Quiz #1 Module 1 Part 1/2

Question 1

define stimuli and responses

Answer 1

Stimuli- things that trigger changes in our internal/external states
Responses- the ways we react to stimuli

Question 2

what is Ivan Pavlov’s discovery?

Answer 2

phenomenon of conditioning that linked various animal behaviours to events in animals environments

Question 3

what is Edward Thorndike’s discovery?

Answer 3

helped transition psychology toward behaviourism by proposing that animal findings could help explain human behaviour

Question 4

what is John Watson’s discovery?

Answer 4

Pioneering the school of behaviourism and extended Pavlov’s work to children

Question 5

what is BF Skinner’s discovery?

Answer 5

he expanded behaviourism

Question 6

What is Maslow’s discovery?

Answer 6

proposed that each of us has a basic, broad motive to fulfill our special potential as human beings, called self-actualization.

Question 7

define motivation

Answer 7

person’s desire or willingness to learn and influences a person’s behaviour

Question 8

what are task mastery motives driven by?

Answer 8

driven by desire for achievement

Question 9

what is the social learning theory?

Answer 9

helps educators understand learners and develop interventions that enhance motivation and learning

Question 10

what does the LEARNS model stand for?

Answer 10

L-listen to patient needs
E-establish therapeutic partnership relationships
A-adopt an intentional approach to every learning encounter
R-reinforce health literacy
N-name new knowledge via teach back
S-strengthen self-management via links to community resources

Question 11

what is growth and development?

Answer 11

they are synchronous processes that are interdependent in the healthy individual

Question 12

what is physical growth?

Answer 12

growth is a quantitative aspect of an individuals increase in physical measurements (ex. teeth, height, weight)

Question 13

what is development?

Answer 13

progressive and continuous process of change leading to increased skill and capacity to function (rolling, crawling, walking)

Question 14

what are the 3 main categories that influence G&D?

Answer 14

1. genetic or natural forces within a person
2. the environment in which the person lives
3. the interaction that takes place between these two factors

Question 15

define mechanisms of development?

Answer 15

explanatory components of each theory, or the means by which the developmental tasks are achieved

Question 16

whats organicism?

Answer 16

it refers to a theoretical focus on the organism itself. Development is a result of biologically driven behaviour and the person’s adaptation to the environment

Question 17

List 6 major factors that influence G&D

Answer 17

• temperament
• family
• peer group
• health environment
• nutrition
• rest, sleep and exercise

Question 18

what is piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 18

• studied how people come to know their world
• addresses the development of children’s intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive, and make meaning of the world
• he recognized that people move through 4 periods where people move through at different rates but in the same sequence or order

Question 19

define assimilation and accomodation

Answer 19

assimilation- process of making sense of a new info in comparison with what is already known
accommodation- adapting ways of thinking to a new experience or new information

Question 20

what are piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 20

1. Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs): schema or action pattern for dealing with environment (schema’s include mouthing, looking, gasping etc)
2. Pre-operational (2-7yrs): children learn to think with use of symbols and mental images. Plays from children’s point of view only
3. Concrete operations (7-11yrs): children can perform mental operations (ex children can count to 10 but also understands what each number represents)
4. Formal operations (11-adulthood): individuals thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. ex. achieving world peace, finding justice

Question 21

what is piaget’s theory of moral development?

Answer 21

believed that moral development goes through a series of three successive stages: premoral, conventional, autonomous

Question 22

what is kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 22

• he theorized that a child’s moral development does not advance if the child’s cognitive development does not also mature
• levels and stages do not occur at specific ages, and people attain different levels of moral development

Question 23

what are the 6 stages and 3 levels of kohlberg’s moral development theory? (names only)

Answer 23

level 1. pre-conventional
stage 1. punishment and obedience orientation
stage 2. instrumental relativist orientation
level 2. conventional level
stage 3. good boy, nice girl orientation
stage 4. society-maintaining orientation
level 3. post conventional level
stage 5. social contract orientation
stage 6. universal ethical principle orientation

Question 24

describe the 3 levels of kohlberg’s development theory

Answer 24

1. Pre-conventional: person reflects on moral reasoning
2. Conventional: a person wants to fulfill expectations of a family, group or nation
3. Post-conventional level: person finds balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations

Question 25

describe the first 2 stages stages of kohlberg's development theory

Answer 25

1. punishment and obedience orientation: response to a moral dilemma in response to obedience to authority and rules (child will do something because an authority figure tells them to) 2. instrumental relativist orientation: recognizes that more than one way may be correct

Question 26

describe stages 3 and 4 of kohlberg's development theory

Answer 26

3. Good-boy, nice-girl orientation: individual wants to please others and gain approval by "being nice"- showing trust, loyalty, and respect 4. Society-maintaining orientation: Maintaining social order. Ex. Kid may not go to party because they know there's drugs there. Not cause they're scared to get caught, but because they know drugs are bad.

