QUIZ 6

Question 1

components of circulatory system

Answer 1

• blood
• red bone marrow
• heart
• vessels
• lymphatic system

Question 2

blood as connective tissue

Answer 2

• connective tissue:
• cells- various blood cells (RBCS, WBC, macrophages)
• fluid- water based fluid
• fibers- dissolved protein fibers (fibrin)
• ground substance- fluid ground substance -> plasma

Question 3

blood

Answer 3

• plasma- 55% (volume)
• H2O- 92% (weight)
• proteins- 7%
• electrolytes- 1%
• cells and cell fragments- 45% (volume) -> red 99%, white .01%, platelets .99% (formed elements)
• hematocrit- measure of blood cell volume percentage, a common test for anemia

Question 4

red blood cells

Answer 4

• erythrocytes
• hemoglobin- protein that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• transports from high oxygenated regions to other parts
• transports CO2 form high concentration back to lungs
• formed in hemopoietic marrow (red marrow)
• destroyed (phagocytized) in liver and spleen
• spleen stores RBC’s

Question 5

antigen and antibodies

Answer 5

• antigen- substances capable of stimulating an immune response -> some are bound to cell surface (surface antigens)
• antibody- proteins that recognize and immobilize a specific antigen -> stimulate an immune response
• when antibodies bind to erythrocytes surface antigens, this leads to agglutination (clumps of cells that can prevent normal blood circulation and/or cell rupture)

Question 6

blood types

Answer 6

• receiving blood that isnt your blood type leads to agglutination
• ABO blood type-
• type A- specific surface antigen A -> produce anti-B antibodies -> type B binds and causes agglutination
• type B- surface antigen B -> anti-A antibodies
• type AB- surface antigens A and B -> they have no anti-A or anti-B -> universal acceptor
• type O -> neither surface antigen A or B -> produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies -> universal donor

Question 7

would we expect agglutination to occur in a type A person who receives a transfusion of type AB blood

Answer 7

• yes

- type A has anti-B antibodies and AB blood has surface antigen B

Question 8

Rh

Answer 8

• Rh positive- have surface antigen D and no anti-D antibodies
• Rh negative- have no surface antigen D and no anti-D antibodies (except when this person has be exposed to Rh+ blood previously)
• if a pregnant persons child is Rh+ and the mother is Rh- -> the blood from the child transfers to the mother
• if she has another baby her Rh+ can transfer to the baby and cause agglutination -> problem!
• checked in pregnant mothers

Question 9

white blood cells

Answer 9

• leukocytes
• immune response agents
• defend against pathogens
• 5 major types
• leukemia:
• increased production of leukocytes at expense of erythrocytes and platelets within red bone marrow
• bone marrow transplant may be prescribed in some cases

Question 10

platelets

Answer 10

• thrombocytes
• small irregular cell fragments
• form clots in combination with dissolved fibrin
• release clotting agent
• thrombus- stationary clot in vessel -> can be bad is in pulmonary system
• embolus- detached clot

Question 11

heart: pericardium

Answer 11

• outer layer limits movement of heart within thorax
• outer layer is attached to other organs (diaphragm)
• outer layer prevents the heart from being over filled with blood
• outer layer -> fibrous pericardium -> dense connective tissue
• deeper layer- provides lubrication
• serous pericardium (inner layer)- 2 layers -> parietal serous membrane (loose connective tissue and epithelium) and visceral serous
• mediastinum
• attached to other organs -> diaphragm
• prevents the heart from being overfilled with blood

Question 12

pulmonary circulation

Answer 12

• receives deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart -> to lungs
• CO2 is passed in tissue

Question 13

systemic cirulation

Answer 13

• oxygenated

- left side of heart -> blood supply to the rest of the organs (systemic cells)

Question 14

pericarditis

Answer 14

• swelling and irritation of serous membrane and heart
• sharp pain in heart
• inner layers of pericardium provide lubrication to prevent this
• pain is picked up by left arm and heart

Question 15

fibrous pericardium

Answer 15

• dense connective tissue
• outer layer of pericardium
• prevents distention
• prevents overfilling
• continuous with the diaphragm and major vessels (inferior vena cava, aorta, esophagus)
• binds strongly to the inferior vena cava and aorta and esophagus
• outermost layer of pericardium

Question 16

serous pericardium

Answer 16

• inner layer of pericardium
• 2 layers -> parietal serous membrane and visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)
• a serous membrane is a combination of loose connective tissue and epithelium
• lines the inner part of the fibrous pericardium (parietal layer) and the outside of the heart (visceral layer)
• epithelium layer of tissue is pointing inward, facing the space in between the parietal and visceral layers -> produces the serous fluid -> prevents friction between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium
• lubrication
• parietal layer- outer layer -> touching the fibrous pericardium
• visceral layer- surround the heart -> outer layer of the heart wall
• visceral layer is also known as epicardium
• areolar connective tissue and fat
• binds the simple squamous epithelium-> producing the serous fluid

