Module 11 - Notes

Question 1

What is Direct Measurement?

Answer 1

Observing and recording the actual behaviour of interest.

Direct measurement is considered more valid than indirect measurement.

Question 2

What is Indirect Measurement?

Answer 2

Using proxies or reports to infer behaviour; considered less valid.

Indirect measurement relies on external indicators rather than direct observation.

Question 3

Define Topography in the context of behaviour.

Answer 3

The physical form or appearance of a behaviour.

Question 4

What does Intensity refer to in behavioural measurement?

Answer 4

The energy or force behind a behaviour.

Question 5

What is Duration in behavioural observation?

Answer 5

The length of time a behaviour occurs.

Question 6

Define Frequency in the context of behaviour.

Answer 6

The count of how often a behaviour occurs.

Question 7

What is Rate in behavioural research?

Answer 7

Frequency per unit of time (e.g., per minute).

Question 8

What does Latency measure?

Answer 8

Time from a stimulus to the initiation of a behaviour.

Question 9

Define Inter-response Time (IRT).

Answer 9

Time between two instances of the same behaviour.

Question 10

Why is measurement important in research?

Answer 10

Allows researchers to describe, compare, and predict behaviour.

Question 11

What is a Permanent Product in direct measurement?

Answer 11

Evidence left behind (e.g., completed worksheets).

Question 12

What is Automated Recording?

Answer 12

Using devices to measure behaviour without direct observation.

Question 13

Define Continuous Recording.

Answer 13

Capturing all occurrences of a behaviour in real time.

Question 14

What is Discontinuous Recording?

Answer 14

Sampling behaviour in intervals (e.g., partial, whole, or momentary).

Question 15

What does Partial Interval recording entail?

Answer 15

Record if behaviour occurs at any point in the interval.

Question 16

What is Whole Interval recording?

Answer 16

Record only if behaviour occurs for the full interval.

Question 17

Define Momentary Time Sampling (MTS).

Answer 17

Record if behaviour is occurring at a precise moment.

Question 18

What are the advantages of Continuous Recording?

Answer 18

High accuracy, detects small changes.

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of Continuous Recording?

Answer 19

Time-consuming, constant observation.

Question 20

List advantages of Discontinuous Recording.

Answer 20

Easier to manage, good for high frequency.

Question 21

What is a Small N Research Design?

Answer 21

Single-case experimental design focused on individual behaviour change.

Question 22

What is Baseline Logic?

Answer 22

Framework including prediction, verification, replication.

Question 23

What does Prediction involve in Baseline Logic?

Answer 23

Expecting future behaviour to follow the baseline trend.

Question 24

Define Verification in Baseline Logic.

Answer 24

Removing the intervention to see if behaviour returns to baseline.

Question 25

What is Replication in Baseline Logic?

Answer 25

Repeating the intervention to confirm the effect.

Question 26

Explain the Reversal (ABAB) Design.

Answer 26

Alternating baseline and intervention to test effect.

Question 27

What is the purpose of the Alternating Treatments Design?

Answer 27

Quickly compare multiple interventions across sessions.

Question 28

Define Multiple Baseline Design.

Answer 28

Stagger intervention across behaviours, settings, or individuals.

Question 29

What is Changing Criterion Design?

Answer 29

Gradually adjust performance standards to shape behaviour.

Question 30

What are key factors in Visual Data Analysis?

Answer 30

* Trend * Level * Variability

Question 31

What is Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA)?

Answer 31

The extent to which two observers agree in their measurements.

Question 32

What is the acceptable agreement percentage for IOA?

Answer 32

80–90%.

Question 33

How is Total Agreement calculated?

Answer 33

Used for continuous data; calculated by comparing totals.

Question 34

Define Overall Agreement.

Answer 34

Used for discontinuous data; based on proportion of interval matches.

Question 35

What does the Matching Law state?

Answer 35

Behaviour aligns with the proportion of reinforcers received.

Question 36

What is the Generalised Matching Law (GML)?

Answer 36

Adjusts for bias and sensitivity to reinforcement.

Question 37

What does Herrnstein’s Hyperbola predict?

Answer 37

Predicts absolute response rate based on reinforcer rate.

Question 38

What are the mathematical principles applied in Stimulus Equivalence?

Answer 38

Reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity.

Question 39

What does the Scalar Property of Timing refer to?

Answer 39

Perceived time follows Weber’s Law—error grows with longer intervals.

Question 40

What is the Contingency-Discriminability Model?

Answer 40

Reinforcement misattribution.

Question 41

Define Scalar Timing Models.

Answer 41

Temporal distribution of reinforcer effect.