar America.
detailed the many problems confronting single mothers.
argued against women placing children before their careers.
encouraged women to remain single in order to maintain their independence.
gave a voice to a reemerging women's rights movement.
gave a voice to a reemerging women's rights movement
291
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
## Footnote
gave women equal pay for equal work.
led to the creation of the National Organization of Women.
resulted in the creation of the President's Commission on the Status of Women.
was amended for the benefit of women.
made no mention of gender discrimination in its final form.
was amended for the benefit of women
292
Early during the feminist movement, the National Organization of Women focused its efforts on
## Footnote
changing the traditional concepts of women in the home.
addressing the needs of women in the workplace.
abortion rights.
helping poor and minority women.
passing the Equal Rights Amendment.
addressing the needs of women in the workplace
293
Sandra Day O'Connor, the first female Supreme Court justice, was named to the court by
## Footnote
Jimmy Carter.
Ronald Reagan.
George H. W. Bush.
Bill Clinton.
George W. Bush.
Ronald Reagan
294
In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment
## Footnote
was strongly opposed by some women.
was passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification.
seemed almost certain to be ratified.
had been promoted since the 1920s by some feminists.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
295
The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973)
## Footnote
made abortion legal for the first time in the history of the United States.
enabled women to obtain an abortion during any point of a pregnancy.
initially applied only to pregnancies resulting from rape or abuse.
invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the second trimester.
was based on a new legal interpretation of privacy rights.
was based on a new legal interpretation of privacy rights
296
Ecology rests primarily on the assumption that nature should be preserved
## Footnote
for its beauty.
because it was divinely created.
because humans need to maintain the interrelated balance of life.
because humans need a spiritual connection with the natural world.
because American democracy flourishes when the land is plentiful and healthy.
because humans need to maintain the interrelated balance of life
297
Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring helped launch the modern environmental movement by focusing on problems concerning
## Footnote
nuclear energy.
Pesticides.
pollution in the oceans.
the destruction of forests.
global warming.
Pesticides
298
"Earth Day" in 1970 was
## Footnote
an effort to protect the environment from commercial development.
organized by American manufacturers of garden supplies.
an example of the popularization of environmentalism.
characterized by protests and confrontations between opposing sides.
only celebrated by members of the radical counterculture.
an example of the popularization of environmentalism
299
The Environmental Protection Agency was created in ________ when ________ signed the National Environmental Protection Act into law.
## Footnote
1963; John F. Kennedy
1966; Lyndon Johnson
1970; Richard Nixon
1974; Gerald Ford
1977; Jimmy Carter
1970; Richard Nixon
300
The intent of President Richard Nixon's "Vietnamization" policy was to
## Footnote
expand the war effort to all parts of Vietnam.
have the South Vietnamese military do more of the fighting.
declare an immediate end to the conflict.
expand the war effort to all parts of Indochina.
concentrate American military power on destroying the NLF.
have the South Vietnamese military do more of the fighting
301
By the end of their first year in office, Nixon and Kissinger had concluded that the most effective way to tip the military balance in America's favor was to
## Footnote
install a pro-American regime under General Lon Diem.
destroy military bases in Cambodia.
have the Congress repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
"surge" 30,000 additional ground combat forces in the Mekong Delta.
All these answers are correct.
destroy military bases in Cambodia
302
In April 1970, the antiwar movement was recharged by
## Footnote
the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.
the shooting deaths of students at Kent State.
revelations regarding the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
the newspaper publication of the My Lai massacre.
the publication of the Pentagon Papers.
the U.S. invasion of Cambodia
303
The so-called Pentagon Papers
## Footnote
were suppressed by the Nixon administration until after the Vietnam War.
revealed the government had misled the public regarding the progress of the war.
indicated President Nixon had used the IRS to harass leaders of the antiwar movement.
showed that American operatives in Vietnam had carried out political assassinations.
revealed that the government had tried to cover up American involvement in the My Lai massacre.
revealed the government had misled the public regarding the progress of the war
304
The killing of South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers in the village of My Lai
## Footnote
was not learned about until years after the war had ended.
did not result in any convictions of Americans who took part.