Question 27

describe stages 5 and 6 of kohlberg's development theory

Answer 27

5. Social contract orientation: An individual follows law but recognizes possibility to change law to improve society. 6. Universal ethical principle orientation: "Right" is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles

Question 28

what is gilligan's theory

Answer 28

she believed men and women develop in parallel ways, with one not being superior to the other

Question 29

define separation

Answer 29

Refers to boy's recognition of biological distinctness and is based on emergence from dependent relationship with his mother

Question 30

define individuation

Answer 30

based on child's awareness of differences in will, viewpoints and needs.

Question 31

what does male moral development focus on?

Answer 31

logic, justice, and social organization

Question 32

what does female moral development focus on?

Answer 32

interpersonal relationships

Question 33

what is sigmund freuds theory?

Answer 33

he started personality development. he promoted successful participation in society through development of balance between pleasure seeking drives and societal pressures

Question 34

what are the mechanisms of Freuds development theory?

Answer 34

- Id= basic instinctual impulses and drives to achieve pleasure - ego= helps us judge reality accurately, regulate impulses, and make good decisions - the superego= performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions

Question 35

what is erikson's theory of eight stages of life?

Answer 35

expanded freuds stages into a psychosocial model that covered whole lifespan where each person goes through 8 stages of life, and have to complete specific tasks in order to move on

Question 36

what are erikson's first 2 stages?

Answer 36

1. trust vs mistrust (birth to age 1): infant learns to trust others 2. autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt (1-3yrs): learns to be independent and develops self confidence (walking, feeding, toileting)

Question 37

what are stages 3 and 4 in erikson's theory?

Answer 37

3. Initiative versus guilt (3-6 years): learns to initiate his or hers activities (allows to seek challenges in later life) 4. Industry versus inferiority (6-11 years): develops a sense of complete physical, cognitive, and social areas-learning skills

Question 38

what are stages 5 and 6 in erikson's theory?

Answer 38

5. Identity versus role confusion (12-18 years): try out several roles and form a unique identity 6. Identity versus isolation (18-35 years): form close, personal relationships

Question 39

what are stages 7 and 8 in erikson's theory?

Answer 39

7. Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation (35-65 years): task is to help younger people) 8. Integrity versus despair (65 and older): older persons reflect on their life and feel satisfaction or disappointment

Question 40

what is maturation

Answer 40

an increase in competence and adaptability; aging

Question 41

what is differentiation

Answer 41

processes by which early cells and structures are systematically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical and chemical properties

Question 42

what is self esteem and self concept?

Answer 42

- self esteem is described as the affective component of the self, - self-concept is the cognitive component; however, often used interchangeably

Question 43

children assess which aspects in forming an evaluation of their self esteem?

Answer 43

Competence- How adequate are my cognitive, physical, and social skills? Sense of control- How well can I complete tasks needed to produce desired actions? Are my successes or failures due to someone or something specific or is it due to luck? Moral worth- How well do my actions and behaviours meet moral standards that have been set? Worthiness of love and acceptance- How worthy am I of love and acceptance from my parents, other significant adults, siblings, and peers?

Question 44

what are the social characters of play?

Answer 44

Onlooker play- children watch what other children are doing but make no attempt to enter in the play activity. Ex. Watching an older sibling bounce a ball Solitary play- children play alone with toys different from those used by other children in the same area. They enjoy presence of other children but make no effort to speak to them Parallel play- children play independently but among other children. They play with toys similar to those that the children around them are using Associative play- they play together and often engaged in the same activity- there is no group goal. Organized and children play in a group with other children- they attain a goal. Ex. Completing a puzzle with another

Question 45

who is john westenhoff?

Answer 45

presented two separate theories of faith development. Talks about growing (tree analogy)

Question 46

who is james fowler and what was his theory based on?

Answer 46

different stages of faith as a child and how your mind changes about faith and religion as you get older

Question 47

what is chess and thomas' theory?

Answer 47

easy, difficult and slow to warm up temperaments

Question 48

what is maslow's theory?

Answer 48

understanding of human needs and motivation (hierarchy of needs)

Question 49

who is albert bandura?

Answer 49

developed social cognitive theory, a model for understanding how behaviour is learned from others

Question 50

what are need theories?

Answer 50

human needs are ranked on an ascending scale according to how essential the needs are for survival (hierarchy of needs)

Question 51

what are the five levels of the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 51

physiological (water, air, food), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self actualization

Question 52

what are the 5 stages of Freuds psychosocial theory?

Answer 52

1. Oral (0-12/18mths): sucking and oral satisfaction 2. Anal (18-3yrs): Begins toileting, increasingly aware of pleasurable sensations of body region 3. Phalliac (3-6yrs): boy becomes interested in penis, girl because penis envy, 4. Latency (6-12yrs): sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are social acceptable 5. Genital (puberty-adulthood): mature sexual relationship with someone outside of family circle, sexual urges re-awaken