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Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cranial sutures

A
  • fibrous joints between skull bones
  • coronal suture
  • sagittal suture
  • lambdoid suture
  • squamous suture
  • metopic suture
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2
Q

craniosynostrosis

A
  • premature fusion of suture leads to craniofacial dysmorphology
  • categorized by which suture is fused
  • brain keeps growing
  • high intercranial pressure
  • shunt needed
  • if sagittal suture -> skull expands more than usually anteriorly and posteriorly
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3
Q

cranial base

A
  • vomer
  • sphenoid
  • temporal (petrous)
  • occipital
  • ethmoid
  • bony features that connect the skull to the spine and provide structural support for the brain and face
  • endochondral ossified
  • support the weight
  • foramen magnum
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4
Q

facial bones

A
  • temporal (zygomatic process)
  • zygomatic
  • maxilla
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • sphenoid
  • lacrimal
  • nasal
  • frontal
  • palatine
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5
Q

le fort fractures

A
  • face fractures
  • 3 types
  • stereotypical locations
    1. when people fall, car accident, physical accident- fracture across the upper jaw
    2. goes through the orbit
    3. facial skeleton is separating from the cranial base -> fracture line across the eyes
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6
Q

which portions of the skull are found adjacent to the brain

A
  • cranial vault

- cranial base

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7
Q

transverse and spinous processes

A

muscle attachment

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8
Q

body

A

supporting weight

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9
Q

vertebral column

A
  • cervical - neck
  • thoracic - ribs attach
  • lumbar - lower back
  • sacrum - pelvis
  • coccyx - tail bone
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10
Q

hyper-kyphosis

A
  • exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic spine
  • convex portion of the curve is curving posteriorly
  • hunchback
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11
Q

scoliosis

A
  • lateral curvature
  • usually thoracic
  • pathological
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12
Q

hyper-lordosis

A
  • exaggerated curvature of the lower back
  • concave portion of lower back is curing anteriorly
  • common during pregnancy bc of extra weight
  • lumbar region
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13
Q

ribs

A

12 ribs

  • 1-7- true ribs: during development each of these ribs has its own costal cartilage that attaches to the sternum
  • 8-12- false: if they have costal cartilage it will connect to another costal cartilage before connecting to the sternum
  • 11-12- floating ribs: no costal cartilage or attachment
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14
Q

costal cartilage

A

-attaches the medial ends of the ribs to the sternum

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15
Q

articulation of ribs

A
  • tubercle/neck of rib articulates with transverse process of the lower vertebrae
  • connects at what looks like in between two vertebrae
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16
Q

sternum

A
  • manubrium: articulates with clavicle (only articulating between axial and appendicular)
  • sternal body
  • xiphoid process
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17
Q

upper limbs

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • arm
  • forearm
  • manus
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18
Q

lower limbs

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • thigh
  • leg
  • pes
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19
Q

forearm

A

homologous to leg

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20
Q

manus

A

homologous to pes

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21
Q

arm

A

homologous to thigh

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22
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • mobile -> range of motion for upper arms
  • clavicle
  • scapula
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23
Q

