Quarter 2 Flashcards
(322 cards)
1
Q
Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a
pessimistic assumption of the natural weakness of individuals.
desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change.
belief that society needed to break free from its old traditions.
fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation.
declining importance placed on religious piety.
A
desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change
2
Q
The most important and popular American paintings of the first half of the nineteenth century set out to
make realistic depictions of rural white American life.
show scenes of American aristocracy at play.
depict the Founding Fathers hard at work.
celebrate the achievements of the American military.
evoke the wonder of the nation’s landscape.
A
evoke the wonder of the nation’s landscape
3
Q
In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature
was one of growing respect and admiration.
was that American artists had little to offer Europe.
included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues.
included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism.
was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism.
A
was that American artists had little to offer Europe
4
Q
The Hudson River School of painters emphasized in their work the importance of
democratic ideals.
the yeoman farmer.
natural beauty.
realism.
the founding fathers.
A
natural beauty
5
Q
All of the following painters were associated with the Hudson River School EXCEPT
James Whistler.
Thomas Cole.
Frederic Church.
Albert Bierstadt.
Asher Durand.
A
James Whistler
6
Q
Which of the following features was NOT a characteristic of the Hudson River School?
canvases that tended to be very large in size
an assumption that America was a land of greater promise than Europe
a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment
a sense of nostalgia for a kind of nature that might be disappearing
portraits of some of the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas
A
a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment
7
Q
All of the following people helped create a distinct American literature EXCEPT
Walt Whitman.
Herman Melville.
James Fenimore Cooper.
Edgar Allan Poe.
Sydney Smith.
A
Sydney Smith
8
Q
Through novels such as The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper examined the significance of
the disorder of America’s westward expansion.
the American free-enterprise system.
religious spiritualism in America.
racism in America.
slavery in the democratic mind.
A
the disorder of America’s westward expansion
9
Q
Walt Whitman
intensely disagreed with the American transcendentalists.
rejected much of romanticism.
celebrated the liberation of the individual.
was a strong critic of American democracy.
became a strong defender of southern institutions, especially slavery.
A
celebrated the liberation of the individual
10
Q
Herman Melville’s most important literary work was
Leaves of Grass.
Moby Dick.
The Deerslayer.
“The Raven.”
Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
A
Moby Dick
11
Q
The writings of Edgar Allan Poe were
primarily sad and macabre.
mostly ignored during his lifetime.
largely focused on southern society.
acclaimed by many American writers in his time.
completely ignored in Europe after his death.
A
primarily sad and macabre
12
Q
Southern writers such as Augustus B. Longstreet, Joseph G. Baldwin, and Johnson J. Hooper
focused on the lives of aristocrats.
romanticized the institution of slavery.
brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature.
developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people.
None of these answers is correct.
A
developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people
13
Q
Transcendentalists
rejected European intellectuals.
regarded reason to be the most important human faculty.
argued that emotional responses inhibited the internal development of individuals.
believed all individuals should develop their intellectualism.
argued for the liberating potential of “understanding.”
A
regarded reason to be the most important human faculty
14
Q
The transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson
believed American thinkers should be allied with European intellectuals.
asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment.
was a leading critic of the American political system.
asserted that organized religion served no useful purpose in society.
remained a deeply religious clergyman throughout his life.
A
asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment
15
Q
The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau
was more conventional in his thinking than Ralph Waldo Emerson.
felt every individual should balance society’s expectations with one’s own instincts.
argued that being part of society helped individuals to transcend their egotism.
established a college for transcendentalism at Walden Pond.
argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States.
A
argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States
16
Q
The transcendentalist movement
anticipated the environmental protection movement of the twentieth century.
understood the interconnectedness of species.
made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment.
understood the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment.
None of these answers is correct.
A
anticipated the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment
17
Q
The goal of the 1840s community experiment known as Brook Farm was partly to
create a society where individuals did not have to work.
allow individuals to live without any social limits on their behavior.
eliminate social sexual discrimination through the practice of celibacy.
help individuals link the world of the intellect to the world of instinct and nature.
show that communal living was more efficient and productive than family life.
A
help individuals link the world of the intellect to the world of instinct and nature
18
Q
Who among the following was NOT a participant in American communal living?
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Walt Whitman
George Ripley
John Humphrey Noyes
Robert Owen
A
Walt Whitman
19
Q
One of the most enduring of the pre-Civil War utopian colonies was
Oneida.
New Harmony.
Brook Farm.
Walden.
Nauvoo.
A
Oneida
20
Q
In redefining gender roles, the experimental 1840s Oneida Community
put women in charge of all major aspects of the community.
was a controversial experiment in “free love.”
demanded celibacy from all its participants.
carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women.
put fathers in charge of child-rearing and taking care of the home.
A
carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women
21
Q
Which of the following was arguably the most distinctive feature of Shakerism?
the admittance of women only
communal raising of children
polygamy
free love
complete celibacy
A
complete celibacy
22
Q
Shaker societies
asserted that God was female.
established most of their communities in the South.
saw women exercise more power than men.
first began in the United States in the 1840s.
were eventually forced to move to Utah.
A
saw women exercise more power than men
23
Q
Mormonism
believed in human perfectibility.
emphasized individual liberty.
was founded by Brigham Young.
began in the Midwest.
always rejected polygamy.
A
believed in human perfectability
24
Q
Which statement about Mormonism is FALSE?
Its founder was murdered.
It developed a very fluid, loose social structure.
Early Mormons practiced polygamy.
The first Mormons were generally marginally poor.
Early Mormons met with much persecution from their neighbors.
A
It developed a very fluid, loose social structure
25
Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalists
## Footnote
sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism.
believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation.
took the lead in the cause to end slavery.
argued that personal salvation could be achieved by individual effort.
believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements.
argued that personal salvation could be achieved by individual effort
26
In the 1840s, the organized movement against drunkenness in the United States
## Footnote
linked alcohol to crime and poverty.
grew largely out of immigrant communities.
was actively opposed by a large majority of Americans.
remained a minor social movement.
spent much of its time and resources battling evangelical Protestants.
linked alcohol to crime and poverty
27
In the 1830s and 1840s, cholera epidemics in the United States
## Footnote
were transmitted to humans by fleas living on rats.
led many cities to build water treatment facilities.
were diminished, as physicians gained a basic understanding of bacteria.
typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease.
None of these answers is correct.
typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease
28
According to the nineteenth-century "science" of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual's skull?
## Footnote
life expectancy
likelihood of succumbing to infectious diseases
future earning potential
chances of having children
character and intelligence
character and intelligence
29
During the nineteenth century, the largest obstacle to improved medical care in America was the
## Footnote
absence of regulations in the medical profession.
absence of basic knowledge about disease.
low social status of medical professionals.
difficulty of medical experimentation.
apathy of the general population towards preventive health.
absence of basic knowledge about disease
30
In the 1840s in the United States, an initial understanding of germ theory was developed by
## Footnote
Edward Jenner.
William Morton.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
James Warren.
Ignaz Semmelweis.
Oliver Wendell Holmes
31
Prior to 1860, public education in the United States
## Footnote
did not exist.
gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world.
was legally denied for all non-whites.
was funded by the federal government.
emphasized independence and creativity.
gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world
32
The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote
## Footnote
capitalism.
democracy.
racial equality.
economic equality.
Christianity.
democracy
33
The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill was
## Footnote
Susan B. Anthony.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Lucretia Mott.
Angelina Grimke.
Dorothea Dix.
Dorothea Dix
34
Prior to 1860, prison reform in the United States
## Footnote
included the practice of solitary confinement.
led to widespread calls to end capital punishment.
focused on punishment, not on rehabilitation.
began largely in the West and spread to the East.
decried the racial bias of the judicial system.
included the practice of solitary confinement
35
The nineteenth-century practice of placing American Indians on reservations was partially designed to
## Footnote
integrate Indians with white society.
create sovereign nations within U.S. territory so that Indians could negotiate with other nations.
allow Indians to develop to a point where they would not need to assimilate into white society.
allow them to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society.
None of these answers is correct.
allow them to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society
36
In 1840, one catalyst for an American feminist movement was a London convention that dealt with
## Footnote
woman suffrage.
prostitution.
the abolition of slavery.
temperance.
prison reform.
the abolition of slavery
37
The 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, convention on women's rights
## Footnote
issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence.
asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from that of men.
refused to allow men to attend.
called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality.
shied away from demanding female suffrage, as this was too radical at the time.
issued a manifesto patterened after the Declaration of Independence
38
Prior to the Civil War, the religious denomination most active in feminism was the
## Footnote
Baptists.
Quakers.
Presbyterians.
Unitarians.
Methodists.
Quakers
39
Which of the following nineteenth-century leaders is primarily known for her pioneering work in the American feminist movement?
## Footnote
"Mother" Ann Lee
Harriet Tubman
Sojourner Truth
Rachel Eaton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
40
In the early nineteenth century, the American Colonization Society
## Footnote
was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery.
called for an immediate end to slavery.
opposed the idea of compensation for owners who freed their slaves.
carried out a large-scale resettlement of freed slaves.
was strongly supported by American blacks.
was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery
41
The American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to
## Footnote
the Caribbean.
Liberia.
Angola.
England.
Canada.
Liberia
42
William Lloyd Garrison believed the abolitionist movement should
## Footnote
stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites.
seek the gradual elimination of slavery.
demand freedom for slaves, but deny them citizenship.
organize slave rebellions throughout the American South.
join forces with the more established American Colonization Society.
stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites
43
Prior to the Civil War, free blacks in the North tended to be
## Footnote
deeply antagonistic toward William Lloyd Garrison.
indifferent to slavery in the South.
anxious to leave the United States.
in favor of the "back to Africa" movement.
strongly opposed to southern slavery.
strongly opposed to southern slavery
44
The black abolitionist who called for uncompromising opposition to and a violent overthrow of slavery in his 1829 pamphlet was
## Footnote
William Lloyd Garrison.