Question 17

myocardium

Answer 17

• deep to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
• cardiac muscles cells
• deep to visceral layer
• short, branched cardiac muscles cells
• striated muscle
• intercalated discs- electrical junctions
• open gap junctions
• ions pass from one cell to another freely -> depolarization of one cell causes continuous flow -> systemic and smooth contraction of heart muscle wall
• fast and continuous signal
• cells are shorter, branched, striated, y-shaped
• thickest part

Question 18

endocardium

Answer 18

• deepest layer of heart
• surrounding the atria and ventricles
• areolar connective tissue and endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
• has areolar connective tissue which connects the endothelium to myocardium
• endothelium layer of the endocardium is simple squamous epithelium
• continuous with endothelium that lines the blood vessels of the arteries and veins

Question 19

fibrous skeleton

Answer 19

• connected to myocardium
• dense connective tissue that reinforces the valves found in between heart chambers
• serves as electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
• septum
• provides support to valves
• forms a layer in between atrium and ventricles -> prevents the electrical flow from atria to ventricles (electrical insulator)

Question 20

semilunar vales

Answer 20

-between ventricles and arteries

Question 21

chambers

Answer 21

• atrium receives blood from outside of heart from veins (vena cava and pulmonary veins)
• ventricles expel blood into arteries
• ventricles- expel blood into arteries
• right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava
• flows into the right ventricle while relaxed
• ventricle expels the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery/ circulation
• pulmonary veins returns oxygenated blood into left atrium
• flows into the left ventricle to systemic cells via aorta

Question 22

valves

Answer 22

• atria to ventricle -> cuspid valves (atrioventricular valve)
• bicuspid on left
• tricuspid on the right
• ventricle to artery -> semilunar valves
• pulmonary semilunar valve on the right
• aortic semilunar valve on the left
• semilunar vales have 3 cups
• valves are flaps of tissue
• free edges of valves go into the ventricles
• high pressure in ventricles -> closes the valves and prevents back flow

Question 23

right atrium

Answer 23

• deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
• walls of atrium are thin (myocardium)
• less pressure is required
• fossa ovalis- medial side of atrium wall -> important fetal blood circulation (flap fuses)
• right atrioventricular valve- tricuspid valve -> goes to right ventricle

Question 24

right ventricle

Answer 24

• receives blood from right atrium
• thicker walls
• 3 major papillary muscles
• corda tendinae- strings that close the valves when muscle contracts
• papillary muscles contract and hold the corda tendinae tight -> closes bicuspid
• semilunar valve opens to the pulmonary semilunar valve
• trabeculae carneae muscles- in the wall of the right ventricle
• less thick then the left ventricle

Question 25

left atrium

Answer 25

- oxygenated blood goes to left atrium via pulmonary vein - left and right pulmonary vein - thin wall - from left atrium to left ventricle -> bicuspid valve

Question 26

left ventricle

Answer 26

- thick walls - trabeculae carnae in muscle wall - pumps blood to the aorta via aortic semilunar valve - papillary muscles and corda tendinae (string) prevent back flow

Question 27

cardiac cycle

Answer 27

- defined based on contraction of ventricles - atrial systole (ventricular diastole)- atria contract - ventricular systole (atrial diastole)- ventricles contract 1. ventricular diastole- relaxed -> blood flow into atria 2. passive blood flow from atria to ventricle (80% due to pressure and gravity) 3. at the end of ventricular diastole (relaxation) -> atria contract -> push last bit of blood into the ventricles -> higher blood pressure in ventricles 4. ventricular systole- AV valves close -> ventricular contraction -> semilunar valves open 5. ventricular ejection- blood moves through the semilunar valves into the arteries 6. ventricles relax and the pressure in the arteries closes the semilunar valves 7. repeat

Question 28

systole

Answer 28

- contraction of ventricles - closed AV valves - open semilunar valves - pumps blood into circulation - systole- allowing blood to pass into the arties

Question 29

diastole

Answer 29

- relaxation of ventricles - closed semilunar valves - open AV valves - atrial compression pushing blood from atria into ventricles

Question 30

lub

Answer 30

- as ventricles compress during systole -> closure of AV valves - systolic - AV valve close

Question 31

dup

Answer 31

diastolic - semilunar valve closure - semilunar valves close due to pressure in arteries - beginning of diastole - relaxation of ventricles

Question 32

sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 32

- does not require active neural signaling - impulse starts here - beginning of impulse - contracts atrium - superior part of right atrium