attracted little public attention in the wake of the Cambodian invasion and the Pentagon Papers.
was not learned about until years after the war had ended, and did not result in any convictions of Americans who took part.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
305
In 1969, President Richard Nixon believed an American withdrawal from Vietnam would
## Footnote
harm America's honor and "credibility."
enhance his public standing in the United States and the world.
silence his critics.
allow the nation to have "peace with honor."
force North Vietnam to live up to its promises regarding South Vietnam.
harm America's honor and "credibility"
306
After the 1972 election, President Richard Nixon, to prompt a peace settlement with North Vietnam,
## Footnote
allowed the opening of North Vietnamese harbors.
withdrew American forces as North Vietnamese troops left from the South.
ordered an increase in the aerial bombing of North Vietnam.
broke off diplomatic negotiations with North Vietnam.
evacuated the American embassy in Saigon.
ordered an increase in the aerial bombing of Norrth Vietnam
307
In 1972, diplomat Henry Kissinger announced that "peace is at hand"
## Footnote
after a failed North Vietnamese offensive.
right before the American presidential election.
after the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons against North Vietnam.
before the final American ground troops were pulled out of Vietnam.
right before American troops embarked on the Easter offensive.
right before the American presidential election
308
In 1972, the United States' "Christmas bombing" of North Vietnam
## Footnote
saw the United States suffer, by far, its greatest loss of bombers in the war.
resulted in a collapse of the peace talks.
dramatically altered the terms of the final peace agreement.
later drew an apology from President Richard Nixon.
avoided Hanoi for the sake of continuing peace talks.
saw the United States suffer, by far, its greatest loss of bombers in the war
309
As a result of the Vietnam War,
## Footnote
Vietnam became one of the world's richest nations.
more than 1.2 million Vietnamese soldiers died.
the United States suffered more than 500,000 killed and wounded.
Laos fell to the murderous communists of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
310
President Richard Nixon believed U.S. foreign policy should work toward
## Footnote
a bipolar world dominated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
improving governments in less-developed nations.
a multipolar international structure.
destruction of the government in the Soviet Union.
encouraging Europe to take up its own defense against the Soviet Union.
a multipolar international structure
311
President Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972
## Footnote
was designed to bring the United States closer to Chiang Kai-shek.
was opposed by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
moved the United States into a deeper conflict with the Soviet Union.
came after Taiwan was expelled from the United Nations.
aroused deep animosity from the majority of Chinese communists.
came after Taiwan was expelled from the United Nations
312
In 1972, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
## Footnote
was signed by all of the world's nuclear powers.
called for the suspension of all new nuclear weapons systems.
froze the arsenals of some nuclear missiles at their current levels.
both called for the suspension of all new nuclear weapons systems, and froze the arsenals of some nuclear missiles at their current levels.
None of these answers is correct.
froze the arsenals of some nuclear missiles at their current levels
313
In the 1970s, the Nixon administration believed the world's most volatile region to be
## Footnote
the Middle East.
Eastern Europe.
the so-called Third World.
China.
sub-Saharan Africa.
the so-called Third World
314
According to policies that came to be called the Nixon Doctrine, the United States would
## Footnote
assist in the development of friendly nations.
assume a basic responsibility for the future of friendly nations.
increase Third World contributions to shake up the status quo.
both assist in the development of friendly nations, and assume a basic responsibility for the future of friendly nations.
None of these answers is correct.
assist in the development of friendly nations
315
As part of his domestic agenda, President Richard Nixon
## Footnote
tried to end the forced busing of students to desegregate schools.
dismantled many Great Society programs.
abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity.
tried to overhaul the nation's welfare system by creating a guaranteed annual income.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
316
President Richard Nixon's proposed Family Assistance Plan included
## Footnote
a maximum six-year participation in the federal welfare system.
federal support for parental leave following the birth of a child.
free medical care to all Americans over the age of seventy.
a guaranteed annual income for all Americans.
a program to replace Social Security with private retirement vouchers.
a guaranteed annual income for all Americans
317
In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court
## Footnote
ruled that limits on campaign funding violated the right to free speech.
sharply limited government curbs on pornography.
ruled that forced busing to integrate public schools was constitutional.
declared that the application procedure for federal jobs must be open to the public.
ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional.
ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional
318
In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court
## Footnote
limited the appeals process for state convictions.
established new guidelines for capital punishment cases.
ruled that all felony defendants were entitled to a lawyer, regardless of their ability to pay.
ruled that a defendant must have access to a lawyer before being questioned by police.
sharply limited government curbs on pornography.
ruled that all felony defendants were entitled to a lawyer, regardless of their ability to pay
319
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court
## Footnote
ruled that a defendant must have access to a lawyer before being questioned by police.
required authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her legal rights.
established new guidelines for capital punishment cases.
did all of these: ruled that a defendant must have access to a lawyer before being questioned by police; required authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her legal rights; and established new guidelines for capital punishment cases.
None of these answers is correct.
required authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her legal rights
320
President Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court
## Footnote
were twice rejected by the Senate.
included the first nomination of a female justice.
culminated in the successful appointment of G. Harrold Carswell to the Court.
both included the first nomination of a female justice, and were twice rejected by the Senate.
All these answers are correct.
were twice rejected by the Senate
321
After President Richard Nixon had appointed four new justices, the Supreme Court
## Footnote
became decidedly more conservative in its rulings.
became decidedly less active.
more closely reflected the president's own political beliefs.
attempted to overturn the Warren Court decision in Roe v. Wade.
actually increased its commitment to social reform.
actually increased its commitment to social reform
322
The Supreme Court ruling in the case of Furman v. Georgia (1972)
## Footnote
overturned existing capital punishment statutes.
was upheld in the case of Gregg v. Georgia (1976.)
redefined the appeals process in death penalty convictions.
ruled that execution by hanging was unconstitutional.
favored the use of forced busing to achieve racial balance in schools.
overturned existing capital punishment statutes
323
In the Supreme Court case of Milliken v. Bradley (1974), the Court
## Footnote
handed down a decision that delighted both liberals and conservatives.
eliminated all restrictions on performing abortions.
upheld the principle of affirmative action.
struck down a plan to transfer students across district lines to achieve racial balance.
None of these answers is correct.
struck down a plan to transfer students across district lines
324
In Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978), the Supreme Court
## Footnote
limited the ability of defendants to appeal state convictions.
stopped a plan to transfer students across district lines to achieve racial integration.
ruled in favor of using forced busing to achieve racial balance in schools.
upheld the principle of affirmative action, with restrictions.
argued that limits on campaign funding violated the right to free speech.
upheld the principle of affirmative action, with restrictions
325
In the 1972 presidential election,
## Footnote
Richard Nixon won a narrow victory in the Electoral College.
George Wallace only carried California and the District of Columbia.
Richard Nixon won over 60 percent of the popular vote.
Richard Nixon won a narrow victory in the Electoral College and won over 60 percent of the popular vote.
All these answers are correct.
Richard Nixon won over 60 percent of the popular vote
326
In 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
## Footnote
refused to ship oil to all nations that supported Israel.
raised the price of oil by 400 percent.
helped to precipitate a fuel shortage in the United States.
both refused to ship oil to all nations that supported Israel, and raised the price of oil by 500 percent.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
327
In 1971, President Richard Nixon responded to mounting economic problems by
## Footnote
lowering interest rates to spur consumption.
lowering corporate taxes to spur investment.
sharply reducing the rate of inflation.
expanding the money supply.
imposing a freeze on all wages and prices.
imposing a freeze on all wages and prices
328
"Stagflation" refers to
## Footnote
falling prices and a falling inventory.
deflation and rising inventory.
flat prices, wages, and inventory.
rising prices and economic stagnation.
high taxes and large budget deficits.
rising prices and economic stagnation
329
In 1972, the Watergate scandal began with a break-in at the
## Footnote
Washington Post newspaper building.
headquarters of the George McGovern campaign.
House of Representatives.
office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist.
offices of the Democratic National Committee.
offices of the Democratic National Committee
330
In 1972, two Washington Post reporters uncovered evidence linking the Watergate break-in to
## Footnote
the Committee for the Reelection of the President.
a former employee of the Nixon White House.
a secret reelection fund controlled by White House staff.
both the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, and a secret reelection fund controlled by White House staff.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
331
In early 1973, allegations of misconduct by Richard Nixon were made by White House counsel
## Footnote
John Dean.