Frederick Douglass.
Elijah Lovejoy.
Benjamin Lundy.
David Walker.
David Walker
45
Frederick Douglass
## Footnote
was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth.
wrote for William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper.
spent years lecturing in England against slavery.
was an ordained minister.
argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality.
spent years lecturing in England against slavery
46
In the 1830s, abolitionists in the United States constituted
## Footnote
a small percentage of the national population.
approximately one-quarter of the national population.
the majority of the population in the North.
the largest reform movement in the nation.
approximately one-third of the national population.
a small percentage of the national population
47
One leading abolitionist who was murdered for his activism was
## Footnote
William Lloyd Garrison.
Frederick Douglass.
Sojourner Truth.
Benjamin Lundy.
Elijah Lovejoy.
Elijah Lovejoy
48
In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were divided
## Footnote
by radicals and moderates within their ranks.
over whether or not to use violence.
by calls for northern and southern separation.
over the question of free-soil, colonization, or full emancipation.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
49
In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against
## Footnote
equality for women.
defensive wars.
ending the asylum system.
northern disunion from the South.
extreme pacifism.
defensive wars
50
The Supreme Court ruling in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
## Footnote
prohibited the interstate slave trade.
led to the passage of "personal liberty laws."
angered abolitionists.
abolished slavery in the District of Columbia.
forced state officials to assist in the capture of runaways.
led to the passage of "personal liberty laws"
51
Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty Party
## Footnote
supported the rights of slave owners.
opposed the admission of California into the Union in 1850.
promoted "free soil."
focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws.
campaigned for outright abolition.
promoted "free soil"
52
The effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin on the nation was to
## Footnote
spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience.
reveal the ugly extent of the vicious slave trade to America.
ignite such anger in the South that several states soon seceded from the Union.
offer the first written history of American slavery.
help humanize southern slaveholders in the minds of northern readers.
spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience
53
Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT that
## Footnote
the United States was destined by God and history to expand in size.
the United States should create a vast new "empire of liberty."
United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada.
the growth of the United States was not selfish but altruistic.
None of these answers is correct, as all of these were beliefs encompassed by the ideology of Manifest Destiny.
United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada
54
In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United States
## Footnote
enjoyed considerable political support.
found their greatest support in the "penny press."
warned it would increase the controversy over slavery.
warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes.
All these answers are correct.
warned it would increase the controversy over slavery
55
President James K. Polk
## Footnote
entered office with very few concrete plans about what he wanted to achieve.
helped his candidacy for office by expressing a desire to re-annex Texas.
had not held any significant electoral office before becoming president.
opposed the occupation of Oregon.
was generally a pacifist, but was ultimately pushed into faster occupation of the West.
helped his candidacy for office by expressing a desire to re-annex Texas
56
In the 1820s, most of the settlers from the United States who migrated to Texas were
## Footnote
white southerners and their slaves.
white northerners.
free blacks.
Far West whites.
recently-arrived European immigrants.
white southerners and their slaves
57
In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico
## Footnote
consistently opposed American immigration into Texas.
consistently favored American immigration into Texas.
remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas.
moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas.
moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas.
moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas
58
In 1836, an attack by Mexican forces on the Alamo mission
## Footnote
saw the American garrison executed after it had surrendered.
saw the death of Davy Crockett.
began the Mexican War.
led Americans in Texas to proclaim their independence from Mexico.
was a surprising victory for American forces in Texas.
saw the death of Davy Crockett
59
In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto
## Footnote
was a victory for General Santa Anna.
saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops.
resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin.
led to independence for Texas.
saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner.
led to independence for Texas
60
In 1836, Texas did not immediately join the United States in part because
## Footnote
Congress feared that giving statehood to Texas might lead to war with Mexico.
the American leadership in Texas delayed in applying for statehood.
President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions.
England had forged its own political ties to Texas.
Texas settlers overwhelmingly did not want to be part of the United States.
President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions
61
In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest
## Footnote
remained the center of the French fur-trading empire.
was primarily occupied by Great Britain.
contained many more English settlers than Americans.
was of little interest to the American government.
included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease.
included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease
62
Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generally
## Footnote
relatively young people who traveled in family groups.
over the age of thirty.
from the eastern seaboard states.
wealthy.
domestic servants and prostitutes.
relatively young people who traveled in family groups
63
Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails?
## Footnote
Independence, Missouri
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Ames, Iowa
St. Louis, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Independence, Missouri
64
Between 1840 and 1860, most migrants traveling west on the overland trails
## Footnote
experienced frequent Indian attacks, which was a leading cause of death.
usually faced trips that lasted between two to three months.
rode in wagons much more than they walked on foot.
found the journey to be a very collective experience.
saw men generally working harder during the trip than women.
found the journey to be a very collective experience
65
The presidential election of 1844
## Footnote
was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren.
was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists.
was won by a Democrat.
saw a northerner win the presidency.
was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler.
was won by a Democrat
66
In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of
## Footnote
Oregon.
Texas.
Cuba.
Oregon and Texas.
Cuba and Texas.
Oregon and Texas
67
As president, James K. Polk
## Footnote
sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute.
refused the Texas claim to territory that included much of modern New Mexico.
convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54°40ʹ parallel.
won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
68
In 1845, the immediate cause of war with Mexico was
## Footnote
a dispute over territory.
tariffs.
Mexico's debt to the United States.
the issue of slavery.
the Alamo.
a dispute over territory
69
The Mexican War resulted in large part from
## Footnote
the United States provoking Mexico to fight.
Mexico provoking the United States to fight.
Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces.
Mexican forces attacking Americans in California.
Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces
the United States provoking Mexico to fight
70
During the Mexican War,
## Footnote
President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico.
American settlers in California staged a revolt with the help of the United States navy.
victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated.
the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico.
President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives.
American settlers in California staged a revolt with the help of the United States navy
71
The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was
## Footnote
Zachary Taylor's taking of Monterrey.
the Bear Flag revolution in California.
Stephen Kearny's capture of Santa Fe.
Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City.
Nicholas Trist's diplomatic maneuvering.
Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City
72
Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States
## Footnote
officially acquired only Texas.
gave up rights to California (for a time) in exchange for New Mexico and Texas.
established an open border with Mexico.
established an American protectorate over Mexico.
agreed to pay millions to Mexico.
agreed to pay millions to Mexico
73
When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he
## Footnote
readily accepted the treaty.
faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico.
angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions.
made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City.
became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories.
angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions
74
In the 1840s, regional critics of President James K. Polk claimed his policies favored the
## Footnote
North.
South.
East.
West.
Northwest.
South
75
The Wilmot Proviso
## Footnote
banned all slavery west of the Mississippi River.
passed in the House and was signed into law.
overturned the Missouri Compromise.
was an appropriation to pay for peace with Mexico.
prohibited slavery in any land acquired from Mexico.
prohibited slavery in any land aquired from Mexico
76
When it came to the issue of the extension of slavery, President James K. Polk favored
## Footnote
an extension of the Missouri Compromise.
popular sovereignty.
free soil.
abolitionism.
the Wilmot Proviso.
an extension of the Missouri Compromise
77
In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the
## Footnote
Liberty Party.
Know-Nothing Party.
Free-Soil Party.
Republican Party.
Whig Party.
Free-Soil Party
78
In the California gold rush,
## Footnote
most of the participants were seasoned miners.
a majority of the participants found some quantities of gold.
upwards of ninety-five percent of the "Forty-niners" were men.
few of the participants ended up staying in California.
Chinese immigrants who arrived were unable to find work.
upwards of ninety-five percent of the "Forty-niners" were men
79
The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush
## Footnote
typically planned to remain permanently in the state.
usually came with their families.
more often worked as merchants than miners.
had aspirations similar to those of American participants.
found themselves banned from working in the mines.
had aspirations similar to those of American participants
80
As a result of the gold rush, by 1850,
## Footnote
Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve.
California had a large surplus of labor.
California had a very diverse population.
California had a population larger than any state in the Union.
California became virulently antislavery.
California had a very diverse population
81
In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California
## Footnote
as a free state.
as a slave state.
with no determination on the issue of slavery.
as a territory.
as two separate states, one slave and one free.
as a free state
82
The admission of California into the United States was a divisive national issue because
## Footnote
westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before California.
California's entry would upset the nation's numerical balance of free and slave states.
most Californians opposed entry into the United States.
California adopted a constitution that allowed slavery.
lawmakers believed California gold would upset the currency and cause inflation.
California's entry would upset the nation's numerical balance of free and slave states
83
During the debate on the Compromise of 1850,
## Footnote
Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise.
John C. Calhoun called for southern secession if California were admitted as a free state.
Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state.
Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate.
President Zachary Taylor suddenly died.
President Zachary Taylor suddenly died
84
The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the admission of California
## Footnote
as a slave state.
along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act.
along with an agreement to construct a transcontinental railroad.
with the agreement that there would be no additional states added for ten years.
as a free state, along with Utah and New Mexico as slave states.
along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act
85
The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act
## Footnote
intensified the debate over slavery.
upset southerners as much as northerners.
was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise.
upset southerners as much as northerners, but was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise.