Question 33

atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 33

- signal from the sinoatrial node - must pass here to atrioventricular bundle (lines of transmission) - within the cardiac muscle - branches to left and right - go to purkinje fibers - ventricles contract from inferior to superior

Question 34

epicardium

Answer 34

- visceral layer of the serous pericardium - surrounds the heart - outer layer of the heart wall - areolar connective tissue and fat - binds the simple squamous epithelium -> producing the serous fluid

Question 35

ventricular systole and diastole

Answer 35

-measure blood pressure

Question 36

heart innervation

Answer 36

- dont need signaling to beat - sympathetic innervation- via vagus nerve -> increase in heart rate - parasympathetic innervation- via cervical sympathetic ganglion (superior in sympathetic chain) -> decrease heart rate - cell body is within sympathetic ganglion

Question 37

coronary circulation

Answer 37

- pressure is too high and fast for heart - aorta -> left coronary artery -> anterior interventricular circumflex - aorta -> right coronary artery -> marginal posterior interventricular - great cardiac vein -> coronary sinus -> right atrium - small cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein -> coronary sinus -> right atrium

Question 38

arteries

Answer 38

- blood pressure - away from the heart - branches get smaller - oxygenated in the systemic system - oxygenates the tissues - narrower lumen -> higher blood pressure - no valves - tunica media thickest (middle layer) - more elastic - elastic arteries (many elastic fibers) -> muscular arteries (more smooth muscle fibers) -> arteriole (< 6 smooth muscle layers)

Question 39

veins

Answer 39

- adult circulation - towards the heart - branches get larger - deoxygenated in the systemic system - larger lumen - valves -> prevents back flow - required bc lower blood pressure - tunica externa thickest (outer layer) - less elastic - large vein -> medium veins (many valves) -> venule

Question 40

capillaries

Answer 40

- pulmonary - systemic - portal systems - tiny - connect arteries to veins - just tunica intima - basement membrane of endothelium - precapillary sphincters RELAX between arterioles and capillary - blood flows into true capillaries - nutrients are delivered - 5-10 cycles per minute - precapillary sphincters CONTRACT - blood flows directly into veins - no nutrients delivered

Question 41

layers of arteries and veins

Answer 41

- tunica intima- inner most: - endothelium (continuous with internal layer of the heart) - elastic tissue (especially for arteries) - tunica media- middle layer: - smooth muscle- reduce diameter and helps push blood through - regulates blood pressure and how much blood is going where - tunica externa- outer layer: - collagen and elastic fibers - nerves and lymphatics - vasa vasorum (blood vessels) -> helps oxygen and nutrients move from the artery to the tissues (especially for large arteries) -these layers are in veins and arteries

Question 42

blood flow

Answer 42

-heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein -> heart

Question 43

muscular artery

Answer 43

-have more smooth muscle compared to elastic artery (has more elastic)

Question 44

what type of blood vessel is subjected to the highest blood pressure

Answer 44

- artery - left ventricle pumps blood into aorta -> has much thicker wall - large arteries are receiving the full pressure from the ventricle contraction - pressure decreases from there due to branching - specially the elastic arteries

Question 45

arteriole

Answer 45

-< 6 smooth muscle layers

Question 46

tunica intima of arteries

Answer 46

- endothelium - elastic tissue - allows for expansion and recoil -> maintain round shape - pressure reservoir -> aborb blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart without damage - acts with each ventricular diastole (relaxation) to propel blood -> allows for a continuous flow - elastic recoil continues to push blood forward during diastole

Question 47

tunica media of arteries

Answer 47

- smooth muscles - affect blood pressure - contraction increases blood pressure - relaxation to decrease blood pressure -> increases blood to tissue - thicker within the arteries

Question 48

structure of veins

Answer 48

- blood pressure is lower - fighting against gravity - skeletal muscle pump- staying active -> skeletal muscles surrounding will contract and increase pressure -> blood is pushed towards the heart - valves- as blood moves up the vein -> pressure fills up cups in valves -> avoids back flow - combination of valves and skeletal muscle pump pushes blood forward and prevents back flow

Question 49

varicose veins

Answer 49

- some of the fluid is allows to back flow and pool - pooling of blood leads to high pressure in the veins - pushes plasma and fluid out - usually in legs or inferiorly - use compression socks

Question 50

respiratory pump

Answer 50

- area surrounding the veins when there is high pressure -> pushes the blood upwards toward the heart - areas where there is low pressure will receive blood - action of the diaphragm - when diaphragm contracts -> increases the volume of thorax -> reduces the pressure -> low pressure in lungs -> increases pressure in abdomen -> pushes on veins -> pushes on veins in the abdomen towards the thorax - diaphragm relaxes -> smaller volume of thorax -> higher pressure in thorax -> low pressure abdomen -> pushes venous blood towards the heart