John Mitchell.
H. R. Haldeman.
Spiro Agnew.
John Ehrlichman.
John Dean
332
The "Saturday night massacre" refers to an event that included
## Footnote
the decision by the Supreme Court that forced Nixon to hand over incriminating audio recordings.
the confessions of the Watergate burglars.
the resignation of two key Nixon administration officials.
the departure of Spiro Agnew.
the testimony of James McCord and John Dean.
the resignation of two key Nixon administration officials
333
The key evidence in the determination of President Richard Nixon's guilt or innocence in the Watergate scandal was
## Footnote
audio tape recordings made of most conversations in the Oval Office.
eyewitness testimony from Nixon confidants in the White House.
phone records kept by Nixon's personal secretary.
Nixon's personal diaries.
journals kept by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
audio tape recordings made of most conversations in the Oval Office
334
In 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned because
## Footnote
of his involvement in the Watergate break-in.
of his involvement in the Watergate cover-up.
of his refusal to testify against Richard Nixon.
evidence surfaced that he had accepted bribes.
None of these answers is correct.
evidence surfaced that he had accepted bribes
335
The Supreme Court in the case United States v. Richard M. Nixon (1974) ruled that Nixon must
## Footnote
no longer tape conversations in the Oval Office.
turn over evidence to the special prosecutor.
be held in contempt of court.
be impeached.
resign.
turn over evidence to the special prosecutor
336
In 1974, Richard Nixon left the presidency
## Footnote
through impeachment.
through resignation.
when he was convicted of obstructing justice.
by official arrest.
when he lost a special election by huge margins.
through resignation
337
In 1974, former President Richard Nixon was pardoned by
## Footnote
the Supreme Court.
the Federal Court of Appeals.
the attorney general.
Congress.
the president.
the president
338
During the Ford administration,
## Footnote
the cost of oil rose dramatically.
the dependence of the United States on foreign oil lessened.
the national inflation rate declined after the end of the 1973 oil embargo.
the United States became the world's largest oil producer.
government spending increased and taxes decreased.
the cost of oil rose dramatically
339
President Gerald Ford's foreign policy actions included
## Footnote
replacing Henry Kissinger as secretary of state.
the signing of an arms control agreement with the Soviet Union.
shifting away from the Nixon policies of engaging China in diplomacy.
helping Israel obtain control of a large portion of the Sinai from Egypt.
attempting to secure the release of American hostages in Iran.
the signing of an arms control agreement with the Soviet Union
340
In the 1976 presidential election,
## Footnote
the Democratic Party nominated the almost entirely unknown governor of Arkansas.
President Gerald Ford faced his stiffest opposition from moderate Republicans.
the Democrats nominated a political novice.
Ronald Reagan mounted a powerful challenge against President Ford.
Gerald Ford won the popular vote but lost the election.
Ronald Reagan mounted a powerful challenge against President Ford
341
In 1976, Jimmy Carter appealed to voters by emphasizing
## Footnote
his personal honesty.
his lack of experience in federal government.
his religious piety.
both his personal honesty and his religious piety.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
342
Early in his presidency, Jimmy Carter gave priority attention to
## Footnote
federal spending and Soviet-American relations.
reform of government and education.
conservation and the environment.
passing civil rights legislation.
energy and the economy.
energy and the economy
343
On the economic front, during the Carter administration,
## Footnote
interest rates rose to their highest level in American history.
unemployment rose sharply.
President Carter broke from the tight money policy of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.
energy prices leveled off.
retail prices fell at a 10 percent annual rate.
interest rates rose to their highest level in American history
344
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter
## Footnote
fired his cabinet.
gave a national address in which he criticized the spirit of the nation.
went to Camp David for a month in the midst of an OPEC oil crisis.
fired his cabinet and gave a national address in which he criticized the spirit of the nation.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
345
As president, Jimmy Carter called for a foreign policy that stressed the importance of
## Footnote
human rights.
the environment.
Democracy.
