QUIZ 3 Flashcards
1
Q
agonist
A
-primer move
2
Q
antagonist
A
-prime opponent
3
Q
synergist
A
-assist agonist (stabilize joint)
4
Q
fixator
A
- assist agonist (stabilize bone)
- foundation for action to take place
5
Q
elbow flexion
A
- agonist- bicep brachii
- antagonist- triceps brachii
6
Q
flexion of wrist
A
- agonist- palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris- also adducts
- flexor carpi radialis- also abducts
- results in straight flexion
- flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis are antagonists of one another (abductor and abbductor)
7
Q
finger flexion: pulling yourself up
A
- agonist- finger flexors: flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor radialis
- antagonist- finger extensors
- synergist- wrist should be extended: wrist extensors -> extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus
8
Q
fixators of scapula
A
- trapezius
- levator scapulae
- rhomboideus
- pull the scapula against the back (anteriorly-under scapula) and medially
- keeps scapula in place for foundation for ex. when subscapularis pulls humerus for medial rotation
9
Q
walking
A
- muscle action and muscle function may be different
- gait cycle -> 2 phases
- heel strike- hip is flexed, knee is extended
- support phase- body weight moves forward and supports (hip is flexed -> extension of hip, extension of knee)
- toe off- push off with toe
- swing phase- flexion of knee and hip, leg swings forward
- repeat
10
Q
muscle action
A
- when considered in isolation, the movement that a muscle is capable of producing in isolation
- the movements that a muscle is capable of producing
11
Q
muscle function
A
- the body motion that a muscle produced when it is in use
- depends on the context of other muscle actions and joint positions
- the body motion that muscle produces when it is in use
12
Q
muscle function = muscle action in some cases:
A
- pronator quadratus
- brachialis
13
Q
pronator quadratus
A
- action=function
- pronation at forearm/wrist
- anterior distal end
- between ulna and radius
- brings them closer together
- rotation about the ulna
14
Q
brachialis
A
- action=function
- crosses from the diaphysis of the humerus to the coracoid process of ulna
- pulls ulna towards humerus
- flexion of forearm at elbow joint
15
Q
muscle function may be modified muscle action
A
- pronator teres
- biceps brachii
16
Q
pronator teres
A
- action= pronation
- elongated
- pulling between medial epicondyle of humerus
- pulls radius and forearm towards the humerus
- pronation
- if you already have pronation and have further flexion of the pronator teres you would expect it to produce flexion at the elbow
- function = can do flexion when already pronated
17
Q
consider 7 muscle groups for walking
A
- gluteus maxium
- gluteus medius
- quadriceps femoris
- hamstrings
- iliopsoas
- triceps surae
- dorsiflexors of the foot
18
Q
electromyography (EMG)
A
- measures electrical impulse of muscle fiber action potential that occurs during muscle contraction
- tells you which muscles are being used (contraction)
19
Q
EMG experiment
A
- left gastrocnemius (knee flexor and foot plantar flexor)
- stabilize the ankle joint when walking
- activation at the end of support phase
20
Q
gluteus maximus: isolated
A
- extends and laterally rotates femur
- most superficial
- largest
- goes between iliac crest to posterior side of proximal femur
- contracts -> pulls between posterior side of femur and posterior side of iliac crest
- straightens legs
21
Q
gluteus maximus: walking
A
- activated during early support phase (right after heel strike)
- prevents jack-knifing of trunk (maintaining upright posture)
- extends and laterally rotates femur
- counteracts forces of jack-knifing during heel strike
22
Q
gluteus maximus gait
A
- characterized by a posteriorly leaning trunk at heel strike
- trunk muscle activity is compensating for the loss gluteus maximus function
- be leaning back, jack-knifing is also prevented
- use trunk muscles (leaning back) to prevent jack-knifing
- damage to inferior gluteal nerve
23
Q
gluteus medius
A
- abduct femur
- anterior superior of iliac
- proximal, lateral side of femur
- prevents pelvis from collapsing
- important for early support phase
- pulls pelvis towards leg to remain straight (not drooping)
24
Q
when is action of gluteus medius as a hip abductor be necessary for gait cycle
A
- support phase
- helps reinforce upright posture
25
trendelenburg sign
- damage to superior gluteal nerve
- loss of function of gluteus medius
- collapse of pelvis
- loss of abductor function
26
quadriceps femoris
- extend knee
- flex hip
- straightening of leg
- 4 muscles (anterior to thigh) -> rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
- important for support phase and end of swing phase (extending the knee for another heel strike)
- prevents knee from collapsing and prevents jack-knifing
27
hamstrings