Question 51

continuous capillaries

Answer 51

- lung - skeletal muscles - endothelial cells are touching each other - continuous cell membrane - gas can pass through but cells cant

Question 52

fenestrated capillaries

Answer 52

- kidney- filtration - intestines- transmission of larger molecule nutrients - endocrine glands- hormones pass into blood - endothelial cells have holes in them - holes allow for the passage of fluid easily - larger molecules are dissolved in the fluid

Question 53

sinusoid (discontinuous) capillaries

Answer 53

- liver - spleen- rbcs pass - red marrow- blood cells - fats and cells are passing through

Question 54

blood pressure

Answer 54

- brachial artery on inner arm - larger arteries have higher blood pressure - sphygmomanometer - first beats- systolic pressure - beats stop- diastolic pressure - increase pressure in the sleeve until you cant hear -> stops blood flow - 120/80-140/90 - higher is hypertension -> caused by artherosclerosis

Question 55

pulmonary circulation

Answer 55

- right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs - gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries - pulmonary arteries pass deoxygenated blood to capillary beds of alveoli - pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Question 56

which valve prevents blood in systemic circulation from flowing backwards into the heart

Answer 56

-aortic valve

Question 57

anastamoses

Answer 57

- permit collateral circulation - collateral circulation- multiple parallel paths of circulation that start at the same point and end at the same point - smaller vessels can merge or go into larger vessels - circle of willis

Question 58

portal systems

Answer 58

- 2 sets of capillaries connected by larger vessels (portal vein) - transports products to next region without being distributed by the heart (high concentrations) - if a product exists in the first capillary bed it will go to the second capillary bed in high concentration without being distributed anywhere else first

Question 59

portal systems: hypothalamic-hypophyseal

Answer 59

- hepatic - nephronic - capillaries in- hypothalamus anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Question 60

hepatic portal system

Answer 60

- transmits from the capillaries surrounding digestive system towards the liver - filters products that are digested - maintains a high concentration of digested product from the digestion system to the liver before going to heart

Question 61

nephronic portal system

Answer 61

- capillaries in glomerulus and peritubular capillaries | - associated with structures of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 62

lymphatic system

Answer 62

- takes fluid from the circulatory system that is ejected - organ system - similar to and intimately associated with the cardiovascular system - returns interstitial fluid to blood stream - transport products of fat digestion - fats arnt filtered - filter foreign substances and dead cells from lymph in nodes and from blood in spleen - comprise part of immune system

Question 63

four components of lymphatic system

Answer 63

- lymph - lymph vessels - lymph organs: nodes, spleen, thymus - diffuse patches of lymphatic tissue: tonsils and peyers patches

Question 64

lymphatics: return interstitial fluid to blood stream

Answer 64

- capillary beds releases the fluid -> interstitial fluid- leaked fluid from capillaries - fluid builds up in the tissue surrounding capillary beds - no RBCs - no platelets - there are macrophages (phagocytes - there are lymphocytes (various leukocyte derived immune cells) - there are dissolved lipids (fat) - not the same as plasma - thin lymphatic vessels are directly associated and found with the capillary beds - lymphatics bring it back to the blood - lymphedema- swelling of tissue due to accumulation of interstitial fluid, often the result of lymphatic system blockage - treated with compression

Question 65

lymph vessels

Answer 65

- capillary - lymphatic vessels - lymphatic trunk - lymph duct - go from the small vessels that merge into larger vessels until the lymph is dumped back to the subclavian arteries - capillary -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic trunk -> lymph duct -> subclavian veins - small -> large

Question 66

lymph vessels: capillary

Answer 66

- smallest - larger diameter than the vascular capillary - they have closed ends -> no entrance - transmit the interstitial fluid from around the soft tissue of the capillary beds - intertwined with systemic capillary - go from the small vessels that merge into larger vessels until the lymph is dumped back to the subclavian arteries - in villi of small intestine -> lacteals - fat + lymph = chyle - too big to go into vascular capillaries - single layer of overlapping endothelial cells that are not totally fused - no basement membrane - adjacent cells can move apart from one another where they overlap (one way door) - high pressure in interstitial space "doors" push in (open) -> pushes interstitial fluid into the lymph capillaries - high pressure inside capillary "doors" push out (close) -> fluid retained within lymph capillary

Question 67

lymph vessels

Answer 67

- larger diameter and more structure - overlapping endothelial cells - walls are thinner than veins - contains more valves than veins - pass through lymph node - afferent vessels (into nodes) - efferent vessels (out of node) - lymph nodes are strung along the lymph vessels