None of these answers is correct.
intensified the debate over slavery
86
In the election of 1852,
## Footnote
neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.
the Free-Soil Party gained strength.
the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate.
the Whigs were united.
the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.
the Free-Soil Party gained strength
87
In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some northern states
## Footnote
called for secession from the South.
proposed a national referendum on the slave issue.
passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves.
forbid fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state.
began actively funding the underground railroad.
passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves
88
In the 1850s, the "Young America" movement
## Footnote
called for a national resolution of the slave controversy.
supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world.
was promoted by Whigs.
called for a constitutional ban on slavery.
believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion.
supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world
89
The 1854 Ostend Manifesto
## Footnote
enraged southern slaveowners.
was directed at limiting England's influence in the Caribbean.
was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba.
saw several European powers denounce American slavery.
prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands.
was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba
90
In the 1850s, the issue of slavery complicated the proposal to build a transcontinental railroad, as
## Footnote
it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor.
non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route.
British banks refused to help fund the project as long as slavery existed in the United States.
it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor, and British banks refused to help fund the projects as long as slavery existed in the U.S.
None of these answers is correct.
non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route
91
The 1853 Gadsden Purchase
## Footnote
temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South.
was made with England.
advanced the cause of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.
fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War.
cost the United States government $25 million.
advanced the cause of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad
92
Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE?
## Footnote
It divided and destroyed the Whig Party.
It led to the creation of the Republican Party.
It created two new territories.
It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise.
It was sponsored by Henry Clay.
It was sponsored by Henry Clay
93
The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the
## Footnote
Republican Party.
Know-Nothings.
Populist Party.
Abolitionist Party.
Jayhawk Party.
Republican Party
94
In the mid-1850s, the struggle over Kansas saw
## Footnote
President Franklin Pierce oppose pro-slavery settlers in the territory.
John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers.
the Missouri legislature ban its own citizens from entering Kansas.
federal troops take military control of the region.
a large antislavery posse sack the pro-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.
John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers
95
The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate
## Footnote
was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given.
was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives.
was strongly condemned in the South.
resulted in Sumner's death from his injuries weeks later.
All these answers are correct.
was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives
96
The ideology of Free-Soil included
## Footnote
opposition to the expansion of slavery.
a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible.
the use of military force to suppress slavery.
the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks.
an argument for black male suffrage.
opposition to the expansion of slavery
97
Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT that
## Footnote
southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers.
blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves.
slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully.
black codes protected slaves from abuse.
the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world.
black codes protected slaves from abuse
98
In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery was
## Footnote
likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years.
a "necessary evil."
a "positive good."
likely to end in the United States within fifty years.
the "American way of life."
a "positive good"
99
The first Republican candidate for president was
## Footnote
James Buchanan.
Stephen Douglas.
Abraham Lincoln.
Millard Fillmore.
John C. Frémont.
John C. Frémont
100
The election of 1856 saw
## Footnote
no significant third party in the field.
the Whig Party make a strong comeback.
the Democrats elect a young and forceful pro-slavery leader.
former president Millard Fillmore in the running.
the Republicans run against the idea of internal improvements.
former president Millard Fillmore in the running
101
The Supreme Court ruling in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) held that
## Footnote
Scott must be freed under federal law.
slaves were property unless they moved to a free state.
states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders.
the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person.
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
102
James Buchanan
## Footnote
weakly opposed the Dred Scott decision.
opposed the admission of Kansas as a slave state.
pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution.
refused to enforce the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision.
None of these answers is correct.
pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution
103
The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution was
## Footnote
twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters.
rejected, then approved by Kansas voters.
antislavery.
written by Stephen Douglas.
approved and later reaffirmed by Kansas voters.
twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters
104
Kansas entered the United States
## Footnote
after several southern states had left the Union.
as a slave state.
well after the Civil War ended.
during the administration of Abraham Lincoln.
at the same time the former Confederate states rejoined the Union.
after several southern states had left the Union
105
In the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates,
## Footnote
Lincoln called for a full and immediate abolition of slavery.
Lincoln made his case so strongly that he was elected to the Senate.
the two men agreed that a civil war over slavery was inevitable.
Douglas asserted that slavery was legal but not immoral.
Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor.
Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor
106
During the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, it became clear that Lincoln
## Footnote
believed slavery was morally acceptable under certain conditions.
was an abolitionist.
believed racial equality was feasible at the time if certain concessions were made to southern elites.
believed slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist.
None of these answers is correct.
believed slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist
107
As a result of his 1858 debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln
## Footnote
gained many new supporters outside of Illinois.
won election to the United States Senate.
came to be regarded by southerners as an antislavery fanatic.
was appointed to the leadership of the Republican Party.
was appointed to an open House seat by the Republican governor of Illinois.
gained many new supporters outside of Illinois
108
Following John Brown's 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, many southerners were convinced that
## Footnote
the raid was the isolated act of an antislavery fanatic.
Brown had been given the support of the Republican Party.
northern politicians would use the raid as an excuse to further restrict slavery.
the abolitionist movement would shortly fall into disgrace.
his execution would put a stop to northern agitation over slavery once and for all.
Brown had been given the support of the Republican Party
109
In the 1860 elections, the political party most deeply divided over slavery was the
## Footnote
Republican Party.
Know-Nothing Party.
Constitutional Union Party.
Democratic Party.
Whig Party
Democratic Party
110
In the election of 1860,
## Footnote
Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote.
the Republican political platform called for an end to slavery.
Abraham Lincoln's relative obscurity proved to be a drawback.
Stephen Douglas narrowly lost in the electoral vote.
disenchanted northern Democrats nominated John Bell for president.
Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote
111
In the election of 1860,
## Footnote
the Republicans called for a suspension of plans for a transcontinental railroad.
Stephen Douglas received a larger popular vote than Abraham Lincoln.
John Bell and J. C. Breckinridge, taken together, bested Lincoln in the popular vote.
the Republicans won a narrow majority in Congress.
white southerners concluded that their position in the Union was hopeless.
white southerners concluded that their position in the Union was hopeless
112
By the end of 1862, Union forces
## Footnote
had made considerable progress in the West.
were having little success in the East.
had closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade.
had driven Confederate forces out of Kentucky.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
113
Which of the following statements about George B. McClellan is FALSE?
## Footnote
He ran against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864.
He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
He was found to have, in Lincoln's opinion, a wholly inadequate grasp of strategy.
He served briefly as chief of staff but returned to the field in March 1862.
He was eventually replaced by General Henry W. Halleck.
He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
114
In 1860 and 1861, President James Buchanan asserted
## Footnote
that states had the constitutional right to secede from the United States.
that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union.
that he would surrender Fort Sumter if South Carolina would rejoin the Union.
that he would not resupply Fort Sumter, as it was a lost cause.
All these answers are correct.
that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union
115
In the South in 1865, as a result of the Civil War,
## Footnote
there were more women than men in some states.
large numbers of widowed Southern women married Union soldiers.
few women could find employment.
the traditional roles of women were reinforced and maintained.
women were granted the right to vote for their wartime service.
there were more women than men in some states
116
Which of the following technologies was used, but did not play a major part in, the Civil War?
## Footnote
cannons
repeating rifles
submarines
the telegraph
railroads
submarines
117
General Ulysses S. Grant
## Footnote
did not agree with Abraham Lincoln's general strategic objectives.
followed Winfield Scott as Lincoln's military chief of staff.
believed the key to victory was to capture the Confederate capital.
was ultimately succeeded by Henry W. Halleck as chief of staff of the army.
thought the main Union effort should target enemy armies and resources.
thought the main Union effort should target enemy armies and resources
118
The Union's Committee on the Conduct of the War
## Footnote
greatly interfered with the military chain of command and the conduct of the war.
was organized by President Abraham Lincoln.
limited the financial expenditures by the military.
criticized Union generals for having too many combat deaths on both sides.
was consistently opposed by Radical Republicans such as Benjamin Wade.
greatly interfered with the military chain of command and the conduct of war
119
In the course of the Civil War,
## Footnote
the ruling classes of England and France strongly opposed the Confederacy.
the English government consistently supported the Confederacy.
the French government formally recognized the Confederacy.
English textile workers thrown out of jobs came to resent and oppose the Union.
popular support for the Union was strong in England.
popular support for the Union was strong in England
120
On April 14, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered after
## Footnote
Confederate forces bombarded it.
President Lincoln chose to not resupply the fort.
Southern soldiers occupied the fort.
the fort's commander decided to join the Confederacy.
the Union commanding officer, Robert Anderson, was killed.
Confederate forces bombarded it
121
African American soldiers in the Union
## Footnote
constituted a large segment of the initial volunteers who joined the war effort.
died in combat in larger numbers than white soldiers.
were not paid for their military service.
experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers.
were allowed only to dig trenches and transport water.
experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers
122
At the start of the Civil War, the armed forces of the United States
## Footnote
saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West.
did not include a navy.
consisted of roughly 400,000 troops.
was largely made up of military draftees.
had almost entirely defected to the Confederate side.
saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West
123
The Battle of Gettysburg
## Footnote
represented the last time Confederate forces seriously threatened Union territory.
saw Union General George Meade lose nearly a third of his army.
saw Union General George Meade clearly be more aggressive than Robert E. Lee.
saw Robert E. Lee poised for victory after his attack on Cemetery Ridge.
was a Union victory, thanks to Meade having found a copy of Lee's orders.
represented the last time Confederate forces seriously threatened Union territory
124
The most important Union military commander was
## Footnote
George McClellan.
Ulysses S. Grant.
Abraham Lincoln.
William Tecumseh Sherman.
George Meade.
Abraham Lincoln
125
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House after
## Footnote
President Jefferson Davis announced the Confederate government was defeated.
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.
Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting.
President Lincoln met President Davis.
President Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces.
Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting
126
The 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act was designed to help
## Footnote
industry.
education.
banks.
railroads.
free blacks.
education
127
The Crittenden Compromise found its greatest support in
## Footnote
Republican senators.
Southern senators.