- flex knee
- extend hip
- 3 muscles -> bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
- important during early support phase (preventing jack-knifing- hip extension) and during swing phase (flex knee to raise leg for swing)
- prevents jack knifing of trunk
- flex knee to raise leg for swing
28
Iliopsoas
- flex hip
- 2 muscles -> psoad major and iliacus
- function: hip flexion
- action = function
- important for swing phase
- bring toes of ground and swing legs forward
29
triceps surae
- 2 muscles: soleus and gastrocnemius
- action- plantarflex ankle and flex knee
- important for end of support phase
- prevent ankle collapse
- getting ready for toe off -> push off
- leg is already extended now the body is counteracting weight from collapsing ankle
30
dorsiflexors of the foot
- 2 muscles: tibialis anterior (medial side of foot), fibularis tertius (lateral side of foot)
- also: edl ehl
- pull on both sides preventing eversion and inversion
- action- dorsiflex ankle, invert foot, evert foot
- function- prevent "slap down", prevent "toe drag", ensure heel strike
- instead of the toe off being a slap down it ensures the foot rolls off the ground
- pulls up the toes and heel strike
31
head rotation
- C1 is rotation on C2
- sternocleidomastoid muscle - attaches on sternum, clavicle and mastoid (bump be the ear)
- innervated by accessory nerve (CN XI)
- muscle action- rotate head towards opposite side, tilt head head on same side, flexes head when activated bilaterally (head towards chest)
- action of right sternocleidomastoid turns head left (vice versa)
32
mastication
- temporomandibular joint- temporal muscle of skull and mandibular muscle
- chewing
- synovial joint- 2 synovial cavities
- superior and inferior synovial cavities are separated by the articular disc (2 cavities)- absorbs pressure
- temporalis- elevates and retracts mandible -> attaches to temporal line (pulls jaw upward and posteriorly)
- masseteur- elevates and protracts mandible -> attaches at cheek bone and back corner or mandible (moves upward and anteriorly)
- *lateral pterygoid- depresses and protrudes manible (project back into nasal cavity) -> pulls forward anteriorly and leads to opening of jaw
- medial pterygoid- elevates mandible
33
why do we only have one muscle for depression of jaw
- most has to do with gravity
| - lateral pterygoid
34
TMJ function and dislocation
- articular cartilage is pushed too far anteriorly
- when you open your jaw it puts pressure on the ligaments of the synovial joint
- ligaments have nerves and blood vessels -> pain
- this happens if you get hit laterally
- clicking -> articular cartilage displaced
35
orbicularis muscles
- face muscles
- palpebral portion (gently closes eyelids)
- orbital portion (forcefully closes eyelids; squinting; outer)
- orbicularis oculi -> constricts and protrudes lips; resist distention (during blowing)
- acts as an orbital sphincter:
- palpebral portion gently closes
- orbital portion tightly close
36
facial paralysis
- ex. bells palsy
- cause- inflammation of facial nerve at stylomastoid foramen
- symptom:
- loss of muscle tone- lower orbicularis oculi falls away from eye, weakening of orbicularis oris
- dry cornea
- saliva dribbling
- food accumulation during chewing
37
nervous system role
-communication control and coordination of different organ systems
38
central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord
39
peripheral nervous system
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- ganglia
40
nervous system function
- sensory activity
- integrative activity
- motor activity
41
nervous system functional unit
- neurons
- cells
- excitable- respond to a stimulus (chemical, stretch, pressure)
- conducted- an electric charge is propagated along the plasma membrane
42
neuron functional classification
- afferent- carries signals towards CNS (input) -> sensory
- synapses at interneuron- integration of multiple sensory neurons -> conducts to motor neuron
- efferent- carries signals away from CNS (output) -> motor
43
what is a nerve impulse stimilated by low K levels in the kidney an ex of
afferent
44
neuron structure
- dendrites- pick up potentials from others
- cell body- nucelus, organelles, thickest part
- axon- conducts the action potential from cell body; 1 per neuron; usually longest structure
- synaptic terminals- passes signals over, may pass by neurotransmitter
45
neuron myelination
- fatty substance
- insulates
- efficient conduction of signals
- wraps around axon
- prevents ions from passing through the cell membrane of the axon
- produced by a living cell
- neurolemmocyte (shwann cell)- glial cell; myelinates
- neurofibril node (node of ranvier)
46
action potential
- polarization- difference in + and - on either side of plasma membrane
- depolarization
- after exceeding threshhold -> action potential
- sodium in