Question 68

lymphatic drainage

Answer 68

- lymphatic drainage everywhere - entire body except: - CNS- although evidence of dural lymph drainage (has its drainage) - cornea - maybe teeth or bone - superficial structures- lymph vessel from superficial structures paths of superficial veins (axillary lymph nodes) - deep structures (except lungs)- lymph vessels from deep structures follow paths of arteries - lymphatic drainage of lungs follow tracheobronchial tree upwards - inguinal lymph nodes lie along internal, external and common iliac arteries (deep) - lymph nodes typically named for associated artery (deep)

Question 69

which type of blood vessels would a lymphatic vessel draining the scalp likely follow

Answer 69

-superficial veins

Question 70

lymphatic trunk

Answer 70

- trunks are paired (one both sides of body) - drain major regions of the body - jugular- head, neck (travels along jugular vein) - subclavian- upper limb, breast (travels along the subclavian vein/artery) - bronchomediastinal- thoracic organs - intestinal- abdominal organs - lumbar- pelvis, lower limb

Question 71

lymph duct

Answer 71

- there are 2 - *thoracic duct- starts in cistern (intestinal and lumbar merge and drain) -> sometimes the bronchomediastinal - travels up to the left side of body - drains into the LEFT brachiocephalic vein - *right lymphatic duct- merging of the jugular and subclavian (sometimes the bronchomediastinal) - 1/3 of body drainage - drains into the RIGHT brachiocephalic vein

Question 72

what lymphatic trunk would probably drain lymph from the right cheek

Answer 72

-right jugular

Question 73

lymph flow: how does it move forward

Answer 73

- skeletal muscle contractions (like veins) -> increases pressure and valves prevent backflow - pulsation of adjacent artery- high pressure arterial flow (cyclical) running next to deep lymph vessels - intrinsic smooth muscle - overall pretty slow

Question 74

lymph nodes

Answer 74

- filters lymph -> antigens and debris - immune response to antigens (tag them) - found in clusters so that lymph flows through multiple nodes (axillary lymph nodes) - medullary sinus- where lymph flows - cortex areas- maturation of immune cells -> fluid slows here and is filtered - lymphocytes = leukocytes -> mature here - response to antigens -> more lymphocytes and antibodies produced, antibodies bind to, tag, and help destroy antigen displaying cells - enlargement of nodes - afferent- lymph vessels are are flowing in - efferent- lymph vessels are flowing out

Question 75

what direction is lymph flowing through an afferent vessel, relative to a lymph node

Answer 75

-into the lymph node

Question 76

valves point

Answer 76

in the direction of flow

Question 77

spleen

Answer 77

- largest lymph organ - monitors blood for antigens - similar to lymph nodes but for blood - site of erythrocyte phagocytosis - blood cell (formed element) reservoir) - erythrocytes reenter circulation when needed (exercise) - blood enters - filters plasma - efferent lymph vessels transmit filtered fluid into lymphatic system

Question 78

thymus

Answer 78

- important at birth -> very important at puberty -> not so important adult - site of T-lymphocyte maturation before they are found within the lymph nodes - T-lymphocytes recognize antigens and start immune response - tag antigens and start immune response

Question 79

diffuse patches of lymphatic tissues

Answer 79

- exposed lymphatic tissue - clusters of lymphatic cells not surrounded by connective tissues - pharyngeal tonsils- back of nasopharynx - palatine tonsils- back of oral cavity - lingual tonsils- posterior to tongue - filter debris that pass - sites where pathogens are collected and produce a immune response

Question 80

peyer patches

Answer 80

- on the walls of small intestine - deep to villi - found within ileum - pathogenic microorganisms digested with food -> tagged and leads an immune response - diffuse patch of lymphatic tissue

Question 81

respiratory system

Answer 81

- upper respiratory system: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx - lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, lungs and pleura - muscles of respiration

Question 82

functions of respiratory system

Answer 82

- gas exchange - gas conditioning- maintaining moisture and temperature - sounds production - olfaction- bring gas towards olfactory neurons - defense

Question 83

upper respiratory system

Answer 83

-nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx | -

Question 84

nasal cavity functions

Answer 84

- gas exchange- nasal breathing - gas conditioning- epithelial layer is covered in mucous (moisture) and capillaries (heat) - sound production- a resonance chamber for speech - olfaction- turbulence brings odorants to olfactory epithelium - defense- hairs and mucous trap particles and organisms

Question 85

nasal cavity bones and paranasal sinuses

Answer 85

- bone- nasal, vomer, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, palatine - bones with sinuses- frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla - paranasal sinuses: - connected to nasal cavity - lined with nasal epithelium - common site of infection - no known function