President Abraham Lincoln.
abolitionists.
the western territories.
Southern senators
128
All of the following slave states remained in the Union EXCEPT
## Footnote
Kentucky.
Arkansas.
Maryland.
Missouri.
Delaware.
Arkansas
129
The Battle of Antietam in 1862
## Footnote
led President Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command.
was a significant Confederate victory.
saw Robert E. Lee field an army twice the size of the Union forces.
both saw Robert E. Lee field an army twice the size of the Union forces, and led President Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command.
All these answers are correct.
led Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command
130
In naval warfare during the Civil War,
## Footnote
the Union blockade of the South was largely ineffective.
the Confederacy managed to build a navy equal to that of the Union.
both the Union and Confederate militaries developed ironclads.
the Confederacy devastated Union fleets with ironclad warships.
the Confederacy managed to seize key Union ports such as Baltimore.
both the Union and Confederate militaries developed ironclads
131
During the Civil War, "greenbacks" issued by the federal government
## Footnote
steadily gained in value as the war progressed.
were backed by silver.
fluctuated in value depending on the fortunes of the Northern armies.
were backed by gold.
were backed by gold and silver.
fluctuated in value depending on the fortunes of the Northern armies
132
The state admitted to the Union during the Civil War was
## Footnote
Iowa.
Minnesota.
Wisconsin.
West Virginia.
Nevada.
West Virginia
133
Politically, the Confederate constitution
## Footnote
was almost identical in many respects to the Constitution of the United States.
gave states the right to secede.
allowed states the right to abolish slavery.
gave the president and vice president four-year terms.
did not allow anti-secessionists to serve in the Confederate government.
was almost identical in many respects to the Constitution of the United States
134
The Peninsular campaign in 1862
## Footnote
saw General George McClellan plan an ambitious assault on Charleston, South Carolina.
was an example of General McClellan's conservative approach to battle.
ultimately ended in a major Union victory and signaled a turning point in the war.
saw the first Confederate siege of Washington, D.C.
All these answers are correct.
was an example of General McClellan's conservative approach to battle
135
The prominent commander who was wounded in the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863 and subsequently died from pneumonia was
## Footnote
George McClellan.
Joseph Hooker.
Ambrose Burnside.
Thomas Jackson.
George Meade.
Thomas Jackson
136
In 1861, the so-called Trent affair
## Footnote
saw the capture of Union diplomats by the Confederate government.
created an international diplomatic crisis for Abraham Lincoln.
led England to form closer political ties with the Lincoln administration.
resulted in France recalling its ambassador from the United States.
was eventually resolved with an indirect apology by England.
created an international diplomatic crisis for Abraham Lincoln
137
At the start of the Civil War, the
## Footnote
South had a massive reserve of cash.
South had more combat-age males.
South had more and better railroads.
North was unified by a commitment to end slavery.
North had a much more substantial economy.
North had a much more substantial economy
138
Which of the following federally-chartered corporations did the Union create to build the transcontinental railroad?
## Footnote
Union Pacific
Western Pacific
Central Pacific
Western Pacific and Central Pacific
Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Union Pacific and Central Pacific
139
Between 1861 and 1864, the cost of goods in the Confederacy rose by
## Footnote
200 percent.
600 percent.
1,000 percent.
3,000 percent.
9,000 percent.
9,000 percent
140
In the Battle of Gettysburg, in order to reach dug-in Union forces, General George Pickett's division had to cross
## Footnote
open country.
a broad river.
a steep hill.
thick woods.
an abandoned town.
open country
141
In the election of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln
## Footnote
emphasized the success of the Republican Party in fighting the Civil War.
won by a narrow margin in the electoral vote.
faced a Democratic opponent who was a former Union general.
proposed a truce in the Civil War.
was greatly aided by Robert E. Lee's surrender just before Election Day.
faced a Democratic opponent who was a former Union general
142
During the Civil War, as a result of new technology in weapons,
## Footnote
infantry troops began to fight standing in line formations.
the Gatling gun became the primary combat weapon.
battlefields became more organized.
organized infantry did not fight in formation.
soldiers were forced to carry rudimentary gas masks.
organized infantry did not fight in formation
143
The wartime South saw
## Footnote
an increase in the sale of cotton overseas.
numerous bloody slave revolts.
almost no black-market commerce.
a significant decline in the production of goods.
women forced out of the public sphere.
a significant decline in the production of goods
144
In his capacity as commander in chief, President Abraham Lincoln
## Footnote
argued it was essential that the laws of the Constitution be upheld during the war.
increased the size of the army without the approval of Congress.
quickly called on Congress to enact a naval blockade of the South.
moved cautiously in asserting his war powers.
waited for Congress to declare war before dispatching troops to the South.
increased the size of the army without the approval of Congress
145
Which of the following is true of Jefferson Davis's leadership?
## Footnote
Davis was helpless to make command decisions without the presence of his top generals.
Davis refused to appoint a cabinet to help him manage affairs of state.
Davis spent most of his time dealing with party politics.
Davis demonstrated few administrative abilities.
Davis attempted to strategize, make, and control all military decisions personally.
Davis attempted to strategize, make, and control all military decisions personally
146
In 1864, General William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea"
## Footnote
attempted to avoid the civilian population.
saw him face more resistance than Grant faced to his north.
never reached the Atlantic Ocean.
resulted in mass starvation among Sherman's troops.
was designed in part to demoralize Southerners.
was designed in part to demoralize Southerners
147
"Copperheads" were
## Footnote
Northerners who secretly spied for the Confederacy.
sometimes arrested on the order of President Lincoln.
largely members of the Republican Party.
intent on using the Civil War to rapidly end slavery.
strong Lincoln supporters who often suppressed dissent violently.
sometimes arrested on the order of President Lincoln
148
The Battle of Vicksburg in 1863
## Footnote
saw a quick Union victory.
allowed the North to split the Confederacy in two.
briefly revived the military hopes of the Confederacy.
was decided by a massive assault by Union troops.
put George McClellan back in good standing with President Lincoln.
allowed the North to split the Confederacy in two
149
During the Civil War, railroad transportation
## Footnote
encouraged smaller engagements with fewer troops.
in some ways acted to limit the mobility of armies.
gave commanders much more flexibility in the geographic distribution of their armies.
both encouraged smaller engagements with fewer troops, and acted to limit the mobility of armies.
None of these answers is correct.
in some ways acted to limit the mobility of armies
150
In the Confederacy during the Civil War,
## Footnote
Southern politicians were strongly united in supporting secession and the war.
formal political parties quickly developed.
President Jefferson Davis developed a reputation for reckless political action.
many Southerners resisted efforts by the Davis government to exert its authority.
the national government was almost completely impotent in its dealings with the states.
many Southerners resisted efforts by the Davis government to exert its authority
151
President Abraham Lincoln believed the main objective of the Union armies was to
## Footnote
occupy Confederate territory.
free Southern slaves.
destroy Confederate armies.
control Confederate ports.
capture Richmond.
destroy Confederate armies
152
In the Civil War, the number of deaths for every 100,000 of the population was
## Footnote
500.
1,000.
2,000.
4,000.
5,000.
2,000
153
The first state to secede from the Union, in 1860, was
## Footnote
Alabama.
South Carolina.
Georgia.
Mississippi.
Virginia.
South Carolina
154
All of the following were "Radical Republicans" EXCEPT
## Footnote
Abraham Lincoln.
Thaddeus Stevens.
Charles Sumner.
Benjamin Wade.
None of these answers is correct.
Abraham Lincoln
155
In 1861, the First Battle of Manassas
## Footnote
saw a much larger Union force oppose Confederate troops.
was a victory for the Confederates.
ended in a stalemate.
was witnessed by President Lincoln.
proved a severe blow to Confederate morale.
was a victory for the Confederates
156
Prior to becoming president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis had
## Footnote
been vice president of the United States.
called for a gradual phase-out of slavery.
begged South Carolina not to leave the Union.
called for the imprisonment of abolitionists.
been regarded as a moderate on secession.
been regarded as a moderate on secession
157
Taxes enacted by the United States Congress to help finance the Civil War
## Footnote
were strongly supported by most citizens in the Union.
allowed the federal government to avoid incurring significant debt.
kept the sale of public bonds low.
included a new income tax.
were vetoed by President Lincoln.
included a new income tax
158
The Confederate States of America was formed
## Footnote
after Texas seceded from the Union.
after eleven Southern states had seceded.
after Fort Sumter fell to forces from seceding states.
in a meeting hall in Washington, D.C.
despite the passage of the Crittenden Compromise.
after Texas seceded from the Union
159
In the Civil War, at lower levels of military command,
## Footnote
Northern and Southern commanders had markedly different backgrounds.
amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies.
professional officers on both sides were mostly Ivy League graduates.
amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies; and the professional officers on both sides were mostly Ivy League graduates.
None of these answers is correct.
amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies
160
In the Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln declared freedom for slaves
## Footnote
in the parts of the Confederacy already under Union control.
in the slave states that had remained loyal to the Union.
that joined the Union military.
throughout all states that existed as part of the United States prior to the Civil War.
in the parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion.
in the parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion
161
A major federal victory occurred in April 1862 when Union troops captured the city of
## Footnote
New Orleans.
Vicksburg.
Mobile.
Chattanooga.
Charleston.