American business interests.
free trade and open markets.
human rights
346
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter supported treaties in which the United States gave up control of
## Footnote
military bases in Okinawa.
sugar plantations in the Philippines.
the Panama Canal.
the island of Guam.
the UN Security Council.
the Panama Canal
347
All of the following foreign policy events occurred during the Carter administration EXCEPT the
## Footnote
establishment of formal diplomatic relations with communist China.
ratification of a new SALT II arms agreement with the Soviet Union.
ratification of the Panama Canal treaty.
signing of a formal peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
beginning of a Soviet war in Afghanistan.
ratification of a new SALT II arms agreement with the Soviet Union
348
In 1979, Iranians who took American hostages demanded, in return for their release,
## Footnote
a large ransom payment.
the removal of all westerners from Iran.
an end to the United States' support of Israel.
the United States' return of the shah of Iran.
the removal of all American troops from Saudi Arabia.
the United States' return of the shah of Iran
349
The crisis of American hostages being held in Iran
## Footnote
lasted over one year.
ended with a successful rescue operation by American troops.
was resolved before the 1980 elections.
both lasted over one year and was resolved before the 1980 election.
None of these answers is correct.
lasted over one year
350
In 1979, the Carter administration responded to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan by
## Footnote
convincing most of its Western European allies to boycott the 1980 summer Olympic Games.
mobilizing NATO airstrikes.
cutting off all diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
withdrawing the SALT I treaty from Senate consideration.
imposing economic sanctions on the Soviet Union.
imposing economic sanctions on the Soviet Union
351
In 1980, the "Sunbelt" region of the nation
## Footnote
contained a strong populist tradition.
included both the Southeast and Southwest.
continued to grow dramatically.
both was the most populous area of the country and contained a strong populist tradition.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
352
In the late 1970s, members of the so-called Sagebrush Rebellion
## Footnote
complained the federal government ignored the American West.
favored restrictions on new commercial development in the West.
were inclined to support liberal politicians.
portrayed the West as a victim of government control.
mobilized in favor of stricter immigration controls in the West.
portrayed the West as a victim of government control
353
In the late 1970s, the "Christian right"
## Footnote
opposed the intertwining of religion and politics.
supported the goals of feminism.
feared aggressive American military actions.
were alarmed by many Supreme Court rulings.
were losing ground as a political force.
were alarmed by many Supreme Court rulings
354
As president, Gerald Ford angered many right-wing conservatives by
## Footnote
breaking from Richard Nixon's détente policies.
praising the ideals of draft resistors in a speech.
choosing Robert Dole as his running mate in 1976.
criticizing the American military leadership in Vietnam.
appointing Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.
appointing Nelson Rockefeller as vice president
355
Proposition 13 in California, in 1978, dealt with
## Footnote
criminal sentencing.
property taxes.
affirmative action.
illegal immigration.
gay marriage.
property taxes
356
Supporters of the 1978 Proposition 13 in California successfully
## Footnote
played on the personal security fears of voters.
played on the racial fears of voters.
focused white male voter resentment on affirmative action.
separated the issue of taxes from the issue of what the taxes supported.
mobilized thousands of voters against funding for parochial schools.
separated the issue of taxes from the issue of what the taxes supported
357
In the 1980 presidential campaign,
## Footnote
Jimmy Carter promised to make substantial tax cuts.
Ronald Reagan asserted that the power of the federal government needed to be increased.
an independent candidate determined the outcome of the election.
the Iranian hostages were released on the day of the last debate.
Jimmy Carter had to hold off a strong challenge to his re-nomination.
Jimmy Carter had to hold off a strong challenge to his re-nomination
358
In the 1980 presidential election, Ronald Reagan
## Footnote
won a very slight popular vote margin over Carter.
captured an overwhelming majority of electoral votes.
won primarily as a result of third-party candidate John Anderson.
did all of these: captured an overwhelming majority of electoral votes; won a very slight popular vote margin over Carter; and won primarily as a result of third-party candidate John Anderson.