Question 86

pharynx

Answer 86

- nasopharynx- behind pharynx -> respiratory - oropharynx- behind oral cavity -> respiratory and digestive - laryngopharynx- behind larynx -> digestive - auditory tube- pressure in ears - soft palate- swings up and prevents fluid and bolus from being passed into the pharynx - epiglottis- cartilaginous, prevents food from going into respiratory - palataglossus- elevates tongue - palatapharygeus- elevates larynx and pharynx

Question 87

pharyngeal epithelium

Answer 87

- cilia- can help sweep trapped particles in the mucous towards nasal aperture (away from pharynx) - stratified squamous epithelium multiple layers of cells ready to replace outer layer if it is lost - nasopharynx- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - oro- and laryngopharynx- non-keritanized stratified squamous epithelium - goblet cells- produce mucous

Question 88

given what you know about epithelium which portion(s) of the pharynx are covered in stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 88

- laryngopharynx - oropharynx - associated with digestion so the scraping of food can tear away at layers of cells

Question 89

wall muscles of pharynx

Answer 89

- constrict in sequence to force bolus of food into esophagus - superior constrictor - middle constrictor - inferior constrictor - constrict from superior to inferior - palatopharyngeus- swallowing muscle

Question 90

nasal choanae

Answer 90

-nasal cavity opening

Question 91

laryngeal inlet

Answer 91

-where air will move from the respiratory system into the larynx into the lower respiratory system

Question 92

trachea

Answer 92

-transmits air to lungs

Question 93

larynx

Answer 93

- cartilages - unpaired- 3: - thyroid cartilage- largest - cricoid cartilage - epiglottis- flap that covers laryngeal inlet - paired cartilages: - cuneiform- found in ligaments and soft tissue between epiglottis and other cartilages - arytenoid- largest of paired, critical for speech and sound, attached to vocal cords - corniculate- binds to ligaments and muscles for speech - pivoting of paired cartilages leads to opening or closing of vocal folds

Question 94

vocal folds

Answer 94

- rima glottidis- area between vocal folds -> Changes pitch - vocal folds are epithelium covered ligaments that connect the thyroid and the arytenoid cartilages - vibrate -> sound - arytenoid and corniculate rotated towards midline (adduction) -> closing of vocal folds - lateral abduction -of arytenoid and corniculate> opening of vocal folds - increase tension of vocal cords (or smaller larynx) -> higher pitch - decrease tension of vocal cords (larger larynx) -> lower pitch

Question 95

cricothyroid muscle

Answer 95

- connects the cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage - elongates - increase tension of the vocal cords - pulls thyroid cartilage towards the cricoid

Question 96

thyroarytenoid

Answer 96

- decreases tension | - relaxes vocal cords

Question 97

arytenoideus

Answer 97

- pulls medially - adducts - closing vocal folds

Question 98

lateral cricoarytenoid

Answer 98

- rotates - adduction - closing vocal folds

Question 99

posterior cricoarytenoid

Answer 99

- abducts - opening vocal folds - rotates

Question 100

trachea

Answer 100

- series of C-shaped cartilages - trachealis- smooth muscle posteriorly - sympathetic- relaxation of trachealis - parasympathetic- constriction of trachealis

Question 101

tracheotomy

Answer 101

- incision is made superior to suprasternal notch - thyroid may have to be cut as well - incision from cricoid cartilage

Question 102

respiratory (bronchial) tree

Answer 102

- 3 structural divisions: - bronchus: cartilage, muscle, glands - bronchiole: no cartilage, has smooth muscle, no glands - alveolar: no cartilage, no muscle, no glands - bronchus and bronchiole -> conduction - alveolar -> respiration

Question 103

bronchi and trachea

Answer 103

- have epithelial tissue that contain goblet cells | - goblet cells secrete fluid to resist debris

Question 104

bronchus and bronchiole

Answer 104

conduction

Question 105

path of air flow

Answer 105

-primary bronchus (one for each lung) -> secondary bronchus (lobar bronchus) -> 3 right and 2 left -> tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchus) -> 10 right and 8-10 left -> bronchiole -> terminal bronchiole (respiratory bronchiole) -> alveolar duct -> alveolus

Question 106

heart is more on left

Answer 106

-left lung is smaller

Question 107

bronchogram

Answer 107

- shows fluid in bronchi - inflammation - airways become visible in x-ray when they are filled with something other than air

Question 108

asthma

Answer 108

- in the bronchioles - in response to stress or environment - treated with coricosteriods - diamters reduce in diameter (not nervous system related) - inflammatory response - layers that are deep to smooth muscle lining of bronchioles - submucosa layer increases - mucousa epithelium increase -> prevents airflow - albuterol is used during an emergency

Question 109

sympathetic

Answer 109

- relaxation of bronchus and bronchioles - bc these have smooth muscle - and trachea?