New Orleans
162
As president, Jefferson Davis
## Footnote
deferred all major military strategy to Robert E. Lee.
created an effective central command system.
had virtually no knowledge at all of military tactics and strategy.
relied heavily on the advice of Braxton Bragg.
made clear to General Lee that he wanted to make all the basic war decisions.
made clear to General Lee that he wanted to make all the basic war decisions
163
In the Confederacy, a military draft
## Footnote
was not considered necessary until the last months of the Civil War.
never allowed for the hiring of substitutes.
compelled slaves to serve as soldiers.
aroused opposition from poorer whites for its expensive substitute policy.
forced all white males between the ages of 18 and 25 to serve for three years.
aroused opposition from poorer whites for its expensive substitute policy
164
The United States Sanitary Commission
## Footnote
was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.
helped turn nursing into a female-dominated profession.
was welcomed by male doctors.
defied the traditional stereotype of women.
banned women from working in frontline field hospitals.
helped turn nursing into a female-dominated profession
165
The Union's national draft law
## Footnote
proved to be unnecessary in the war effort.
severely discouraged voluntary enlistment.
allowed no provisions for escaping service.
saw little in the way of opposition from the public.
resulted in murderous attacks in New York City against free blacks.
resulted in murderous attacks in New York City against free blacks
166
In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln realized that volunteer state militias
## Footnote
would have to do the bulk of fighting for the Union.
could not wage an effective military campaign.
would provide all the military manpower the Union would require.
could not be counted on to serve longer than three months.
would operate as a drag on the more efficient and experienced United States army.
would have to do the bulk of fighting for the Union
167
As the Battle of Vicksburg was ending, another major battle was taking place in
## Footnote
Shiloh.
Antietam.
Chickamauga.
Atlanta.
Gettysburg.
Gettysburg
168
General Grant's Union forces attacked General Lee's Confederate forces in the month-long
## Footnote
Battle of Gettysburg.
Wilderness campaign.
Battle of Chickamauga.
siege of Vicksburg.
clash at Nashville.
Wilderness campaign
169
The Confiscation Act of 1861
## Footnote
saw the Confederate government claim the right to seize free blacks in the South.
gave Union troops the authority to seize Confederate property.
empowered banks in the Union to freeze the financial assets of all slaveholders.
declared that slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free.
abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and the western territories.
declared that all slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free
170
The U.S. Military Telegraph Corps was headed by Thomas Scott and what future tycoon?
## Footnote
John D. Rockefeller
Cornelius Vanderbilt
J. Pierpont Morgan
Jay Gould
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
171
As a supporter of land operations, the Union naval presence was particularly important on the
## Footnote
Chesapeake.
western rivers.
southern gulf.
Great Lakes.
Outer Banks.
western rivers
172
The Confederacy financed its war effort primarily through
## Footnote
selling bonds.
printing money.
foreign loans.
an income tax.
seizure of Northern assets.
printing money
173
In the final days of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln
## Footnote
insisted that the Confederacy had no legal right to exist.
argued it best to readmit the Confederate states to the Union without condition.
called on the Confederacy to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States.
met with Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia.
declared that the Confederate government must repudiate its constitution.
insisted that the Confederacy had no legal right to exist
174
At the end of the Civil War, the number of slaves that emerged from bondage was
## Footnote
about 800,000.
about 1 million.
about 2.5 million.
almost 4 million.
almost 6 million.
almost 4 million
175
In 1865, Southern blacks defined "freedom" as
## Footnote
an end to slavery.
an end to slavery and the acquisition of legal rights and opportunities that would allow them to live as did whites.
the ability to return to their ancestral homelands.
immediate representation in the U.S. Congress.
All these answers are correct.
an end to slavery and the acquisition of legal rights and opportunities that would allow them to live as did whites
176
In 1865, Southern whites defined "freedom" as
## Footnote
the right to use federal assistance to recover from the Civil War.
controlling their future without Northern interference.
the right of Southern states to remain outside of the Union.
the removal of freed blacks from their states.
monetary compensation for lost slaves.
controlling their future without Northern interference
177
The Freedmen's Bureau
## Footnote
distributed food to millions of Southern blacks.
pushed for voting rights for former male slaves.
gave forty acres of land and a mule to millions of Southern blacks.
was created to operate for only five years.
created millions of federal public works jobs for former slaves.
distributed food to millions of Southern blacks
178
As Republicans planned for Reconstruction,
## Footnote
Conservatives sought many conditions to readmit the former Confederate states.
Radicals sought a range of punishments for white Southerners.
President Lincoln suggested that no conditions be put on the former Confederate states.
they were hampered by the fact that no thought had been given to the task until the end of the war.
Moderates believed the South should be readmitted without any concessions on black rights.
Radicals sought a range of punishments for white Southerners
179
President Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent" plan for the South referred to the
## Footnote
area of land in each state that should be reserved for former slaves.
ratio of federal to state money to be spent in rebuilding the Southern economy.
ratio of federal troops to freed slaves in each Southern state.
percentage of freed slaves who must be given the vote before setting up a state government.
number of white voters required to take loyalty oaths before setting up a state government.
number of white voters required to take loyalty oaths before setting up a state government
180
The Wade-Davis Bill
## Footnote
essentially followed President Lincoln's Reconstruction plans.
was criticized by Conservative Republicans for being too mild.
sought to bring about the disenfranchisement of leading Confederates.
denied reentry into the Union by former Confederate states for 10 years.
quickly became the law of the land.
sought to bring about the disenfranchisement of leading Confederates
181
The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
## Footnote
involved a larger conspiracy to kill other members of the administration.
saw John Wilkes Booth convicted of the murder of the president.
brought a Radical Republican to the presidency.
was intended to bring Andrew Johnson into the presidency.
had been planned at the highest levels of the Confederate government
involved a larger conspiracy to kill other members of the administration
182
As president, Andrew Johnson
## Footnote
quickly sided with the Radical Republicans.
proposed delaying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.
long delayed presenting his own plans for Reconstruction.
offered amnesty to Southerners who pledged their loyalty to the United States.
argued the South should be readmitted to the Union without conditions.
offered amnesty to Southerners who pledged their loyalty to the United States
183
In the 1860s, Black Codes were
## Footnote
holdovers from the antebellum era that were repealed by Southern state governments.
passed by Congress to govern former Confederate states.
enacted by the Freedmen's Bureau to give freed blacks voting rights.
vetoed by President Andrew Johnson.
designed to give whites control over freedmen.
designed to give whites control over freedmen
184
The Fourteenth Amendment
## Footnote
ended slavery throughout the United States.
gave voting rights to all male Americans.
gave citizenship rights to all people born in the United States.
was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
was written in such a way as to appease the woman's suffrage movement.
gave citizenship rights to all people born in the United States
185
In 1867, congressional plans for Reconstruction
## Footnote
were rejected by every former Confederate state.
replaced federal military commanders in the South with civilian leaders.
granted forty acres of land to every adult male former slave.
required new state governments in the South to give voting rights to black males.
required that state legislatures ratify the Thirteenth Amendment
required new state governments in the South to give voting rights to black males
186
The Fifteenth Amendment dealt with the issue of
## Footnote
slavery.
citizenship.
cruel and unusual punishment.
income tax.
suffrage.
suffrage
187
The Tenure of Office Act
## Footnote
gave the Senate the power to appoint members of the president's cabinet.
was designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority.
was roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
was both designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority and roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
None of these answers is correct.
was designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority
188
As a result of the Supreme Court's ruling in Ex parte Milligan, some Radical Republicans
## Footnote
reduced the number of justices on the Court.
established military tribunals in additional Southern states.
proposed abolishing the Court.
tempered many of their Reconstruction plans.
ended military tribunals in favor of civil courts.
proposed abolishing the Court
189
In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached because he
## Footnote
violated the Tenure of Office Act.
offered political opposition to Radical Republicans.
dismissed Edwin Stanton from office.
both violated the Tenure of Office Act and dismissed Edwin Stanton from office.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
190
At the conclusion of President Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial,
## Footnote
a majority of senators voted to acquit.
Johnson resigned from office just prior to the vote.
every Senate Republican voted to convict.
Johnson was convicted and then pardoned by the Senate.
Johnson was acquitted by a margin of one vote.
Johnson was acquitted by a margin of one vote
191
During Reconstruction, the term "scalawags" referred to
## Footnote
Southern white Republicans.
free black Southerners.
Southerners who moved north.
white Southerners who still embraced their former affiliation with the Confederacy.
Northerners who moved south.
Southern white Republicans
192
During Reconstruction, most "carpetbaggers" were
## Footnote
white Southerners who moved to the North.
freedmen who moved out of the South.
former confederates who moved to the West.
Northern white veterans who moved to the South.
Northern politicians who took offices in Southern states.
Northern white veterans who moved to the South
193
During Reconstruction, Southern African American officeholders
## Footnote
filled as many as five seats in the United States Senate.
were excluded from state constitutional conventions.
did not serve in the federal Congress or Senate.
rarely engaged in illegal political activities.
underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South.
underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South
194
During Reconstruction, there was a dramatic improvement in Southern
## Footnote
transportation.
education.
industry.
banking.
agriculture.
education
195
During Reconstruction, the Southern school system
## Footnote
reached 40 percent of all black children by 1876.
did not allow blacks to be teachers.
initially were not segregated.
only offered primary instruction.
barely reached any children of former slaves.
reached 40 percent of all black children by 1876
196
During Reconstruction, regarding land ownership in the South,
## Footnote
the Freedmen's Bureau distributed millions of acres of land to freedmen.
most plantations abandoned during the Civil War remained vacant.
ownership by both whites and blacks increased.
the federal government vigorously acted to confiscate land owned by former Confederates.
ownership by whites declined, while ownership by blacks increased.
ownership by whites declined, while ownership by blacks increased
197
Black sharecropping
## Footnote
represented a continuation of the pre-Civil War gang-labor system.
differed sharply from the tenant system.
usually led to economic independence.
was a very common occupation of former slaves.
involved close white supervision, which recalled the days of slavery.
was a very common occupation of former slaves
198
During Reconstruction, per capita income for Southerners
## Footnote
rose for blacks.
rose for whites.
declined for whites.
rose for blacks and whites.
rose for blacks and declined for whites.
rose for blacks and declined for whites
199
During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked
## Footnote
approximately the same number of hours as during slavery.
significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery.
more hours than had been the case during slavery.
significantly more hours than the white labor force.
significantly less hours than the white labor force.
significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery
200
After the Civil War, most poor rural Southerners relied on credit from
## Footnote
local banks.
the federal government.