clavicle

A
  • sternoclavicular joint - sternum and clavicle

- acromioclavicular joint - acromion process of the scapula and clavicle

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24
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A
  • ligaments of the joint:
  • costoclavicular- between clavicle and first rib
  • sternoclavicular - surrounds the joint; between clavicle and sternum
  • interclavicular- between two sternoclavicular joints
  • synovial joint*
  • synovial fluid
  • two areas with a cartilaginous disc in between with synovial fluid
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25
acromioclavicular joint
- ligaments of the joints - acromioclavicular- between the clavicle and the acromion process - coracoclavicular- holds the clavicle down; between clavicle and coracoid process - coracoid process - acromion process
26
shoulder separation
- occurs at acromioclavicular joint - clavicle overrides acromion - nothing is holding down the clavicle due to tear in acromioclavicular ligament
27
scapula
- glenoid fossa- lateral- head of humerus articulates here - acromion - axillary border - coracoid process- major site of muscle and ligament attachment (anterior) - spine- shoulder blade - floating within layer of muscle -> allows for more range of movement - no attachment
28
movement of scapulae
- sliding- abduction -> protraction - sliding- adduction -> retraction - rotation- when you move you arm up the scapula rotates laterally (superior); when you move your arm behind you the scapula is rotating medially - sliding- elevation and depression -> shrugging shoulders
29
arm
- between elbow and shoulder - mobility - humerus
30
humerus
- lesser tubercle - head articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula - greater tubercle - medial epicondyl - trochlea - capitulum - articulates with ulna at elbow posteriorly
31
glenohumeral joint
- articulation of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula | - glenohumeral ligament
32
elbow joint
- radius (lateral side) - ulna (medial side) - both articulate with humerus - olecranon process (part of the ulna) goes into the olecranon fossa posteriorly - olecranon process is the pointy part of your elbow - ulna articulates strongly - locked in place - flexion & extension - radius is circular -> rotation
33
radius and ulna
- radius is lateral - ulna medial - ulna is responsible for flexion and extension - radius is responsible for rotation - connected by interosseous membrane
34
supination and pronation
- rotation thanks to circular radial head moving at the radiohumeral and radioulnar joint surfaces - radius rotates over the ulna - ulna stays in place
35
radiolulnar joint
-between radius and ulna
36
interosseous membrane
- connects the radius and ulna - tissue - helpful for rotation
37
manus
- hand and wrist - mobility - carpal bones - metacarpals - phalanges - pollex - fingers
38
carpal bones
- 8 bones - irregular shape - wrist bones - some articulate with metacarpals or ulna/radius - 4 of the them flexor retinaculum (ligament) -> medial and lateral sides - scaphoid - trapezium - pisiform - hamate
39
carpal tunnel
- flexor retinaculum forms the carpel tunnel space that tendons of the hand flexors pass through - formed by the cupping of the carpals and flexor retinaculum that goes between 4 of the carpals - tendons that attach the hand flexor muscles to the muscle bodies of the forearm are being affected -> numbness, weakness - presents as numbness, pain, and/or muscle weakness in hands - in severe cases, cutting the flexor retinaculum may be necessary to prevent muscular atrophy caused by compression of median nerve - pressure on median nerve
40
which bones does the radius share a joint with
- ulna - humerus - carpels
41
pelvic girdle
- stability - sacrum coccyx - os coxae
42
os coxae
- 2 (left and right) - articulates with femur - acetabulum surface articulates - oracular surface - 3 portions that develop independently (primary ossification centers are separate): - ilium crest - ischium - pubis- pubic area - each of these meet at the acetabulum
43
ischial tuberosity
-what we sit on
44
pubis
- pubic symphysis joint -> two pubic bones join - anterior medially - one of the three parts of the os coxae
45
thigh
- stability - mobility - femur - patella
46
femur
- curved -> lateral to medial - bicondylar angle - adaptation to keep a center of gravity
47
patella
- knee joint - in ligaments of quadriceps femoris - slides over to allow muscle use - sesamoid
48
leg
- stability - mobility - tibia - fibula - below knee
49
tibia and fibia
- no rotation | - interosseous membrane
50
pes
- stability - mobility - foot and ankle - tarsal bones - metatarsals - phalanges - hallux (big toe) - toes
51
tarsal articulation
- talus articulates mostly with tibia joint (also fibia) - dorsiflexion - plantar flexion
52
longitudinal arch
- arch from posterior to anterior | - as you walk -> heel strike and toe off
53
transverse arch
