Quiz 1 - Cellular Adaptation

Question 1

Necrosis is due to

Answer 1

Pathophysiological processes

Question 2

Which of the following electrolytes are found in a higher proportion inside the cell than in the extracellular compartment?
sodium
potassium
calcium 
carbon

Answer 2

potassium

Question 3

Muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:
number.
size.
vacuoles.
lipofuscin.

Answer 3

size.

Question 4

A 35-year-old female had undergone a Pap smear. This is used to detect:

breast cancer.
ovarian cancer.
cervical cancer.
leukaemia.

Answer 4

cervical cancer.

Question 5

A 70-year-old male is undergoing treatment for prostate cancer. Which of the following cellular changes is most likely to be associated with his cancer?

metaplasia
atrophy
hypertrophy
dysplasia

Answer 5

dysplasia

Question 6

How do cancer cells spread to distant sites from the primary tumour?

via vascular pathways
via lymphatic pathways
both a. and b.
none of the above

Answer 6

both a. and b.

Question 7

Homeostasis:

keeps the body in a static state.
works towards a dynamic equilibrium.
modifies the external environment to protect bodily function.
maintains variables at one precise set point.

Answer 7

works towards a dynamic equilibrium.

Question 8

A 75-year-old female with Alzheimer’s disease has increased lipid peroxidation secondary to free-radical production. Lipid peroxidation results in:

organelle membrane reconstruction.
increased lipid transportation.
increased protein synthesis.
cell membrane damage.

Answer 8

cell membrane damage.

Question 9

In distinguishing ageing from diseases:

it is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.

it is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.

disease, unlike ageing, has a genetic component.

ageing is a pathological process.

Answer 9

it is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.

Question 10

What types of infiltrations can develop in hepatocytes because of increased lipid accumulation?

lysozomes
fat filled vacuoles
fat filled peroxisomes
nuclei

Answer 10

fat filled vacuoles

Question 11

A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischaemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of:

a. free-radical formation.
b. vacuolation.
c. increased metabolic state.
d. lactic acid accumulation.

Answer 11

a. free-radical formation.

Question 12

Hypoxia is a potent cause of cellular injury. Which of the following processes is NOT commonly associated with hypoxia?

a. reduced ATP synthesis
b. increased cellular calcium
c. cell swelling
d. hyperplasia

Answer 12

d. hyperplasia

Question 13

Which of the following is not considered to be a truly adaptive process?

a. atrophy
b. dysplasia
c. hyperplasia
d. hypertrophy

Answer 13

b. dysplasia

Question 14

Cellular changes due to chemicals in cigarette smoking causing damage to the mucocilliary escalator, a vital protective mechanism for respiratory epithelium. These cellular changes are called:

a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia

Answer 14

d. metaplasia

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the predominant extracellular cation?

a. It has a negative charge.
b. It migrates toward the positive pole.
c. It is sodium.
d. It is potassium.

Answer 15

c. It is sodium.

Question 16

Which process can transport substances against the concentration gradient?

a. active transport
b. osmosis
c. filtration
d. facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

a. active transport

Question 17

Cellular hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers is associated with an:

a. increase in cellular fluid.
b. increased accumulation of proteins in the cell membrane and organelles.
c. increased muscle fiber size but not the associated muscle organ size.
d. increase in both muscle fiber size and muscle fiber number.

Answer 17

b. increased accumulation of proteins in the cell membrane and organelles.

Question 18

A body builder who lift heavy weights repeatedly, hopefully exhibits:

a. skeletal muscle atrophy.
b. skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
c. skeletal muscle hyperplasia.
d. skeletal muscle dysplasia.

Answer 18

b. skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

Question 19

In order to maintain cellular homeostasis:

a. oxygen and carbon dioxide move from the blood into the cell.
b. oxygen and carbon dioxide move from the cell into the blood.
c. carbon dioxide and lactic acid move from the blood into the cell.
d. carbon dioxide and lactic acid move from the cell into the blood.

Answer 19

d. carbon dioxide and lactic acid move from the cell into the blood.

Question 20

A reduction in the blood supply to cells is referred to as:

Answer 20

d. ischaemia.

Question 21

The fluid that is located within cells is called:

Answer 21

a. cytoplasm.

