Quick Notes - Module 11

Question 1

What is Direct Measurement?

Answer 1

Observing and recording the actual behaviour of interest

Question 2

What is Indirect Measurement?

Answer 2

Using proxies or reports to infer behaviour; considered less valid

Question 3

Define Topography in the context of behaviour.

Answer 3

The physical form or appearance of a behaviour

Question 4

What does Intensity refer to in behaviour measurement?

Answer 4

The energy or force behind a behaviour

Question 5

What is Latency in behaviour measurement?

Answer 5

Time from a stimulus to the initiation of a behaviour

Question 6

Define Inter-response Time (IRT).

Answer 6

Time between two instances of the same behaviour

Question 7

What is Permanent Product in direct measurement?

Answer 7

Evidence left behind (e.g., completed worksheets); measuring outcomes after behaviour occurs

Question 8

What is Automated Recording?

Answer 8

Using sensors or counters to measure behaviour without direct observation

Question 9

Define Continuous Recording.

Answer 9

Capturing all occurrences of a behaviour in real time

Question 10

What does Frequency measure in behaviour?

Answer 10

How often a behaviour occurs

Question 11

What is Rate in the context of behaviour measurement?

Answer 11

Frequency per time unit

Question 12

Define Duration in behaviour measurement.

Answer 12

How long a behaviour lasts

Question 13

What is Discontinuous Recording?

Answer 13

Sampling behaviour in intervals (e.g., partial, whole, or momentary)

Question 14

What is Partial Interval recording?

Answer 14

Record if behaviour occurs at any point in the interval

Question 15

Define Whole Interval recording.

Answer 15

Record only if behaviour occurs for the full interval

Question 16

What is Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)?

Answer 16

Record if behaviour is occurring at a precise moment

Question 17

List advantages of Continuous Recording.

Answer 17

• High accuracy * Detects small changes

Question 18

List disadvantages of Continuous Recording.

Answer 18

• Time-consuming * Constant observation

Question 19

List advantages of Discontinuous Recording.

Answer 19

• Easier to manage * Good for high frequency

Question 20

List disadvantages of Discontinuous Recording.

Answer 20

• Estimates may miss details

Question 21

What is a Small N Design?

Answer 21

Single-case experimental design focused on individual behaviour change using repeated measurement

Question 22

Define Baseline Logic.

Answer 22

Framework including prediction, verification, and replication

Question 23

What does Prediction in Baseline Logic refer to?

Answer 23

Expecting future behaviour to follow the baseline trend

Question 24

What is Verification in Baseline Logic?

Answer 24

Removing the intervention to see if behaviour returns to baseline

Question 25

What does Replication in Baseline Logic involve?

Answer 25

Repeating the intervention to confirm the effect

Question 26

Describe the Reversal (ABAB) Design.

Answer 26

Alternating baseline and intervention to test effect; Baseline–Treatment–Baseline–Treatment

Question 27

What is the purpose of the Alternating Treatments Design?

Answer 27

Quickly compare multiple interventions across sessions

Question 28

Define Multiple Baseline Design.

Answer 28

Stagger intervention across behaviours, settings, or individuals; no withdrawal needed

Question 29

What is the Changing Criterion Design?

Answer 29

Gradually adjust performance standards to shape behaviour

Question 30

What are the key factors in Visual Data Analysis?

Answer 30

* Trend * Level * Variability

Question 31

What is Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA)?

Answer 31

The extent to which two observers agree in their measurements

Question 32

What is the acceptable percentage for agreement in IOA?

Answer 32

80–90%

Question 33

How is total agreement calculated for continuous data?

Answer 33

By comparing totals

Question 34

What does the Matching Law state?

Answer 34

Behaviour aligns with the proportion of reinforcers received

Question 35

Define Generalised Matching Law (GML).

Answer 35

Adjusts for bias and sensitivity to reinforcement

Question 36

What does Herrnstein’s Hyperbola predict?

Answer 36

Absolute response rate based on reinforcer rate

Question 37

What are the mathematical principles applied in Stimulus Equivalence?

Answer 37

* Reflexivity * Symmetry * Transitivity

Question 38

What is the focus of Direct vs. Competitive Suppression Models?

Answer 38

Theories on how punishment affects choice

Question 39

What does the Scalar Property of Timing refer to?

Answer 39

Perceived time follows Weber’s Law; error grows with longer intervals

Question 40

What is the Contingency-Discriminability Model?

Answer 40

Reinforcement misattribution

Question 41

Define Scalar Timing Models.

Answer 41

Temporal distribution of reinforcer effect