None of these answers is correct.
captured an overwhelming majority of electoral votes
359
As president, Ronald Reagan
## Footnote
had major success in redefining public policy.
succeeded in making his personality a central feature of his presidency.
faced strong opposition from a majority of policy-makers in government.
initially pledged to serve only one term.
was very involved in the day-to-day affairs of running the government.
succeeded in making his personality a central feature of his presidency
360
During the Reagan presidency, "neo-conservatives"
## Footnote
were a small but disproportionately influential group of intellectuals.
made up the majority of supporters of Reagan.
were largely concerned with the government's progressive tax structure.
were unable to effectively unite with other Reagan supporters.
believed the Vietnam War had illustrated the limits of American intervention.
were a small but disproportionately influential group of intellectuals
361
The "supply-side" economic theory embraced by President Ronald Reagan called for
## Footnote
balancing the federal budget.
the privatization of Social Security.
greater federal assistance to poor Americans.
a reduction of defense spending.
a reduction of personal and corporate taxes.
a reduction of personal and corporate taxes
362
During President Ronald Reagan's first term, the course of the American economy
## Footnote
moved from being relatively strong into a long, mild recession.
went through a severe recession that gave way to a strong recovery.
experienced a mild recession that turned into a slow and steady recovery.
remained mired in "stagflation."
experienced explosive economic growth from the start.
went through a severe recession that gave way to a strong recovery
363
Which of the following statements about Reagan's domestic policies and their effects is accurate?
## Footnote
He strengthened the enforcement of civil rights laws.
He managed to maintain domestic spending cuts that equaled increases in military spending.
He cut corporate taxes but maintained Carter-level tax rates on the wealthy.
The federal deficit grew in the first six months of his presidency, then began a long decline.
Under his direction, the Department of Transportation slowed the imposition of new safety standards on cars and trucks.
Under his direction, the Department of Transportation slowed the imposition of new safety standards on cars and trucks
364
In the 1980s, record national budget deficits resulted from
## Footnote
increased military spending.
increased entitlement spending on programs such as Social Security.
increased health care costs.
large tax cuts.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
365
The country President Ronald Reagan described as an "evil empire" in the early 1980s was
## Footnote
China.
Iran.
the Soviet Union.
Iraq.
North Korea.
the Soviet Union
366
In his foreign policy, President Ronald Reagan
## Footnote
accused the Soviet Union of sponsoring world terrorism.
honored the provisions of SALT II.
argued that armaments negotiations must be linked to good Soviet behavior in other areas.
both denounced the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT II) and honored its provisions.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
367
President Ronald Reagan argued that the Strategic Defense Initiative would
## Footnote
make nuclear war obsolete.
enable the United States to make a successful "first strike" anywhere in the world.
protect all of the United States' allies.
bring an end to communism.
bridge the "missile gap" with the Soviet Union.
make nuclear war obsolete
368
The Reagan Doctrine of opposing communism
## Footnote
resulted in a relatively passive American foreign policy.
was most frequently applied in Asia.
led the United States to intervene in several Latin American nations.
centered on weakening the Soviet Union's hold on Eastern Europe.
was substantially reworked after the 1983 Beirut bombing.
led the United States to intervene in several Latin American nations
369
Of the following, the Reagan Doctrine was most actively applied in the nation of
## Footnote
Grenada.
Cuba.
Venezuela.
Hungary.
Czechoslovakia.
Grenada
370
In 1983, the Reagan administration responded to a terrorist bombing of American military barracks in Beirut by
## Footnote
launching cruise missiles against the suspected perpetrators.
enlarging the U.S. Marines force in the city.
supporting an invasion by Israel into southern Lebanon.
establishing a special military force to fight terrorism.
withdrawing the remaining Marines.
withdrawing the remaining Marines
371
All of the following were part of the 1984 election EXCEPT
## Footnote
the Republicans making large gains in the Senate and House.
the Democratic Party choosing Walter Mondale as the presidential nominee.
President Ronald Reagan winning all but one state.
the first woman, Geraldine Ferraro, appearing on a major party national ticket.
Jesse Jackson making a bid for the Democratic nomination.
the Republicans making large gains in the Senate and House
372
The weakening of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s was encouraged by the Soviet policy of
## Footnote
Glasnost.
Perestroika.