Question 22

Frank presents to the emergency room at the local hospital and reports feelings of nausea and pain in the abdomen. Frank’s self-reported experiences are referred to as:

a. disorders.
b. signs.
c. symptoms.
d. syndromes.

Answer 22

c. symptoms.

Question 23

Cells that have undergone atrophy:

a. contain fewer mitochondria than normal cells.
b. have decreased protein catabolism compared with normal cells.
c. have increased anabolism compared with normal cells.
d. have more endoplasmic reticulum compared with normal cells.

Answer 23

a. contain fewer mitochondria than normal cells.

Question 24

Cellular hypertrophy involves an increase in cell:

Answer 24

b. size

Question 25

A state in which the oxygen level reaching cells is insufficient leading to an increase in anaerobic cellular respiration is referred to as: a. hypoxia. b. hyperoxia. c. hypoxaemia. d. ischaemia.

Answer 25

a. hypoxia.

Question 26

A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet secondary to hypoxia. Which of the following aided in development of swelling? a. increased ATP b. K+ movement out of the cell c. Na+ movement into the cell d. decreased osmotic pressure

Answer 26

c. Na+ movement into the cell

Question 27

Aerobic metabolic processes DO NOT require oxygen. True OR False

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Anaerobic metabolic processes DO NOT require oxygen. True OR False

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Which of the following electrolytes are found in higher proportion in the extracellular fluid than in the cell? a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. a and c only

Answer 29

d. a and c only

Question 30

A sign is: a. an alteration to normal body function. b. a subjective indication of the patient experience reported by the patient. c. an objective measurement or recording. d. a localised response to disease.

Answer 30

c. an objective measurement or recording.

Question 31

Metaplasia is stimulated by: a. excessive hormonal stimulation. b. the presence of a persistent irritant. c. loss of tissue. d. production of growth factors.

Answer 31

b. the presence of a persistent irritant.

Question 32

A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which of the following cellular changes is most likely to be associated with her cancer? a. metaplasia b. atrophy c. hypertrophy d. dysplasia

Answer 32

d. dysplasia

Question 33

A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: a. sodium. b. potassium. c. magnesium. d. calcium.

Answer 33

d. calcium.

Question 34

Mature cells that have undergone dysplasia within a tissue: a. are abnormal with respect to their organisation. b. are abnormal in size only. c. are abnormal in shape only. d. are abnormal in size, shape and organization.

Answer 34

d. are abnormal in size, shape and organization.

Question 35

Patients immobilised by multiple bone fractures often exhibit: a. skeletal muscle atrophy. b. skeletal muscle hypertrophy. c. disuse hyperplasia. d. disuse hypertrophy.

Answer 35

a. skeletal muscle atrophy.

Question 36

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of: a. compensatory hyperplasia. b. hormonal hyperplasia. c. hormonal anaplasia. d. hormonal dysplasia.

Answer 36

b. hormonal hyperplasia.

Question 37

Rodney is diagnosed with heat exhaustion after a long day of landscaping his new property during heatwave conditions. In Rodney’s case, the combination of exposure to the heat while doing manual labour are: a. symptoms. b. measures of mortality. c. precipitating factors. d. incidences.

Answer 37

c. precipitating factors.

Question 38

Frank presents to the emergency room at the local hospital and reports feelings of nausea and pain in the abdomen. Frank’s self-reported experiences are referred to as: a. disorders. b. signs. c. symptoms. d. syndromes.

Answer 38

c. symptoms.

Question 39

A reduction in the blood supply to cells is referred to as: a. hypoxia. b. hyperoxia. c. hypoxaemia. d. ischaemia.

Answer 39

d. ischaemia.

Question 40

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: a. decreased ATP production. b. reverse osmosis. c. ribosome detachment. d. cellular atrophy.

Answer 40

a. decreased ATP production.

Question 41

Cellular hyperplasia involves an increase in cell: a. number. b. size. c. vacuoles. d. lipofuscin.

Answer 41

a. number.

Question 42

Following eating, blood glucose levels will ___________, which will result in an increase in insulin release and therefore a/an ____________ in blood glucose. a. decrease; decrease b. decrease; increase c. increase; decrease d. increase; increase

Answer 42

c. increase; decrease

Question 43

A 75-year-old male experiences chest pain on exertion. He was previously diagnosed with arteriosclerosis. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: a. malnutrition. b. free radicals. c. ischaemia. d. chemical toxicity.

Answer 43

c. ischaemia.