Northern financial institutions.
country stores.
state governments.
country stores
201
In the South, the crop-lien system along with the burdensome credit system
## Footnote
encouraged the planting of cash crops.
nearly disappeared during Reconstruction.
led to crop diversification.
was generally imposed on blacks, but not white farmers.
saw interest rates rise as high as 20 or 30 percent.
encouraged the planting of cash crops
202
By the end of Reconstruction,
## Footnote
most Southern black women did field work.
most Southern black women played a role in the family that was very different from that of white women.
roughly half of all black women were working for wages.
most black women did not hold a job.
black women still could not marry with any legal standing.
roughly half of all black women were working for wages
203
In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
## Footnote
was nominated by both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.
won a huge victory.
entered the White House with no political experience.
relied on many of his former military advisors to join his administration.
ran against Republican Reconstruction policies.
entered the White House with no political experience
204
Schuyler Colfax, Grant's vice president,
## Footnote
was involved in a stock-fixing scandal.
was assassinated by a disgruntled former plantation owner.
opposed almost every one of Grant's policies.
was fired by Grant for incompetence.
None of these answers is correct.
was involved in a stock-fixing scandal
205
The Panic of 1873
## Footnote
began after the Southern crop-lien system collapsed.
saw Republicans call on Grant to go off the gold standard.
saw President Grant favor putting more paper currency into circulation.
began after revelations of corruption in the Grant administration.
was the nation's worst economic depression to that time.
was the nation's worst economic depression to that time
206
During the Johnson administration, the United States acquired
## Footnote
Alaska.
Hawaii.
Guam.
the Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico.
Alaska
207
The Alabama claims
## Footnote
saw the United States refuse to pay Alabama for losses incurred during the Civil War.
involved complaints by the United States against England.
ended an experiment in black landownership.
marked a renewed effort in asserting the rights of states over federal authority.
were found by the Supreme Court to invalidate Radical Reconstruction.
involved complaints by the United States against England
208
The "redeemed" governments of the South
## Footnote
were so named when Democrats took back control of the government.
suppressed the activities of white supremacists.
saw the Republican Party win control of Southern state governments.
saw an end to occupation by federal troops, and suppressed the activities of white supremacists.
All these answers are correct.
were so named when Democrats took back control of the government
209
Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871
## Footnote
was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South.
was designed to support the Black Codes.
was vetoed by President Ulysses Grant.
gave legal protection to the Ku Klux Klan.
allowed white Southerners to maintain a police state.
was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South
210
Northern commitment to Reconstruction waned as a result of
## Footnote
the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment.
the growing political strength of Democrats.
the Panic of 1873.
perceptions of black-and-carpetbag misgovernment in the South.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
211
The elections of 1876 saw
## Footnote
the Supreme Court decide the presidential election.
a Democrat become president for the first time since the Civil War.
the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected.
Ulysses Grant make an unsuccessful bid for an unprecedented third term.
the governor of New York become president.
the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected
212
As president, Rutherford B. Hayes
## Footnote
refused to make political compromises with Democrats.
promised to serve only one term.
helped to unify Republicans and Democrats.
called for a modest expansion of Reconstruction programs.
promised to take the South back from the "Redeemers."
promised to serve only one term
213
Which of the following statements about the end of Reconstruction is accurate?
## Footnote
Given the context within which Americans of the 1860s and 1870s were working, it is surprising that Reconstruction did so little.
A lack of respect for private property and free enterprise prevented any real assault on economic privilege in the South.
The president and his party proved uninterested in supporting even modest acceptance of African American rights.
The president and his party had hoped to build up a "new Democratic" organization in the South.
Many white Southern leaders sympathized with Republican economic policies in the South but could not publicly support them.
Many white Southern leaders sympathized with Republican economic policies in the South but could not publicly support them
214
After Reconstruction, political power under southern "Redeemers"
## Footnote
was very often restricted and conservative.
typically relied on raising taxes for its funding.
increased state services for the poor.
ignored the interests of industrialists.
helped consolidate the "Solid South" for the Republican Party.
was very often restricted and conservative
215
Advocates of the "New South"
## Footnote
opposed using northern capital.
discouraged white women from working outside of the home.
promoted southern industry and railroad development.
challenged the assumptions of white supremacy.
in fact advocated a return to the plantation system of the antebellum South.
promoted southern industry and railroad development
216
In the South during the last twenty years of the nineteenth century,
## Footnote
textile manufacturing increased ninefold.
southerners became more dependent on agriculture than ever.
per capita income fell sharply.
most industrial growth came from coal mining.
the average income reached 80 percent of that in the North.
textile manufacturing increased ninefold
217
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, southern agriculture
## Footnote
saw a significant diversification of its crops.
saw a decline in absentee ownership of farmland.
regained the profitability it had prior to the Civil War.
saw a deceleration of the processes begun in the postwar years.
saw the great majority of farmers live under the tenant system.
saw the great majority of farmers live under the tenant system
218
Among other ideas, Booker T. Washington
## Footnote
rejected the ideology of the "New South creed."
favored industrial over classical education.
called on the federal government to offer job training for blacks.
proposed an exodus of blacks from the South to the West.
argued that blacks spent too much time trying to impress the white middle class.
favored industrial over classical education
219
In his 1895 "Atlanta Compromise" speech, Booker T. Washington
## Footnote
called for political and civil rights for black Americans.
criticized the federal government for abandoning southern blacks.
argued that blacks should honor their African forebears.
stated that blacks should give up in seeking equality with whites.
called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation.
called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation
220
The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that
## Footnote
communities could have schools for whites only if there were no schools for blacks.
the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional.
racial segregation was legal if whites and blacks had equal "accommodations."
private institutions were exempt from laws against racial discrimination.
segregation by race in education was inherently unconstitutional.
racial segregation was legal if whites and blacks had equal "accommodations"
221
Grandfather laws established that
## Footnote
African Americans could only vote if they could prove that they had been in the United States for at least two generations.
only African Americans above age fifty could vote.
certain levels of property holdings could exempt a potential voter from a literacy test.
men could vote if they met certain property qualifications.
men who could not meet the literacy and property qualifications could vote if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction began.
men who could not meet the literacy and property qualifications could vote if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction began
222
Jim Crow laws
## Footnote
imposed a system of state-supported segregation.
attacked the problem of lynching.
led immediately to a dramatic black exodus from the South.
challenged white Redeemer rule in the South.
did not apply to public parks, beaches, or picnic areas.
imposed a system of state-supported segregation
223
By the 1890s, voting percentages in the South had
## Footnote
increased for blacks only.
increased for whites only.
declined for blacks only.
increased for whites and declined for blacks.
decreased for both whites and blacks.
decreased for both whites and blacks
224
In the 1890s, the black journalist Ida B. Wells devoted her writing to attacking
## Footnote
the legality of segregation.
restrictions on black education.
the loss of black voting rights.
the crime of lynching.
the arguments of Booker T. Washington.
the crime of lynching
225
By the mid-1840s, the American West
## Footnote
contained few migrants from the United States.
was extensively populated.
had seen the elimination of nearly all Indian tribes.
closely resembled its popular image.
was still an empty, desolate land.
was extensively populated
226
Which of the following Indian tribes was NOT found on the Pacific coast of the Far West?
## Footnote
Chumash
Chinook
Pomo
Creek
Serrano
Creek
227
In the mid-nineteenth century, the Plains Indians were
## Footnote
usually able to unite against white aggression.
not as vulnerable to disease as eastern tribes.
among the least aggressive of all American Indians.
mostly sedentary farmers.
the most widespread Indian groups in the West.
the most widespread Indian groups in the West
228
Which tribe should NOT be included among the Plains Indians?
## Footnote
Yurok
Sioux
Arapaho
Pawnee
Cheyenne
Yurok
229
Which of the following statements regarding Hispanic New Mexico is FALSE?
## Footnote
At the time of the Mexican War, Hispanics greatly outnumbered Anglo-Americans.
The Spanish had settlements in the area since the seventeenth century.
Taos Indians, allied with Navajos and Apaches, forced out Anglo-Americans until 1847.
By the 1870s, the government of New Mexico was dominated by "territorial rings" of Anglo business people and politicians.
Descendants of the original settlers engaged primarily in cattle and sheep ranching.
Toas Indians, allied with Navajos and Apaches, forced out Anglo-Americans until 1847
230
During the mid-nineteenth century, Hispanics living in California
## Footnote
lost ownership of large areas of lands.
saw an expansion in the power of californios.
attempted to revive the Spanish mission society.
joined with white Americans to drive out Indians.
increasingly became part of the state's middle class.
lost ownership of large areas of lands
231
During the nineteenth century, in the Far West the term "coolie"
## Footnote
was a description for all Asian immigrants.
was an epithet used by whites to describe members of Chinese tongs.
applied to all non-Indians who came to the Far West before the California gold rush.
was a slang term for prostitutes in mining towns.
referred to Chinese indentured servants.
referred to Chinese indentured servants
232
In the 1840s and 1850s, in the Far West, the response by white Americans to the Chinese
## Footnote
moved from initial hostility to gradual acceptance.
was one of consistent acceptance.
was one of consistent hostility.
moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility.
depended mainly on whether the white American was pro-slavery or antislavery.
moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility
233
The Chinese from California became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad in part because
## Footnote
they had no other employment prospects.
they worked for lower wages than what whites would accept.
most were experienced in railroad construction.
most were forced into working for the railroads.
their more well-established unions won the railroad contracts.
they worked for lower wages than what whites would accept
234
In the 1870s in the Far West, the largest single Chinese community was located in
## Footnote
Seattle.