Question 110

parasympathetic

Answer 110

- constriction of bronchus and bronchioles - bc these has smooth muscle - and trachea?

Question 111

terminal bronchioles

Answer 111

- respiratory bronchioles - end in alveolar clusters - has smooth muscles - no cartilage - parallel to the arterial system

Question 112

alveolus

Answer 112

- air is brought into alveoli through the alveolar duct - but the alveoli are continuous and are also connected to each other - no cartilage, no muscle, no glands - surrounded by capillary beds - 3 cells types - macrophages are present- phagocytosis of debris - RBC's are present

Question 113

alveolar type 1 cells

Answer 113

- squamous - epithelial cell - allow gas exchange

Question 114

alveolar type 2 cells

Answer 114

- septal cell | - produce surfactant (protective fluid) -> moisture on cells so they dont stick

Question 115

gas exchange

Answer 115

- alveoli are pressed up against the capillary squamous epithelial cells (endothelial) - thin basement membranes and cell walls -> allow for gas exchange

Question 116

pneumonia

Answer 116

- fluid in lung - infection - leukocytes are present bc of infection and fluid - prevents gas exchange - treated with antibiotics

Question 117

right lung

Answer 117

- 3 lobes - 3 fissures - superior, middle and inferior lobes - oblique fissure- between superior and middle - horizontal fissure- between middle and inferior - esophagus, brachiocephalic vein

Question 118

left lung

Answer 118

- 2 lobes - 1 fissure - oblique fissure - superior and inferior lobes - cardiac impression- aorta, cardiac notch, subclavian artery, lingula

Question 119

pleura

Answer 119

- surround the lungs - double layered tissue - in between the pleura cavity is filled with the pleural fluid - parietal layer is touching the connective tissue (outer layer) - visceral pleura are touching the lung tissue itself (inner layer) - serous membrane - epithelial (produces the fluid) and connective tissue - lowers the friction - maintains surface tension

Question 120

inspiration

Answer 120

- diaphragm contracts - increase vertical volume - pressure decreases - air rushes in - pushes down on abdomen - nerve impulse - external intercostals are involved

Question 121

expiration

Answer 121

- diaphragm relaxes - decreases vertical volume - pressure increases - air rushes out - pushes back up into a dome - passive (no impulse or contraction)

Question 122

forced inhalation

Answer 122

- external intercostals - SCM- sternoclanomastoid - scalenes - pectoralis minor - elevates ribs - lateral dimension increased

Question 123

forced exhalation

Answer 123

- internal intercostals - abdominal muscles - ribs depressed - lateral dimension decreased - not passive

Question 124

innervation of respiratory system

Answer 124

- trachea and respiratory tree- autonomic (symp and parasymp) - pulmonary arteries- autonomic (symp and parasymp) - inhalation and exhalation- voluntary muscles (somatic motor) but rhythm is under unconscious control (brainstem) - unconscious breathing through somatic motor -> unconscious bc it picks up information from - receive signals from carotid arteries (innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve) -> pick up amount of O2 in blood - information from lungs - information from receptors

Question 125

bronchodilation

Answer 125

-sympathetic (synapse at paravertebral)

Question 126

bronchoconstriction

Answer 126

-parasympathetic (vagus)

Question 127

mechanism of breathing

Answer 127

- rhythmic neural stimulation from respiratory centers in brain stem - respiratory center for inhalation always active (neural stimulation) - respiratory center for exhalation only active during forceful exhalation (normally passive) - neural stimulation is absent for passive exhalation

Question 128

respiratory centers

Answer 128

respiratory centers in medulla oblongata and pons

Question 129

diaphragm innervation

Answer 129

phrenic (C3-C5)

Question 130

regulation of respiratory centers

Answer 130

- chemoreceptors of carotid bodies (CN IX) - aortic bodies (CN X) - unconscious increase in speed of respiration - chemoreceptors- detect O2, CO2 levels - limited voluntary control

Question 131

function of digestive system

Answer 131

- ingestion - digestion- mechanical and chemical - absorption- vascular capillaries and lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) - elimination

Question 132

GI tract

Answer 132

- oral cavity - pharynx - esophagus - intestines - where food moves through a single tube

Question 133

accessory organs of digestion

Answer 133

- salivary glands - enzymes that break down food - teeth - tongue - liver- filter and produce fluid for chemical breakdown - gal bladder- produce fluid for chemical breakdown - pancreas- produce fluid for chemical breakdown

Question 134

oral cavity

Answer 134

- salivary glands - ingestion and mastication - enzyme - part of GI tract - palate at top - tongue - bony alveolus - vestibule between lips and cheek - palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch -> swallowing - palatine tonsil - fauces- opening between the oral cavity and oral pharynx - uvula