- a propagation of depolarization along the cell (electrical current)
- in neurons this signals flows from dendrite through the axon (unidirectional)
- more ion channels in dendrite
47
conduction (myelinated)
- nodes of ranvier are depolarized
- jump to next node
- saltatory conduction
- 130m/s
48
conduction (unmyelinated)
- continuous conduction
| - .5m/s
49
what attribute of neuron cells does the transmission of an action potential illustrate
- conductivity
| - action potential through the cell
50
synapse
- junctions between neurons, across which nerve impulses are transmitted
- presynaptic neuron- transmit signal to synapse
- postsynaptic neuron
51
conduction (mechanism)
- electrical synapse- ions moving from gap junction (heart)
- chemical synapse- conduction of electrical impulse to the end of synapse and then release chemical (aCh) -> action potential in postsynaptic
52
chemical synapse
- common synapse type
- analogous to neuromuscular junction
1. arrival of an action potential
2. release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic
3. receipt of neurotransmitter by postsynaptic
4. new action potential
53
all or none
- triggers an all or none response
- threshold stimulus on dendrite causes depolarization (fire)
- depolarization of adjacent area along plasma membrane (impulse)
- synaptic knobs release neurotransmitter (synapse)
54
acetylcholine
- ACh
- somatic motor
- somatic sensory
- visceral sensory
- parasympathetic (visceral motor)
55
norepinephrine
-sympathetic (visceral motor)
56
neuron classification
-unipolar- 1 dendrite -> peripheral sensory -> bypasses cell body (uncommon)
-bipolar- 2 dendrite -> special sensory
multipolar- multiple dendrites -> motor
57
myelination
- neurolemmocyte- PNS -> myelinates one at a time
| - oligodendrocyte- CNS -> myelinate multiple portions of the axons at the same time
58
multiple sclerosis
- MS
- progressive demyelination of neurons in CNS and destruction of oligodendrocytes
- poor nerve impulses conduction
- leads to scarring (sclerosis=hardening) in CNS
- twitching
59
PNS
- neurlemmocytes- shwann cells
| - satellite cells
60
CNS
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells
61
glial cells
- cells that exist in nervous system in high frequency
- support the nervous system
- neurolemmocytes (shwann)
- satellite cells (gliocytes)
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells
62
satellite cells
- gliocytes
- surrounding cell bodies of sensory neurons
- unipolar
- regulated nutrient exchange
- located in ganglia
- PNS
63
oligodendrocytes
- wrap around axons
- potentially more than one neuron at once
- CNS
64
astrocytes
- most frequent type of cell in the CNS
- blood brain barrier
- balance tissue fluid composition
- filtration
- structure
- synaptic transmission- absorb additional left over neurotransmitters
- repair and development
- perivascular feet
- actively transport from circulatory system to cell bodies
- surround cell bodies
65
microglia
- defend against infection
- remove waste
- engulf and breakdown dead cell material
- CNS
66
Ependymal cells
- CNS
- line ventricles and central canal (brain and spinal cord)
- produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
67
nerve structure
- similar to skeletal muscle
- nerve- cluster of parallel neurons in fascicles
- fascicles- consist of neurons
- endoneurium-
- perineurium- surrounds fascicles
- blood vessels between fascicles
- epineurium- surrounds the nerve
- neuron- cellular unit
68
neuron (axon) bundle in PNS
-nerve
69
neuron (axon) bundle in CNS
-tract
70
collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS
-ganglion
71
collection of nerve cell bodies in CNS
-nucleus
72
PNS
- somatic- sensory or motor
| - visceral- afferent or efferent
73
somatic sensory
- sensation
- localized
- 6 sources
- pain
- ischemia, cramping, inflammation, distension, cutting, temperature
74
visceral afferent
- sensation unlocalized
- 4 sources: ischemia, cramping, inflammation, distension
- pain is usually poorly localized, vague and diffuse,
75
6 somatic pain types
- ischemia- due to lack of blood
- cramping- involuntary muscle contraction
- inflammation- response to injury leading to capillary dilation, heat and local pressure increase
- distension- when an organ is overfilled and stretched
- cutting- a tissue tear or incision
- temperature- can be an increase or decrease
76
visceral afferent pain
- ischemia
- cramping
- inflammation
- distension
- pain is usually poorly localized, vague and diffuse,
77
somatic motor
- voluntary
- synapse on target
- axons are myelinated
78
visceral efferent
- involuntary
- synapse on ganglion (preganglionic)
- synapse on target (postganglionic)
- preganglionic axons myelinated
- postganglionic axons unmyelinated
- autonomic nervous system -> sympathetic and parasympathetic
79
what pattern of signal propagation occurs along the axon of preganglionic visceral effect neurons?
