Quiz #2 Module 2 Part 1/2

Question 1

list and describe Prochaska’s stages of the theoretical model of change

Answer 1

1. pre-contemplation stage- person doesn’t see a health problem or no intention of modifying it in future
2. contemplation stage- characterized by awareness of problem, person is thinking of change by lacks a commitment to take action
3. preparation stage- person begins to take small tentative steps toward changing difficult health habits, but not fully committed to consistent action
4. action stage- marked by a strong commitment to change and taking consistent definitive actions to make behavioural changes a reality
5. maintenance stage-clients stabilize and consolidate gains achieved during the action stage follows, not easy to maintain behaviours once newness has worn off- clients can easily relapse
6. termination stage- change is done, good and set. you wont go back to drinking ever

Question 2

what is the theoretical model of change?

Answer 2

evidence-based model used to explore a person’s motivational readiness to intentionally change health habits

Question 3

define self efficacy

Answer 3

personal belief in ones ability to execute the actions required to achieve a goal

Question 4

how is self efficacy and motivation linked?

Answer 4

they are reciprocal processes: increased self efficacy strengthens motivation to compete desired task

Question 5

who created the social learning theory?

Answer 5

Albert Bandura

Question 6

what are bandura’s 3 sets of motivating factors that promote the learning necessary to achieve a predetermined goal?

Answer 6

1. physical motivators
2. social incentives
3. cognitive motivators

Question 7

examples of a physical motivator?

Answer 7

can be internal such as memory of previous discomfort or a symptom that the client can’t ignore (having broken leg and having to take care of it)

Question 8

examples of social incentives?

Answer 8

praise and encouragement, increase self esteem, give client reason to continue learning (positive reinforcement)

Question 9

example of cognitive motivators?

Answer 9

internal thought processes associated with change (taking med’s more regularly and feeling better so you continue to take the medication)

Question 10

what is disease prevention?

Answer 10

concerned with identifying modifiable risk and protective factors associated with specific diseases and mental disorders

Question 11

what are the 3 levels of disease prevention?

Answer 11

primary, secondary, and tertiary

Question 12

what is the importance of patient education

Answer 12

patients need education so they can make informed decisions about their healthcare and lifestyle

Question 13

define patient-centered approach

Answer 13

nurse helps patient to be active participants in their education and is better able to self manage their needs and care with health providers across health care settings

Question 14

what are the essential domains of nursing education?

Answer 14

1. knowledge
2. critical inquiry
3. communication and collaboration
4. professionalism
5. leadership

Question 15

what are the 3 goals of patient education?

Answer 15

1. maintaining and promoting health and preventing illness (ex. DBND)
2. restoring health (teach about regaining health)
3. optimizing quality of life with impaired functioning (help them to cope with permanent health issues)

Question 16

what is the relationship between teaching and learning?

Answer 16

teaching is an interactive process that promotes learning

Question 17

when is teaching most effective?

Answer 17

when it addresses the learners needs, learning style, and capacity

Question 18

what are the 3 domains of learning?

Answer 18

1. cognitive (understanding)
2. affective (attitudes)
3. psychomotor (motor skills)

Question 19

what is cognitive learning?

Answer 19

• includes all intellectual behaviours and requires thinking

- most simplest behaviour is remembering, and most complex is creating

Question 20

what is affective learning?

Answer 20

• concerns expressions of feelings and acceptance of attitudes, opinions, or values
• simplest behaviour is receiving, and most complex is characterizing

Question 21

what is psychomotor learning?

Answer 21

• involves acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and muscular activity (walking, use an eating utensil)
• simplest behaviour is perception and most complex is origination

Question 22

what does LEARNS stand for?

Answer 22

• Listen to patient needs
• Establish therapeutic relationships
• Adopt an intentional approach to every learning encounter
• Reinforce health literacy
• Name new knowledge via teach-back
• Strengthen self management skills

Question 23

what is the telling approach?

Answer 23

• telling approach is useful when limited info must be taught (ex. Preparing patient for emergency diagnostic procedure)
• this provides no opportunity for feedback

Question 24

list the 5 teaching approaches

Answer 24

telling, selling, participating, entrusting, reinforcing

Question 25

what is the selling approach?

Answer 25

- entails two-way communication - nurse needs to pace instruction according to patients response (ex. When patient learns step by step procedure for changing a dressing, first patient learns to remove old dressing, then to clean wound and finally to apply new dressing)

Question 26

what is the participating approach?

Answer 26

- involves setting objectives and becoming involved in the learning process together - opportunities are provided for discussion, feedback, and mutual goal setting, and revision of teaching plan - together nurse and patient identify goals and learning strategies

Question 27

what is the entrusting approach?

Answer 27

-provides patient with opportunity to manage self care

Question 28

what is the reinforcing approach?