Question 135

oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus

Answer 135

swallow

Question 136

stomach

Answer 136

digestion

Question 137

small intestine

Answer 137

digestion and absorption

Question 138

liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Answer 138

-enzymes

Question 139

large intestine

Answer 139

absorption and storage

Question 140

mastication

Answer 140

- mechanical digestion - orbicular oris- CN VII - buccinator- CN VII - masseter- CN V3 - medial pterygoid- CN V3 - temporalis- CN V3 - lateral pterygoid- lateral depression of jaw -> CN V3 - produces a bolis

Question 141

muscles of tongue

Answer 141

- palatoglossus- upward movement- CN X - genioglossus- CN XII - hypoglossus- backward and inferiorly- CN XII - intrinsic muscles- longitudinal and transverse- CN XII - styloglossus- CN XII - creates the bolus - fibers run longitudinal and transverse

Question 142

taste

Answer 142

- CN IX- posterior 1/3- glossopharyngeal | - CN VII- anterior 2/3 - facial (chorda tympani)

Question 143

sensation

Answer 143

- CN IX- posterior 1/3- glossopharyngeal | - CN V3- anterior 2/3- trigeminal mandibular division

Question 144

teeth

Answer 144

- 2 incisor- I1 and I2 - canine- C - 2 premolars- bicuspids -> P3 and P4 - 3 molars- tricuspids -> M1, M2, M3 - numbered from medial to lateral

Question 145

dentition

Answer 145

- crown morphology reflects function but all teeth have the same basic structure - between root and crown is the neck - enamel- mineralization - dentine - pulp- center of tooth - cementum- ligaments that bind the teeth to the bone - canal within the root- vascularizes

Question 146

salivary glands

Answer 146

- maintain moisture - chemical digestion- enzymes - mucus glands- mucin mixes with water to make mucus - serous glands- watery fluid with digestive enzymes - there are 3: - submandibular gland- serous, mucus, CN VII, 60-70% - parotid gland- serous, CN IX, 25-30% - sublingual- serous, mucus, CN VII, 3-5%

Question 147

swallowing

Answer 147

- starts in oral cavity - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles voluntary swallow - pharyngeal phase- (involuntary) soft palate will automatically rise to prevent bolus from going into nasopharynx, epiglottis moves down and over the opening to the larynx -> bolus enters the esophagus - esophageal phase- (involuntary) peristaltic contractions push the bolus downward

Question 148

pharnyx

Answer 148

- superior, middle, and inferior muscles - skeletal muscle - posterior to the oral pharynx - covered in epithelium and connective tissue - pharyngeal constrictor muscles constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing

Question 149

esophagus

Answer 149

- wave like smooth muscle contractions - push bolus towards stomach - long- from neck, behind trachea, through a hiatus in the diaphragm, into the abdomen - stratified squamous lines the esophageal walls

Question 150

esophageal hiatus

Answer 150

-opening in posterior diaphragm that allows esophagus into abdomen

Question 151

cardiac sphincter

Answer 151

- thickened ring of circular smooth muscles at inferior end of esophagus - contracts to make sure stomach fluid doesnt back flow into esophagus

Question 152

cardiac orifice

Answer 152

-connection between esophagus and stomach

Question 153

barret esophagus

Answer 153

-simple columnar cells

Question 154

simple columnar

Answer 154

- found in people with GERD - gastoesophageal reflux disease - stomach has simple columnar too

Question 155

components of the digestive system tubes

Answer 155

- mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria (connective, muscularis mucosae (muscle) - muscularis mucosae- increase the SA bc of folds - submucosa - muscularis externa: internal circular and external longitudinal - adventitia or serosa: advenitia (connective) and peritoneum (serous membrane)

Question 156

epithelium of mucosa

Answer 156

- stratified squamous epithelium: mouth, oropharynx, larynhopharynx, esophagus, anal canal - simple columnar: stomach, small and large intestine

Question 157

muscularis externa

Answer 157

- usually 2 layers - internal circular - external longitudinal - smooth muscle fibers except for: - skeletal muscle in oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, upper portion esophagus, and external anal sphincter - innermost oblique layer (unique third muscle layer)- in stomach

Question 158

outermost layer

Answer 158

- adventitia (connective tissue) - serosa (adventitia with epithelial layer -> forms the peritoneum) - above the diaphragm- adventitia - below diaphragm: intraperitoneal (all serosa) and retroperitoneal (posterior to peritoneal -> mostly adventita)

Question 159

peritoneum

Answer 159

- a serous membrane - parietal layer (outer) - peritoneal cavity - visceral layer (inner)