medial to lateral - lateral side is in more contact with ground - heel strike -> stance phase -> toe off
54
dipedality
supported by - foramen magnum - foot morphology - bicondylar angle
55
axial skeleton
- function: - framework and protection of viscera - special sense organs - central nervous system - hemopoietic tissue - attachment for muscles
56
skull
- cranium - cranial nerves - mandible - teeth
57
thoracic cage
- ribs - costal cartilages - sternum
58
cranial bones
- parietal - frontal - temporal - occipital - ethmoid - sphenoid
59
cranial vault bones
- encloses the brain - protects brain - parietal (left & right) - frontal - temporal (squamous) - sphenoid - occipital
60
fontanelle
- wide fibrous - at suture intersection - allows for further brain/skull growth - soft spots - sphenoid fontanelle - anterior fontanelle - posterior fontanelle - mastoid fontanelle
61
anterior fontanelle
- found at the intersection of the coronal suture and sagittal suture - right in the top middle
62
skull and vertebrae attachment
- atlas articulates with occipital condyles | - foramen magnum- spinal cord passes through
63
articulation at the elbow
- radius head x capitulum - olecranon process in the olecranon fossa x trochlea - radius head x ulna
64
calcaneus
heel bone
65
joints
- articulations - points of connection - movement between different skeleton elements - teeth - sutures - interosseous membrane - synovial joints - costal cartilage - bone to bone - bone to cartilage - bone to teeth
66
joint classification: structure
- fibrous- dense fibrous connective tissue (can be regular or irregular) - cartilaginous- cartilage between two bone (hyaline or fibrocartilage) - synovial- fluid-filled joint cavity (surrounded by dense fibrous tissue)
67
joint classification: function
- synarthrotic- immobile - amphiarthrotic- slightly mobile (bend, compression, twist) - diarthrotic- freely mobile
68
mobility/stability
- synarthrotic tend to be fibrous - amphiarthrotic tend to be cartilaginous - diarthrotic tend to by synovial - not definite!!! - less movement means more stability (general coorelation)
69
what function classification is the pubic symphysis
- amphiarthrotic - slight movement -> giving birth - cartilaginous joint
70
synarthrotic: fibrous
- no movement - interlaced bone fronts - sutures - gomphosis (teeth) - fibrous connective tissues
71
amphiarthotic: fibrous
- interosseous membrane - between radius and ulna - allows rotation and connects radius and ulna
72
synarthrotic: cartilaginous
- costochondral joints - joint between first rib and sternum -> costal cartilage - epiphyseal plate -> hyaline cartilage - synchondroses (hyaline)
73
amphiarthrotic: cartilaginous
- symphyses - fibrocartilage - pubic symphysis - intervertebral discs/joint
74
intervertebral discs
- amphiarthrotic - cartilaginous (fibrocartilage) - annulus fibrosis- outer fibrous ring -> transmits forces - nucleus pulposus- inner protein gel -> shock absorption - prolapsed disk can impinge the spinal nerve (break or tear in annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus leaks out)
75
vertebral discs: aging
- anklosing spondylitis- type of progressive arthritis -> can lead to fusion - age related degeneration - dehydration of the disc - space between discs will shrink -> we get shorter overtime
76
diarthrotic: synovial
- full range of motion - wrist - jaw - knee - fingers - hyaline cartilage
77
types of synovial joints
- uniaxial: hinge joint (humerus x ulna) - biaxial: saddle joint (thumb joint) - multiaxial: ball and socket (femur x pelvis) - (going from least to most mobile ^)
78
common features of synovial joints
- articular capsule- layer of dense fibrous tissue over synovial membrane - articulate cartilage (almost always hyaline) -> there isnt bone to bone contact -> its articular cartilage to articular cartilage - synovial fluid - ligaments- dense fibrous tissue external to articular capsule
79
what is the synovial membrane composed of
-areolar connective tissue
80
bursae
- commonly associated with synovial joints - fibrous sac of synovial fluid - when found surrounding ligaments and tendon can be called sheaths - rounded areas around the joint - can be separate or included in articular capsule - subdeltoid bursae - digital tendon sheath
81
bursitis
- irritation/inflammation of bursae - irritation/inflammation can lead to accumulation of fluid -> pressure - olecranon bursa irritation can lead to bursitis when banged
82
tendinitis
- tennis elbow - tendons- dense connective tissue that connects muscle body to bone - damage to tendon due to repetitive use - flexor pronator - wrist extensor - triceps tendon
83
articular discs
- synovial joints are commonly associated - thin fibrocartilage separating the synovial cavity space - separates 2 synovial space cavities - hyaline can rotate on this disc - present in the temporal mandibular joint
84
shoulder
- ball and socket - glenohumeral joint - extremely mobile - very shallow articulation - stability from ligaments and muscles - glenoid fossa deepened by fibrocartilaginous labrum that extends beyond bony edge