- saltatory transmission
| - preganglionic visceral efferent neurons are myelinated
80
parasympathetic
- energy conservation
- body homeostasis
- brainstem, S2-
81
sympathetic
- energy expenditure
- fight or flight
- T1-L2
82
primary vesicles- 3
- neural tube -> 4 weeks -> 3 primary vesicles are formed
- prosencephalon (forebrain
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
83
secondary vesicles- 5
- developmental
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
84
neurodevelopment
- Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)- becomes the medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum
- midbrain- remains the same
- prosencephalon (forebrain)- becomes the diencephalon, cerebrum
85
cranial meninges
- closing and protect blood vessels
- contain CSF
- support and protection
- pia mater (deepest)
- arachnoid mater
- dura mater (superficial)
86
pia mater
- thin layer
- highly vascularized
- delicate
87
subdural space
from arachnoid mater to the pia mater
88
dura mater
-contains meningeal layer and periosteal layer
89
epidural space
-between dura mater and skull
90
cranial dural septa- 4
- separation of the areas of cerebrum
- double layers of dura mater
- fals cerebri- between left and right hemispheres of cerebrum
- superior sagittal sinus-
- inferior sagittal sinus-
- terrorium cerebeli-
- diaphrangms sele
- tentorium notch- gap
- fals cerebelli- separate left and right hemispheres of cerebellum
91
epidural hematoma
- ruptured artery, pool of blood formed in the epidural space, usually due to a severe blow to the head
- intercranial pressure
- surgery
92
subdural hemotoma
- ruptured vein, pool of blood formed between the dura and arachnoid mater, usually by fast or violent rotation of the head
- below the dura mater
- deadliest
- compresses brain tissue -> brain damage or death
- surgery
93
ventricular system
lateral ventricles- 2
- third ventricle (embedded in diencephalon)
- cerebral aqueduct- connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
- fourth ventricle
- filled with/reservoirs of CSF
- spaces
- hollow structures
94
interventricular foramen
-connects the left and right lateral ventricles
95
central canal of spinal cord
-connects the CSF to the spinal cord
96
choroid plexus
- produces CSF in each ventricle
- 500ml of CSF per day
- filtered by ependymal cells
97
arachnoid granulations
- connect
- gets rid of excess CSF
- going to superior and interior venial sinuses
- unidirectional
- ventricular system to venous system
98
lateral aperture (foramen of luschka) cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna)
-boyancy
| -
99
telencephalon
1. cerebral cortex
2. olfactory cortex
3. basal nuclei
4. hippocampus
5. lateral ventricles-2
6. 3rd ventricle (portion)
100
cerebral hemispheres
- left and right
- deep longitudinal fissue- separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
- massive bundles of tracts between left and right (white matter) -> largest one is corpus callosum
- receive sensory information and send motor commands to the opposite side of the body -> hemispherical lateralization
101
cerebrum: landmarks
- central sulcus- separates the parietal and frontal lobes
- frontal pole
- lateral sulcus- separates frontal and temporal lobe
- temporal pole
- occipital pole
- preoccipital sulcus- separates the occipital and temporal lobe
- parieto-occipital sulcus- separates occipital and parietal lobes
102
insula cortex
- lobe that is embedded within the brain
- embedded in diencephalon
- operculum edges
- frontal, temporal parietal operculum
103
limbic system: cerebrum
-
104
motor areas
1. primary motor cortex- located within central gyrus
- relay directly to brain stem and spinal cord
- hemispherical lateralization
2. motor speech area- brochas area (left frontal lobe)
- control muscular movements for vocalization
105
sensory areas
- conscious awareness of sensation
- cranial nerves
1. primary somatosensory cortex- posterior to central sulcus (postcentral gyrus)
2. primary visual cortex- occipital lobe
3. primary auditory cortex- temporal lobe
4. primary gustatory cortex- insula lobe
5. primary olfactory- temporal lobe
106
association area
- storing information
- further refined to give a behavioral output
1. premotor cortex- frontal lobe
- learned skills
2. somatosensory association area- parietal lobe
- integrating somatic senses
3. auditory association area- temporal lobe
- interpret characteristics and memories of sounds
4. visual association area- occipital lobe
- analyze and identify things we see