Sacramento.
San Diego.
Los Angeles.
San Francisco.
San Francisco
235
Chinese tongs were
## Footnote
secret societies.
prostitutes.
community officials.
merchants.
indentured servants.
secret societies
236
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
## Footnote
resulted in the deportation of half of the Chinese in the United States.
was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
banned Chinese in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens.
was only applied in California.
had little effect on the size of the Chinese population in America.
banned Chinese in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens
237
The Homestead Act of 1862
## Footnote
gave without condition 160 acres to all settlers who would move to the West.
only applied to public lands within the borders of an organized state.
saw settlers on the Plains complain the claims were too large for grain farming.
proved to be enormously popular with western ranchers.
was expanded by the Timber Culture Act.
was expanded by the Timber Culture Act
238
By 1900, one of the three American territories in the contiguous United States that had NOT been granted statehood was
## Footnote
Arizona.
Utah.
Colorado.
Nebraska.
South Dakota.
Arizona
239
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working class in the western economy was
## Footnote
highly multiracial.
highly stratified along racial lines.
paid higher wages than workers in the East.
both highly multiracial and paid higher wages than workers in the East.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
240
In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a major western industry that relied on the East for markets and capital?
## Footnote
mining
fur trading
ranching
commercial farming
timbering
fur trading
241
Mining in the West
## Footnote
did not see any great mineral strikes until after the Civil War.
flourished until the 1930s.
saw corporations move in first, followed by individual prospectors.
kept ranchers and farmers from establishing their own economic base.
saw individual prospectors move in first, followed by corporations.
saw individual prospectors move in first, followed by corporations
242
The Comstock Lode primarily produced
## Footnote
copper.
silver.
gold.
lead.
zinc.
silver
243
Women in nineteenth-century western mining towns
## Footnote
were nearly all single when they first arrived.
had few economic opportunities outside of prostitution.
often found work doing domestic tasks.
generally worked as miners.
often greatly outnumbered the men.
often found work doing domestic tasks
244
The western cattle industry saw Mexican ranchers first develop
## Footnote
saddles.
spurs.
lariats.
leather chaps.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
245
Early in 1866, a massive joint cattle drive from Texas to Missouri
## Footnote
saw the herds suffer heavy losses.
proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets.
established a link to the booming urban markets of the East.
both proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets, and established a link to the booming urban markets of the East.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
246
The town that reigned as the railhead of the cattle kingdom for many years was
## Footnote
Sedalia, Missouri.
Abilene, Kansas.
Dallas, Texas.
Omaha, Nebraska.
Deadwood, South Dakota.
Abilene, Kansas
247
In the late nineteenth century, "range wars" in the West were often between
## Footnote
white Americans and Indians.
white American ranchers and Mexican ranchers.
white American ranchers and Chinese ranchers.
individual white American ranchers and large American ranching corporations.
white American ranchers and farmers.
white ranchers and farmers
248
In the mid-1880s, the open-range cattle industry declined as a result of
## Footnote
Indian wars.
severe weather.
disease.
competition from Mexico.
changing consumer habits in the East.
severe weather
249
In the late nineteenth century, the popular image of the American West
## Footnote
presented a heroic image of cowboys.
perceived the region to be a place offering true freedom.
was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School.
both presented a heroic image of cowboys, and was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
250
The Rocky Mountain School of painting
## Footnote
marked a sharp departure from the artistic style of the Hudson River Valley painters.
helped inspire the growth of tourism in the West.
emphasized the primitive art of Indians and other indigenous peoples.
first gained popular acceptance in the early twentieth century.
was a significant influence on the abstract art that would soon flourish in Europe.
helped inspire the growth of tourism in the West
251
In Owen Wister's novel, The Virginian (1902), the American cowboy was
## Footnote
castigated for his poor relations with Indians, Mexicans, and Chinese.
lamented as having lost his innocence and decency.
seen as fast disappearing, as urbanization spread west.
criticized for being too quick to use violence.
portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman.
portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman
252
William Cody's Wild West shows
## Footnote
showed the realities of life on the frontier.
proved to be popular in Europe as well as the United States.
did not include representations of Indians.
ignored the fact that Cody had never actually lived in the West himself.
often competed against those of sharpshooter Annie Oakley.
proved to be popular in Europe as well as the United States
253
All of the following writers and artists made significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West EXCEPT
## Footnote
Frederic Remington.
Mark Twain.
Theodore Roosevelt.
James Whistler.
Frederick Jackson Turner.
James Whistler
254
In "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner claimed
## Footnote
that the end of the "frontier" also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life.
the United States should expand its northern and southern borders into Canada and Mexico to create new frontier land.
the western wars between whites and Indians were a national disgrace.
most of the frontier land was of little practical use for Americans.
the frontier had repressed individualism, nationalism, and democracy in America.
that the end of the "frontier" also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life
255
Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians partly as
## Footnote
members of dependent states.
a natural enemy of the United States.
wards of the president of the United States.
non-humans.
citizens of the United States.
wards of the president of the United States
256
In the 1850s, the U.S. policy of "concentration" for Indians
## Footnote
set the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the century.
affirmed and continued the previous federal treatment of Indians.
had many benefits for both whites and Indians.
reduced conflicts between whites and Indians.
assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations.
assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations
257
The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth century
## Footnote
destroyed the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers.
was accelerated by the eastern fad of owning a buffalo robe.
happened almost entirely in the space of a single decade.
was fostered by the railroad companies.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
258
The Sand Creek Massacre of 1864
## Footnote
involved the killing of Indian women and children.
saw the death of Chief Black Kettle.
was carried out by George Custer.
moved Colonel J. M. Chivington to denounce the U.S. Army.
All these answers are correct.
involved the killing of Indian women and children
259
The 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn
## Footnote
took place in Wyoming.
saw the destruction of the entire Seventh Cavalry.
was a short-lived Indian victory.
marked the start of prolonged warfare in the Dakotas.
saw the Sioux united under Sitting Bull and Geronimo.
was a short-lived Indian victory
260
The Indian leader who said, "I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever," was
## Footnote
Black Kettle.
Sitting Bull.
Chief Joseph.
Crazy Horse.
Cochise.
Chief Joseph
261
In 1886, the end of formal warfare between the United States and American Indians was marked by the surrender of
## Footnote
Cochise.
Wovoka.
Mangas Colorados.
Sitting Bull.
Geronimo.
Geronimo
262
In 1890, the "Ghost Dance"
## Footnote
was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians.
honored all the Indians who had died in battle with white Americans.
marked the resumption of hostilities by Plains Indians.
was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians, inspired by the Paiute prophet Chief Joseph.
All these answers are correct.
was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians
263
In 1890 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota,
## Footnote
Plains Indians mounted their last major attack on white Americans.
the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred more than 300 Indians.
the Sioux attempted to leave the reservation for Canada.
the U.S. Seventh Cavalry suffered no casualties.
All these answers are correct.
the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred more than 300 Indians
264
The Dawes Act of 1887
## Footnote
was intended to preserve traditional Indian culture.
denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults.
was designed to force Indians to become landowners and farmers.
ended the U.S. government's effort to assimilate Indian tribes.
reaffirmed tribal ownership of western lands in the face of white claims to it.
was designed to force Indians to become landowners and farmers
265
In the late nineteenth century, the surge of farming settlement in the West
## Footnote
was composed of mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming.
was brought to a dramatic halt by a major drought during the 1870s.
was primarily the result of federal subsidies for land ownership.
spurred the development of massive irrigation projects.
was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad.
was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad
266
In the late nineteenth century, fences for Plains farms were usually made from
## Footnote
barbed wire.
stones.
wood.
sod.
brick.
barbed wire
267
In the late nineteenth century, regarding western agriculture,
## Footnote
the prices paid for American farm goods rose after the 1880s.
the reality of farming was very much like its popular image with the public.
commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so.
farmers increasingly owned the land on which they worked.
American farm families were relatively unaffected by the effects of world production.
commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so
268
The western farmers' first and most burning grievance was against
## Footnote
the railroads.
state governments.
the banks.
eastern manufacturers.
crop speculators.
the railroads
269
During the late nineteenth century, Plains farm life
## Footnote
was marked by active community life.
became increasingly profitable for most.
was generally admired by the growing urban public.
often lacked any access to the outside world.
All these answers are correct.
often lacked any access to the outside world
270
In his writings during the late 1800s, the popular author Hamlin Garland
## Footnote
romanticized agrarian life in the West.
criticized western farmers for failing to develop a stable industry.
reflected the growing disillusionment of western farmers.
argued the Plains should be abandoned by Americans.
suggested the trials of rural life refined and enlarged the human spirit.
reflected the growing disillusionment of western farmers
271
In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States
## Footnote
obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America.
faced a growing shortage of laborers.
saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.
lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market.
suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit.
saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth
272
Who among the following began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio?
## Footnote
Cyrus Field
J. P. Morgan
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
Samuel Morse
John D. Rockefeller
273
Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States
## Footnote
boomed as a result of the expanding U.S. Navy.
emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction.
largely replaced the iron industry.
resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters.
barely developed at all.
barely developed at all
274
The process of making steel developed by Henry Bessemer
## Footnote
included blowing air through molten iron.
involved adding ingredients to molten iron.
was also developed by an American, William Kelly.
included both blowing air through and adding ingredients to molten iron.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
275
The open-hearth process of making steel
## Footnote
was replaced by the Bessemer process.
was first done in the United States.
produced small quantities of high-grade steel.
made the production of large-dimension pieces possible.
was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt.
made the production of large-dimension pieces possible
276
In the United States, the steel industry first emerged in
## Footnote
Pennsylvania and Ohio.