Apartheid.
glasnost and perestroika.
perestroika and apartheid.
glasnost and perestroika
373
In the late 1980s, challenges to communist rule were LEAST successful in
## Footnote
Poland.
China.
Romania.
Czechoslovakia.
Hungary.
China
374
Regarding his view of Mikhail Gorbachev, President Ronald Reagan was
## Footnote
initially skeptical, but gradually concluded that Gorbachev was a sincere reformer.
consistently skeptical of Gorbachev.
always of the belief that Gorbachev was a sincere reformer.
initially optimistic, but gradually concluded he could not work with Gorbachev.
initially skeptical, but gradually became more openly hostile to Gorbachev.
initially skeptical, but gradually concluded that Gorbachev was a sincere reformer
375
In 1988, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev signaled his desire to change past policies by
## Footnote
renouncing his own communism.
ordering a military coup against communist hard-liners within his government.
giving the republics within the Soviet Union their independence.
releasing political prisoner Nelson Mandela after 27 years.
agreeing to a significant nuclear arms reduction treaty.
agreeing to a significant nuclear arms reduction treaty
376
In 1986, the Reagan administration suffered a serious political scandal after the White House admitted it had
## Footnote
secretly sold weapons to the revolutionary government of Iran.
secretly helped finance anti-government rebels in Nicaragua.
illegally funneled money from arms sales.
both illegally funneled money from arms sales and secretly helped finance anti-government rebels in Nicaragua.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
377
George H. W. Bush's 1988 presidential victory was primarily the result of
## Footnote
the public's disapproval of negative political advertising.
his repeated attack on his opponent as a liberal.
an overly aggressive Democratic strategy.
damaging personal revelations regarding Michael Dukakis.
public ebullience over the fall of communism.
his repeated attack on his opponent as a liberal
378
In the late 1980s, in foreign affairs, President George H. W. Bush
## Footnote
developed a cool and distrustful relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev.
moved quickly to take advantage of the collapse of communism in Europe.
expressed little interest in international activities.
moved toward far-reaching arms reduction agreements with the former Soviet Union.
rejected most arms treaties in favor of increased weapons testing.
moved toward far-reaching arms reduction agreements with the former Soviet Union
379
The recession of 1990-1992
## Footnote
was relatively mild but prolonged.
was blamed on President George H. W. Bush's broken pledge not to raise taxes.
was helped by the government's debt reduction policies in the late 1980s.
went mostly unnoticed by middle- and working-class Americans.
caused an unusually high number of bankruptcies.
caused an unusually high number of bankruptcies
380
The Gulf War of 1991 had its origins in an Iraqi decision to
## Footnote
invade Kuwait.
declare war on Iran.
fire SCUD missiles into Israel.
form a military alliance with Saudi Arabia.
build weapons of mass destruction.
invade Kuwait
381
All of the following statements regarding the Gulf War of 1991 are true EXCEPT that
## Footnote
the United States suffered relatively few casualties in the war.
the Allied ground offensive focused on dislodging Iraqi forces dug-in along the Kuwait border.
almost all Islamic and Arab nations joined a trade embargo against Iraq.
the United Nations voted in favor of American policies toward Iraq.
the Allied forces ultimately numbered 690,000 troops.
the Allied ground offensive focused on dislodging Iraqi forces dug-in along the Kuwait border
382
After the Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush's high popularity quickly faded because of his
## Footnote
inability to contain a worsening recession.
invasion of Panama.
decision to lower taxes.
admission of corruption within the White House staff.
decision not to topple Saddam Hussein's regime.
inability to contain a worsening recession
383
During the maneuvering for the Democratic Party's choice of a candidate, Bill Clinton's primary campaign benefitted from
## Footnote
his ability to draw on long experience in the Senate.
a collapse in campaign funding on the part of the Republicans.
the decision by many leading Democrats not to run.
President Bush's extreme unpopularity.
Ross Perot's third party candidacy.
the decision by many leading Democrats not to run
384
In 1992, Ross Perot made the best third-party showing in American politics since
## Footnote
John Anderson in 1980.
George Wallace in 1968.
Henry Wallace in 1948.
Robert La Follette in 1924.
Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.
Theodore Roosevelt in 1912