85
hip
-ball and socket
86
knee
-hinge
87
ligaments of shoulder
- supported by extracapsular ligaments - coracohumeral ligaments- coracoid process x humerus - glenohumeral ligaments- glenoid fossa x humerus - ligaments are external to synovial joint
88
rotator cuff
- shoulder muscles - subscapularis- deep to scapula - supraspinatus- lateral posterior of scapula - infraspinatus- lateral posterior of scapula - teres minor- inferior posterior
89
subscapularis
-attaches to lesser tubercle
90
teres minor and infraspinatus
-attach to greater tubercle
91
brachial plexus
- innervation - suprascapular nerve- innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus - subscapular nerve- innervates subscapular nerve - axillary nerve- innervates teres minor
92
shoulder impingement
- swollen bursa - increase pressure - impinge nerve
93
hip joint*
- extremely stable - very deep articulation - added stability from ligaments - acetabular surface- ear-like, covered with hyaline - acetabular labrum - acetabulum is deepened by- fibrocartilaginous labrum and transverse acetabular ligament
94
what would the name of an extracapsular ligament between the femur and the inferior-posterior part of the pelvis be called (the part you sit on)
-ischiofemoral
95
extracapsular ligaments of hip
- iliofemoral- anterior - pubofemoral- anterior - ischiofemoral- posterior
96
intracapsular ligament for hip joint
- ligament of the head of the femur - connect the head of the femur into the acetabulum - inside the capsule
97
hip replacement
- common - arthritic damage - inflammation of the bone - replacing the head of the femur with a metal ball - replacing the acetabulum
98
knee joint
- unstable (compared to hip) - very shallow articulation - added stability from ligament
99
tibial plateau
- deepened by fibrocartilaginous menisci - flat - medial meniscus and lateral meniscus -> make a cup
100
extracapsular ligaments of knee
- support joint capsule - patellar ligament- patella and * -> prevents too much flexion - medial (tibial) collateral ligament- tibia and femur - lateral (fibular) collateral ligament- fibula and femur - medial and lateral collateral prevent too much abduction and adduction - too much abduction can tear medial collateral ligament vice versa
101
intracapsular ligaments of knee
- anterior cruciate (ACL)- anterior side of tibia back to femur -> prevents posterior dislocation of femur (anterior dislocation of tibia) -prevents medial rotation of tibia - posterior cruciate (PCL)- make a cross- posterior of tibia forward to femur -> prevents anterior dislocation of femur (posterior dislocation of tibia)
102
muscle tissue
- elongated cells capable of contraction - excitability- responsive to stimuli - elasticity- return to original form after contraction (titin) - contractility- tension within cells causes shortening (active) - extensibility- extend in response to contraction of opposing muscles (passive)
103
tissue
- epithelial - connective - muscle - nervous
104
muscle tissue function
- movement - posture - temperature regulation (skeletal muscle- shivering, arrector pili) - storage and movement - support
105
3 muscle types
- skeletal - cardiac - smooth
106
skeletal muscle
- voluntary - striated- fiber pattern, action and myosin - produced movement - generates heat- contraction releases heat
107
skeletal muscle structure
- fibers run parallel with different thickness - nesting doll - muscle body attach to tendon - fascicles- composed of fibers - vessels and nerves between fascicles - fibers (cell)- composed of fibrils and filaments - epimysium - myofibrils - myofilaments
108
tendon
- connect muscle to bone - dense regular connective tissue - contraction pulls on tendons (and bone)
109
ligament
-bone to bone
110
epimysium
- directly adhered to muscle body - outside of the muscle - connective tissue - under the fascia
111
perimysium
- surround the fascicles | - connective tissue
112
fasicles
- bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in connective tissue - some fascicles can contract while others arnt in the same muscle body - composed of fibers (Cells) - semi-independent - can run in different directions: - parallel, convergent, unipennate
113
muscle fiber
- multinucleated - composed of myofibrils - long -> extend the entire length of fascicle - connect to nervous system
114
endomysium
- surrounds the muscle fiber - not a cell membrane -> external to cell - helps keep fluid surrounding the cell that would normally be ECF
115
myofibrils
- contraction - composed of myofilaments - run the whole length of the fiber - contractile segments - composed of stacked sarcomeres (myofilaments)
116
sarcolemma
-cell membrane of the muscle fiber
117
which level of muscular organization represents a collection of multiple muscle cells
-fascicle
118
myofilaments