Vermont and Massachusetts.
Illinois and Indiana.
New Jersey and New York.
Alabama and Mississippi.
Pennsylvania and Ohio
277
The Pennsylvania Railroad was created by
## Footnote
the state government of Pennsylvania.
steam engine manufacturers in the region.
the Pennsylvania Steel Company.
the Pennsylvania Steel Workers Union.
the United States military.
the Pennsylvania Steel Company
278
In the late nineteenth century, the needs of the American steel industry directly contributed to the further development of all of the following EXCEPT
## Footnote
the automobile industry.
steam engine technology.
freighters on the Great Lakes.
the Pennsylvania Railroad.
the oil industry.
the automobile industry
279
The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in
## Footnote
Ohio.
Texas.
California.
Michigan.
Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania
280
In the 1870s, the "internal combustion engine" was developed in
## Footnote
Europe.
the United States.
Asia.
Africa.
Australia.
Europe
281
In 1917, automobile production in the United States
## Footnote
was the nation's largest industry.
saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car.
saw nearly five million cars on American roads.
was almost nonexistent.
finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford.
saw nearly five million cars on American roads
282
Orville and Wilbur Wright's first successful airplane flight in 1903
## Footnote
took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
lasted just over one minute.
did not in fact take off by itself.
took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina and did not in fact take off by itself.
All these answers are correct.
took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
283
In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations
## Footnote
occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded.
led to a diversification of research interests.
developed similar research goals as in Europe.
was deemed unnecessary, since so many American university laboratories existed.
centralized the sources of research funding.
led to a diversification of research interests
284
In the early twentieth century, a principle goal of "Taylorism" was to
## Footnote
make industrial workers more independent in carrying out their jobs.
emphasize the importance of craft and quality in the workplace.
encourage industrial workers to act creatively to solve production problems.
create a large labor force of highly skilled workers.
reorganize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks.
recognize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks
285
A key to Henry Ford's success in the mass production of automobiles was
## Footnote
the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production.
a reduction in the size of his labor force.
the moving assembly line.
the training of highly skilled workers.
his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories.
the moving assembly line
286
In 1929, the base price of a Ford Model T was
## Footnote
$290.
$470.
$630.
$950.
$1120.
$290
287
Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE?
## Footnote
It included the nation's largest businesses.
It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.
It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth.
It was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization.
It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power.
It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations
288
During the late nineteenth century, the growth of large corporations was helped by
## Footnote
sales of company stock to the public.
"limited liability" laws.
the realization that great ventures could not be financed by any single person.
both sales of company stock to the public and "limited liability" laws.
All these answers are correct.
All theses answers are correct
289
Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry?
## Footnote
Henry Bessemer
Andrew Carnegie
J. Pierpont Morgan
Henry Clay Frick
James J. Hill
James J. Hill
290
The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of
## Footnote
vertical integration.
horizontal integration.
diagonal integration.
central integration.
vertical and horizontal integration.
vertical integration
291
The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of
## Footnote
vertical integration.
horizontal integration.
diagonal integration.
central integration.
vertical and horizontal integration.
vertical and horizontal integration
292
To John D. Rockefeller, the great "curse" of business in the late nineteenth century was
## Footnote
government regulation.
cutthroat competition.
the income tax.
the corporate tax.
the chronic labor shortage.
cutthroat competition
293
In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century,
## Footnote
one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing.
almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements.
federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices.
most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one.
rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up.
one percent of all corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing
294
In the late nineteenth century, most American business millionaires
## Footnote
railed against the implications of Social Darwinism.
came from financially humble origins.
were living examples of "self-made men."
had made their fortunes in the railroad industry.
began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege.
began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege
295
The theory of Social Darwinism
## Footnote
argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth.
contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth.
was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies.
was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism.
argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes.
was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism
296
In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists argued that people who failed economically in the United States did so because
## Footnote
they had not received a college education.
racism and other prejudices held them back.
they were not fit enough to survive in the market.
business wealth was concentrated into the hands of a few.
they were not members of "the elect."
they were not fit enough to survive in the market
297
In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was
## Footnote
Henry George.
Horatio Alger.
Russell Conwell.
Jacob Riis.
Herbert Spencer.
Herbert Spencer
298
According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in his The Gospel of Wealth,
## Footnote
successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased.
only pious Americans would prosper.
it was the "Christian duty" of every American to become wealthy.
the rich had great responsibilities to society.
the wealthy had earned their money through God's blessing alone.
the rich had great responsibilities to society
299
In his books, Horatio Alger
## Footnote
offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy.
took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism.
emphasized the value of personal character in business.
criticized child labor in American industry.
argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements.
offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy
300
The late-nineteenth-century sociologist Lester Frank Ward
## Footnote
suggested that industrialism was creating "organization men."
believed that government intervention in society would be harmful.
sought to apply Darwinian laws to human society.
argued that people could do little to alter the economic stratification of society.
believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society.
believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society
301
In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon
## Footnote
created the ideas of laissez-faire capitalism.
led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.
argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers.
led the American Federation of Labor.
became a strong advocate of Taylorism.
led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States
302
In the late nineteenth century, the social writer Henry George argued in favor of
## Footnote
taxing only the richest Americans.
a single land tax to replace all other taxes.
government efforts to increase land values.
heavier taxes on the raw materials of industry.
abolishing all taxes.
a single land tax to replace all other taxes
303
Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward,
## Footnote
described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth.
promoted the virtues of economic competition.
depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan.
accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy.
imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.
imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust
304
In the late nineteenth century, due to the growth of industrial capitalism, American workers
## Footnote
saw a rise in their standard of living.
experienced a loss in their control over their own work.
were forced to contend with arduous and dangerous working conditions.
both saw a rise in their standard of living, and experienced a loss in their control over their own work.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
305
During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from
## Footnote
Italy and the Slavic countries.
England, Ireland, and northern Europe.
Poland, Hungary, and Russia.
Japan and China.
Mexico.
England, Ireland, and northern Europe
306
Until its repeal in 1885, the Labor Contract Law
## Footnote
discouraged immigration from non-European countries.
prevented the formation of labor unions.
put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen.
was an attempt to reform American business practices.
mandated that each worker sign an individual contract with a company.
put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen
307
By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers
## Footnote
was about $600.
allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living.
remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
308
In 1900, regarding work conditions in American factories,
## Footnote
workers generally controlled the pace of production.
laborers could expect to work at least ten hours a day, six days a week.
job security for industrial workers had significantly increased since 1865.
while safety conditions were poor, mechanization reduced the overall rate of accidents.
first-generation workers generally had little trouble adjusting to the nature of industrial labor.
laborers could expect to work at least ten hours a day, six days a week
309
During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States
## Footnote
increased significantly.
was unregulated by laws in most states.
saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
None of these answers is correct.
increased significantly
310
The Molly Maguires were a militant
## Footnote
offshoot of the Knights of Labor.
anti-immigration organization.
woman suffrage organization.
anarchist group.
labor union in the coal industry.
labor union in the coal industry
311
The great railroad strike of 1877
## Footnote
began in the West and spread east.
saw the federal government refuse to intervene.
was launched in response to a wage cut.
saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States.
resulted in only two deaths around the country.
was launched in response to a wage cut
312
The Knights of Labor
## Footnote
was primarily a trade union.
did not allow women to join.
began as a secret fraternal organization.
focused its efforts on improving wages and reducing hours.
tried in particular to enlist support for their cause from lawyers.
began as a secret fraternal organization
313
At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by
## Footnote
Uriah S. Stephens.
Eugene V. Debs.
Henry Clay Frick.
Terence V. Powderly.
John Peter Altgeld.
Terence V. Powderly
314
Samuel Gompers was the leader of the
## Footnote
American Federation of Labor.
Molly Maguires.
Knights of Labor.
Congress of Industrial Organization.
American Railway Union.
American Federation of Labor
315
The Haymarket Square riot of 1886
## Footnote
caused massive public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers.
resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists.
took place in Indianapolis.
resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company.
was the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms
resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists
316
During the late nineteenth century, anarchists in the United States
## Footnote
were blamed for the Haymarket bombing.
were linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind.
became tied to the labor movement in the public mind.
were both blamed for the Haymarket bombing and linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind.
All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct
317
In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur?
## Footnote
steel
railroad
meatpacking
coal
oil
Steel
318
Which of the following events did NOT occur during the Homestead strike of 1892?
## Footnote
Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union.
The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers.
Hundreds of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers.
One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick.
The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.
One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick
319
The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company,
## Footnote
ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing.
referred to workers as his "children."
cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.
refused to implement an eight-hour work day.
began hiring African American workers in his factories.
cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy
320
The Pullman strike of 1894
## Footnote
saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike.
was ultimately successful for the strikers.
had little effect on rail transportation throughout the nation.
ended when George Pullman dropped his demand that workers live in company housing.
ended when Governor John Peter Altgeld called out the militia to protect employers.
saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike
321
Eugene V. Debs played a leading role in what labor event?
## Footnote
Homestead strike
Pullman strike
Haymarket Square riot
Railroad strike of 1877
All these answers are correct.
Pullman strike
322
In the late nineteenth century, organized labor failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
## Footnote
tensions between ethnic and racial groups, which divided the work force.
the opposition of powerful and wealthy corporations.
the constantly shifting nature of the workforce.
the relatively small membership of the major labor organizations when compared to the total workforce.
the total failure of state and federal governments to pass legislation that would protect the rights of workers.
the total failure of state and federal governments to pass legislation that would protect the rights of workers