5. wernicke's area- overlap parietal and temporal lobe
- understanding and comprehension of spoken or written language
6. gnostic area- parietal occipital and temporal lobe
- all sensory information within all the lobes
107
cerebral cortex
- external part
- visible
- organ of intelligence
- expanded and reorganized
- high-order cognition
- consciousness, preception, voluntary actions, thought, learning personality
- cortex- most external part
- neocortex- most evolutionary modern part of brain -> 6 distinct cell layers
108
cerebellum
-3 cell layers
109
olfactory
-3 cell layers
110
bordmann areas
- 1-51 areas
| - functional areas (not developmental)
111
cortical folding
- gyri- wrinkles
- sulci- depressions
- allows to fit a lot more cortex -> minimal volume expansion
- create faster neuronal connection of areas within the same gyrus
- allows for expansion after birth
112
phineas gage
- accidental frontal lobotomy
- resulting in a change in personality
- iron rod
- left frontal love
- start contributing to neuroscience
113
central white matter
- deep to grey matter
- myelinated axons -> bundles are tract
- association tracts- connecting different parts of the same subdivision of the brain (arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi)
- projection tracts- connecting different subdivision of the brain and the brain with the spinal cord
- commissural tracts- connecting left and right hemispheres (ex. corpus callosum)
114
which neuron cell component makes up the largest volume of brain white matter
- axons
- axons (nerve fibers) -> longer
- connect with other neurons
- main component of connection
115
white matter distribution
- brain- gray matter is superficially (cortex) and deeply (basal nuclei, reticular formation) positioned
- spinal cord- grey matter is centrally positioned and white matter is peripherally positioned
116
basal nuclei
- group of subcortical nuceli (gray matter) in charge of learning, reward processing, habit formation, sensorimotor integration, and motor control of voluntary movement, among others
- highly complex- caudate nucleus is S-shaped (sigmoid)
- highly interconnected
- caudate nucleus- for a striatum
- putamen- form a striatum; forms the Lentiform nucleus as well with the globus pallidus
- Lentiform nucleus and striatum makeup the basal nuclei
117
huntingtons disease
- autosomal dominant hereditary disease
- affects the cerebral nuclei
- degeneration of neurons (basal nuclei)
- onset of 35-40 and deadly in 10
- personality changes
- muscle spasms
118
parkinsons disease
- slow progressing neurologic condition
- affects muscle movement and balance
- disease is caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine
- results from decreased dopamine production
- lose neurons that produce dopamine
- lack of basal nuclei
119
Low dopamine suggest loss of function of
- substantia nigra
| - produces dopamine
120
diencephalone
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus (with pinal body)
- mammillary bodies
121
epithalamus
- consists of pineal gland and associated nuclei and fiber tracts
- pineal gland- produces melatonin in circadian rhythm
- reproductive cycles
122
thalamus
- gateway to the cererbral cortex
- sensory integration- all (non-olfactory) sensory pathways
- motor integration- many neural circuits used the cerebellum and basal nuclei to coordinate movement
- filters out sounds, sights, with studying in a loud place
- ab 120 thalamic nuclei (2 types are large:)
- lateral geniculate nucleus- receives visual input the retina and relays it to the primary visual cortex in the occipital love
- medial geniculate nucleus- receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus and relays it to the primary auditory cortex in temporal lob
123
hypothalamus
- maintaining homeostasis
- subconscious control center for the autonomic nervous system
- controls both lobes of the pituitary gland (posterior pituitary via neural projections, the anterior pituitary via vascular connections)
- fight, feeling, mating
- hypophysis (pituitary gland)- regulation of other endocrine glands
- mammillary bodies- 2 (left and right)- recollective memory
124
subthalamic nuclei
-subthalamus regulates and modulates the output of the basal nuceli
125
brainstem
- midbrain
- pons (non-cerebellar portions)
- medulla oblongata (non-cerebellar portions)
126
anteroposterior division
- conduit for ascending and descending fiber tracts
- integration center, exerting subconscious control over respiratory and cardiovascular activities, complex motor patterns, and even regulating levels of consciousness