Answer 28

- the use of stimulus that increase the probability of a response - three types of reinforcement - most nurses use social reinforcers (encouraging words) - material reinforcers are food, toys, music (work best for children) - activity reinforcers are based on the principle that people are motivated to engage in an activity, if, after its completion, they are able to engage in more desired activity (works when patient is self motivated)

Question 29

define self awareness

Answer 29

-process of understanding one's own belief's thoughts, motivations, biases, and limitations and recognizing how they affect others

Question 30

what are the two types of communication?

Answer 30

verbal and non verbal. they are the building blocks to all successful relationships

Question 31

what is verbal communication?

Answer 31

spoken words

Question 32

what is non verbal communication?

Answer 32

gestures, expressions, body language

Question 33

what are empathetic linkages?

Answer 33

direct communication of feelings

Question 34

how are therapeutic and social relationships different?

Answer 34

Therapeutic- nurse focusses on client and client-based issues, even when engaging in social activities with that client (ex. Going shopping- there should still be a purpose behind the social aspect of hanging out and it should revolve around the client)

Question 35

what are essential self-management skills?

Answer 35

problem solving, decision making, goal setting, utilization of resources

Question 36

what is coaching?

Answer 36

- dynamic interactive and context-based teaching strategy - builds on clients strengths instead of attempting to "fix" weaknesses - emphasizing on patients autonomy because patient is always in charge of pace and direction of learning

Question 37

what is an example of coaching?

Answer 37

coaching can help clients distinguish between which symptoms require immediate attention and which ones can be handled by self-management strategies

Question 38

how are transitional cues important?

Answer 38

-transitional cues link purpose with action

Question 39

what is motivational interviewing?

Answer 39

-clinical method designed to facilitate change in client behaviour by engaging a client's own autonomous decision making ability

Question 40

how does motivational interviewing help?

Answer 40

MI encourages clients to make his or her own decisions through directed counselling that addresses and involves at least two processes: increasing preferred behaviours and decreasing non preferred behaviours

Question 41

what are two critical components that are assessed for patient's influence?

Answer 41

1. Conviction (importance) | 2. Confidence

Question 42

what is conviction?

Answer 42

Includes asking patient the importance of changing behaviour, examining the risks and benefits of the particular behaviour and of changing, exploring concerns about behaviour and exploring possible next steps

Question 43

what is confidence?

Answer 43

also includes brainstorming solutions, focusing on successful past efforts, and serial reassessment and repetition of the process

Question 44

what are the signs of successful MI?

Answer 44

• Nurse is speaking slowly • Patient doing more of the talking • Patient is actively talking about behaviour change -Nurse is listening very carefully and gently directing the interview at appropriate moments

Question 45

what does FRAMES stand for? and what is it?

Answer 45

feedback, responsibility, advice, menu, empathy, self efficacy. these are used to summarize elements of brief interventions with patients using MI

Question 46

what are the factors that need to be effective in order for desired MI results?

Answer 46

-self awareness, empathetic linkages, active listening, and avoidance of defence mechanisms

Question 47

what are the principles of motivational enhancement?

Answer 47

1. Avoid arguing 2. Express empathy 3. Develop discrepancy 4. Roll with resistance 5. Support self efficacy

Question 48

what is health education/teaching?

Answer 48

-a set of planned things to teach a client. Changing knowledge for someone who's receiving the knowledge. Improve the quality of their life

Question 49

how is teaching and learning most effective?

Answer 49

when it addresses the learners needs, their learning style, and capacity that they can lear

Question 50

what are 3 things a nurse must do to be a good teacher?

Answer 50

- Listen empathetically - Observe astutely - Speak clearly

Question 51

what are the four steps that have to happen in the learning process?

Answer 51

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Question 52

what are blooms three domains of learning?

Answer 52

- cognitive - affective - psychomotor

Question 53

what are 6 intellectual skills? (blooms taxonomy)

Answer 53

``` knowledge- remembering comprehension- understanding application- applying analysis- analyzing evaluation- evaluating synthesis- creating ```

Question 54

what are the three constructs of piaget and blooms learning theory?

Answer 54

behaviourism, cognitivism, humanism

Question 55

what is behaviourism?

Answer 55

a. Based on learners behaviour b. Stimulus and response c. Conditioning d. Pos. reinforcement e. Observational learning and instruction (modeling-demonstration by the nurse; client imitation)

Question 56

what is cognitivism?

Answer 56

a. Learning is a complex cognitive activity b. Learners structures and processes information c. Perception chosen by the learner d. Personal characteristics impact perceptions- characteristics impact learning (some people can focus better during certain times of day)

Question 57

what is humanism?

Answer 57

a. Focus on cognitive and affective qualities of learner b. Learning is self motivated, self-initiated, and self evaluated c. Learning is best when relevant to the learner

Question 58

describe the term biorhythm

Answer 58

how you best learn. You wanna teach the patient at the right time for them so they can learn best