- actin thin filaments- made of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin - myosin thick filaments- made of myosin protein - makeup 10,000 of sarcomeres stacked (z disc to z disc) - actin and myosin are contractile proteins - myosin pulls the actin fibers
119
A band
- myosin and actin - darkest area -> both filaments - stays the same length
120
H zone
- myosin - middle - dark areas
121
sarcomeres
- functional contractile unit - responsible for striations - myosin and actin
122
I band
- actin - light areas - shrink during contraction
123
skeletal muscle innervation
- neuromuscular junction- the synapse between neuron axon and muscle cell - each skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by a single motor neuron - contract in unison
124
contraction at sarcomere
- thin filaments slides over thick filaments - Z discs move closer - titin is compacted - myosin binds to actin and pull actin fibers together - Z discs move closer together - titin- springy complex that is compacted -> provides elasticity
125
cramping
- an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax - keeps contracting after signal stops - caused by hyperexcitability of the nerves that stimulate the muscles
126
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Lou Gehrig - degeneration of motor neurons that control skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle action progressively lost - atrophy, cell death, mass loss
127
striated muscle
-skeletal and cardiac
128
cardiac muscle
- heart wall | - walls of aorta
129
cardiac muscle structure
- single nucleus - Y-shaped cells - intercalcated discs between cells -> directly connected with large SA -> good for gap junctions - attached to 2,3,4 other cells - involuntary contraction (autonomic system) - striated - internally generated impulses
130
smooth muscle
- walls of hollow organs and blood vessels - tunica media- thick layer of smooth muscle surround arteries - detrusor muscle- bladder -> allows us to push out pee - 3 muscle layers of stomach
131
sphincter
-skeletal muscle
132
smooth muscle structure
- involuntary - non-striated - resist fatigue - low power - maintain constant muscle tone - always somewhat contracted to maintain shape of organ
133
smooth muscle function
- bundles of actin and myosin that stretch in between dense bodies - dense body is analogous to z disc - filaments connect dense bodies - thin filaments slide over thick filaments - sliding mechanism - contraction in all directions - elongated shape- relaxed - blobby- contracted
134
which muscle is involved in goose bumps (erector pili)
- smooth muscles | - involuntary
135
which muscle is involved in shivering
skeletal | -heat production
136
muscle action
- when considered in isolation, the movement that a muscle is capable of producing in isolation - the movements that a muscle is capable of producing
137
muscle function
- the body motion that a muscle produced when it is in use - depends on the context of other muscle actions and joint positions - the body motion that muscle produces when it is in use
138
muscle function = muscle action in some cases:
- pronator quadratus | - brachialis
139
pronator quadratus
- action=function - pronation at forearm/wrist - anterior distal end - between ulna and radius - brings them closer together - rotation about the ulna
140
brachialis
- action=function - crosses from the diaphysis of the humerus to the coracoid process of ulna - pulls ulna towards humerus - flexion of forearm at elbow joint
141
muscle function may be modified muscle action
- pronator teres | - biceps brachii
142
pronator teres
- action= pronation - elongated - pulling between medial epicondyle of humerus - pulls radius and forearm towards the humerus - pronation - if you already have pronation and have further flexion of the pronator teres you would expect it to produce flexion at the elbow - function = can do flexion when already pronated
143
biceps brachii
- action=flexion of elbow - function=when elbow is partially flexed, also powerful supinator - connected to radius - pulls radius towards humerus -> flexion - rotates radial from radial tuberosity once flexed
144
muscle action and muscle function may be different
-walking
145
agonist
- prime mover | - responsible for movement
146
antagoinist
- prime opponent | - prevents the movement
147
synergist
-assist agonist (stabilize joint)
148
fixator
-assist agonist (stabilize bone)
149
elbow flexion
- agonist- bicep brachii | - antagonist- triceps brachii
150
flexion of wrist
- agonist- palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris- also adducts - flexor carpi radialis- also abducts - results in straight flexion - flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis are antagonists of one another (abductor and abbductor)
151
finger flexion: pulling yourself up
- agonist- finger flexors: flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor radialis - antagonist- finger extensors - synergist- wrist should be extended: wrist extensors -> extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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