- site of exit/entry of most cranial nerves (but NOT CN1 or CN 2
127
mesencephalon
- tectum
- cerebral peduncles
- substantia nigra
- red nucleus
128
penducles and tectum
- traversed by the cerebral aqueduct
- cerebral peduncles- anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
- tectum (corpora quadrigemina)- part posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
- superior colliculi- centers for visual reflexes
- inferior colliculi- centers for auditory reflexes
- CN IV- only one that emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem
129
crus cerebri
- ventral view, only the basal portion of the cerebral peduncles is seen -> called the crus cerebri
- consists entirely of descending fiber tracts that originate in the cerebral cortex and pass through the internal capsule of their descent
130
pigmented nuclei
- play important roles in motor coordination
- substantia nigra- (black substance)- production of dopamine (neurotransmitter)
- red nuclei- involved in motor coordination (red color due to iron containing pigments in its neurons (hemoglobin and ferritin))
131
metencephalon
- pons
- pontine tegmentum
- (cerebellum too but not apart of brain stem)
132
pons
- basal pons- serves mainly as a relay station for descending fiber tracts passing to the cerebellum
- conduit for those passing to the spinal cord
- pontine tegmentum- contains a wide variety of nuclei and fiber tracts, and serves a wide variety of function, including the regulation of respiration and sleep
133
reticular formation
- respiratory center
- pneumotaxic- prevent over distension of lungs
- apneustic- control of intensity of breathing
134
which is reticular formation NOT found within
- cerebellum
| - not apart of brain stem
135
myelencephalon
-medulla oblongata
136
medulla oblongata
- transitional zone between the more superior portions of the brainstem and the spinal cord
- sensory and motor fiber tracts become organized into the same general pattern seen in the spinal cord sensory tracts on the dorsal side, motor tracts on the ventral side
137
dorsal aspect: medulla oblongata
- sensory fiber tracts- from the upper and lower parts of the body ascend toward the cerebral cortex in:
- cuneate fasciculus- (lateral) from T6 and above
- gracile fasciculus- (medial 0 from T7 and below
138
ventral aspect: medulla oblongata
-pyramidal tracts (voluntary motor fiber tracts from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord)
descend toward the spinal cord immediately to the left and right sides of the midline
-with the olive (nuclei with synapses for neurons connecting the cerebellum with the spinal cord) lying farther laterally
-function in tandem with the cerebellum in motor coordination and learning
139
drunk driver cannot walk in a straight line and his motion are jerky (not smooth) what part of the brain has alcohol impacted to cause this breakdown in motor coordination
-cerebellum
140
cerebellum
- part of the metencephalon but not apart of the brain stem
- cerebellar cortex consists of three distinct cell layers
- contains as m any neurons as are present in all of the rest of the CNS
- left and right hemispheres
- anterior and posterior lobes
- vermis separates the left and right
- primary fissure separates anterior and posterior lobe
- 3 cerebella layers of different neurons
- contains as many neurons as the rest of the CNS (a lot)
- receives afferent information about voluntary movement from the *cerebral cortex and *muscles, tendons, and joints (via the spinal cord) and the *vestibular system
- information is integrated to finetune motor output in terms of coordination, precision and timing
- calibrates voluntary movements, but does not initiate them
141
cerebellar penduncles
- connections that allow the cerebellum to receive proprioceptive information about body and impulses for voluntary movements
- allow the cerebellum to make decision about fine tuning movements
- superior peduncle
- middle - pons
- inferior- medulla oblongata
142
limbic system
cortex: cingulate gyrus (in the longitudinal fissure- attention of emotional significant events), parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, dentate gyrus
- nuclei- mammillary body (hypothalamus) and amygdala (temporal lobe)
- connect physical sensations with memories
- involved in emotions and mood and addictive cravings (amygdala), sexual drives (mammillary body) and the formation of memories (hippocampus) and more
