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Female Reproductive Biology > quiz > Flashcards

quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Implantation of blastocyte

A

day 12 post fertilization
day 26 of menstrual cycle

USUALLY corpus luteum is degenerating, and LH, E, and P are declining and endometrium functional layer sloughs off

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2
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

  • made by syncytiotrophoblast cells and placenta
  • acts like LH
  • keeps corpus luteum from degenerating
  • E and P stay high

-E and P maintenance of endometrium is from corpus luteum at first, with help from LH and hCG, but placenta takes over E and P by end of 1st trimester

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3
Q

how to tell if pregnant

A

presence of hCG

  • Immunoassay pregnancy test:
  • antibody against hCG is mixed with urine or blood and positive reaction occurs when antibody binds to hormone
  • home pregnancy tests are super accurate is taken one week after missed period
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4
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • week 14-16
  • if mom is over 34 or there’s fam history
  • needle into amniotic fluid to sample fetal cells
  • risks: uterine hemorrhage, fetal trauma, miscarriage, preterm labor
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5
Q

Chorionic villus sampling
ultrasound
maternal blood sampling

A
  • week 8-10 –> chorionic cells removed from placenta through vaginal entry –> earlier results (1 day), but fewer details –> greater risk of miscarriage than amniocentesis
  • heart rate can be seen at 6 weeks and heard by 8 weeks, measurements and sex determination
  • analysis of hormones and prots –> also presence of fetal cells
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6
Q

fetal/maternal cell transfer

A
  • fetal cells in mom or mom cells in fetus
  • fetal cells in mom might cause autoimmune disease (more common in women) –> fetal cells attack host and/or host attacks fetal cells
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7
Q

nutrition and excercise while pregnant

A

-more energy demands
-prenatal vitamins: folic acid for nervous system, protein, calcium, iron –> start taking before pregnant
-exercise is good
-25 lbs weight gain:
baby = 7
amniotic fluid = 1
breast and uterus = 3
placenta = 2
blood = 1
fat = 11

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8
Q

functions of pregnancy hormones and when does secretion start

A
  1. maintain pregnancy
  2. prepare for delivery
  3. prepare for breastfeeding

placenta secretes hormones ~ 5 weeks -> E + P increases –> fetal hormones play a role in E + P production

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9
Q

E and P role in pregnancy

A

E:

  • stimulates formation of oxytocin receptors in uterine smooth muscle
  • enhances vascularizaion (placental blood vessel creation and nutrient exchange with fetus)

P:

  • inhibits uterine contraction
  • uterine growth
  • ligaments loosen (greater risk for sprains)

E+P

  • nausea
  • mammary gland development
  • uterine growth – accomodate growing fetus and contract to expel fetus
  • fetal development
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10
Q

Prolactin

A
  • placental and maternal (anterior pituitary) sources
  • estrogen has mild stimulatory effect on prolactin secretion
  • During pregnancy, prolactin contributes to mammary gland growth and progesterone inhibits milk production
  • Post partum, progesterone decreases, so milk can be released –> stimulated by sucking nipple which removes effect of dopamine (PIH)
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11
Q

human placental lactogen

A
  • stimulates mammary gland development
  • mobilization and metabolism of maternal fat stores (breaks down lipids and uses glucose for fetal growth)

in the mom

  • decreases use of glucose
  • insulin resistance = decreases uptake of glucose into maternal cells = gestational diabetes (3-10%) –> 1/2 develop type 2 diabetes
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12
Q

relaxin

A
  • placentta (and corpus luteum)
  • inhibits uterin contractions
  • relaxes cartilate bt 2 pubis bones (pubic syphysis) – more easily widens pelvis during birth
  • cervical effacement = stretches and gets thinner

Relaxin from corpus luteum increases post ovulation and prepares endometrium and inhibits uterine contraction

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13
Q

endorphins
Placental growth hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Vitamin D3

A
  • natural pain killers (opium)
  • enhances nutrient availability to fetus: stimulates lipid breakdown (lipolysis) and glucose production (gluconeogenesis)
  • (fetal and placental) increases cortisol to help mom deal with stress (more glucose in blood) –> also promotes fetal maturation of lungs (surfactant)
  • increases calcium absorption
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14
Q

Urinary system changes

A
  • similar effects to aldosterone: increases Na+ and water reabsorption –> edema during pregnancy and mentrual cycle
  • kidneys produce more urine due to higher metabolic rate, blood volume, and waste production
  • growing fetus puts pressure on bladder
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15
Q

cardiovacular system changes

A
  • 40% increase in blood volume (higher CO and HR)
  • Vasodilation (lower resistance and blood pressure) –> normalizes near end of pregnancy
  • uterus presses on pelvic blood vessels –> compromises venous return from lower limbs leading to swollen feet/legs and varicose veins
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16
Q

Respiratory system

A

increase in nasal mucosa edema –> stuffy, runny nose and nosebleeds

  • enlarged chest
  • more air in and out
  • diaphragm moves up so breathing is hard
17
Q

Digestive system

A
  • nausea and vomiting due to E,P, and hCG –> hyperemesis gravidarum = severe sickness in 1st trimester which can lead to dehydration and weight loss
  • P inhibits smooth muscle in uterus AND digestive tract leading to heartburn (lower esophageal sphyncter) and constipation
18
Q

Baby movement

A
  • week 16-25 first movement “quickening”
  • 2nd-3rd timester = kicks, jabs, and elbows –> grow in strength and frequency –> might respond to certain sounds or touches –> kick back against pressure –> move 30 times an hour (should be able to count 10/2 hrs)
19
Q

prior to birth

A
  • E stimulates production of prostaglandins and receptors –> contribute to cervical effacement and uterine smooth muscle contraction
  • increased irritability of myometrium –> Braxton Hick s contractions are irregular, go away, and don’t grow in intensity
20
Q

Dropping/ Lightening

A
  • baby’s head moves toward pelvis during 3rd trimester (usually)
  • veriable sensations or awareness (lower belly, more pelvic pain, easier to breath, more peeing, back pain, less heartburn, more appetite)
  • loss of mucus plug (protective barrier)
21
Q

Pregnancy complications

A

Gestational diabetes

  • human placental lactogen effects
  • big baby (9lbs)
  • postnatal hypoglycemia response to high fetal insulin –> seizures, coma, brain damage
  • increases risk of preeclampsia (hypertension making delivery high risk)

Female Reproductive Biology (18 decks)

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