questions Flashcards
What is relative poverty, feminization of poverty, etc.
Relative poverty: unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country
Absolute poverty: being barely able or unable to afford basic necessities
Feminization of poverty: trend of increasing inequality in living standards of men and women due to the widening gender gap in poverty; informal employment, patriarchal structures, lower access to education and healthcare
What theories explain how countries are socially and economically different (world, system, Marxist, functionalist), what is brain drain?
World-systems theory: international migration is the natural result of capitalist market formation in developing world. The international flow of labor follows the international flow of goods but in opposite direction
Marxist: Core nations exploit the resources the peripheral nations (dependency theory); 1650 to 1900, Britain and France took over or colonialized other nations
Functionalist: some nations are better at adapting to new technologies and profiting off a globalize economy and when core nations locate in peripheral nations, they expand the local economy and benefit the workers
Brain drain: the migration of educated workers from one country to another
How are gender/sexuality constructed, what do they mean in different cultures, what are some gender inequalities, what do feminists say?
Gender is something humans created. Daily accomplishments categorize us into genders. Gender is not who we are but what we do; refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to female or male
Bacha Posh: Afghanistan girls pass as boys in order to bring honor to family and bring economic support; return to womanhood when woman enters puberty or parents make decision
Hijra: intersex, transgender people who live in communities that kinship system
Inequalities: women are generally paid less than men, less chances to be promoted, patriarchal structures, guilt
Liberal feminism: discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities; men and women are equally endowed with reason and intelligence
Difference fem: romanticize traditional feminism and reinforce conventional stereotypes
Radical fem: blames exploitation of women on men; separatism; patriarchy
Socialist fem: concerned with private property, capitalism, intensifies men’s control over women to ensure that inheritance is father to son
Marxist fem: capitalism is principal source of women’s oppression; disadvantaged position of women is consequence of emergence of private property and lack of ownership of means of production
Black fem: criticizes other feminism for generalizing from white, middle class experience; family is point solidarity
Postmodern fem: concerned with language between power and knowledge
How are race and ethnicity constructed, utilized for political outcomes? What is the role of institutions (censuses), stereotypes, etc.
Creation of differences always existed (barbarians, slaves)
Race is recent concept that took meaning with modernity and emergence of science (scientific racism)
Ethnicity is constructed by external social, economic, and political processes
Categories that are not natural but are created within society
Used as hierarchal identifier in political discourse and campaigns
Omi and Winant: “racial formations” process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories
What are the different theories of migration? What are some ethical questions associated with defining refugee status?
Neoclassical: human chooses optimum combination of wage rates, job security, and costs of travel; individual decision to maximize income
New economics: decisions are not made by isolated individuals but by larger units of related people (families) to maximize income; while some families can be assigned economic activities in local economy, others may be sent to work in foreign labor market. If local conditions deteriorate, rely on remittances
Network theory: when migration starts, it triggers networks that encourage more migration; kinship decline costs and risks-> social capital
Institutional theory: groups and institutions benefit and encourage migration (humanitarian and smugglers)
Five elements: outside of country, well-founded fear, persecution, ground (race /nationality, religion, political opinion), unable to seek countrys protection or to return
