Quiz 2 Flashcards
(302 cards)
1
Q
how many vertebrea in the spine?
A
29
2
Q
how many cervical vertebrea?
A
7
3
Q
how many thoracic vertebrea?
A
12
4
Q
how many lumbar vertebrea?
A
5
5
Q
how many sacral vertebrea?
A
5 - fused from sacrum
6
Q
which region of the spine is the most mobile?
A
cervical spine
7
Q
when a segment is more mobile you sacrifice what?
A
stability
8
Q
ROM flexion cervical spine
A
0-45
chin to chest
9
Q
ROM extension cervical spine
A
0-45
forehead parallel to floor
10
Q
ROM L/R side-bending
A
0-45
11
Q
ROM L/R rotation
A
0-80
12
Q
which region of the spine is the most ridged?
A
thoracic spine
13
Q
what is the main function of the thoracic spine?
A
protect the viscera
14
Q
what’s the difference btw the corstovertebra jt and the costotransverse jt?
A
costovertebral : jt btw head of rib and lat side of vertebral body (1 rib touches 2 vertebral bodies)
costotransverse : jt btw rib and transverse process of the vertebrea
15
Q
ROM flexion thoracic spine
A
20-45
16
Q
ROM extension thoracic spine
A
15-20
17
Q
ROM L/R side bending
A
25-45
18
Q
ROM L/R rotation
A
35-50
19
Q
which mvt of the spine comes mostly from the thoracic spine?
A
side bending
20
Q
F or T
ROM flexion and extension of the thoracic spine does not depend on posture
A
FALSE
21
Q
ROM lumbar flexion
A
first 60° from Lx and next 25° from hip = total 70-90
22
Q
ROM Lx extension
A
30-50
23
Q
ROM Lx side bending
A
30
24
Q
ROM Lx rotation
A
35
25
what are the components oft the motion segment in the spine?
2 adj vertebrae that forms 3 jts (1 intervetebral jt and 2 z-joints)
26
how many pairs of facets joints in the spine?
24
27
what are the 2 major motions z-joints are capable of doing?
```
gliding upward (during spine flexion)
gliding downward (during spine extention)
```
28
what happens if the mvt of the z-joints happen in the same direction bilaterally?
flexion or extension of the spine
29
what happens if the mct of the L and R z-joints happen in opposite direction? (i.e upward gliding on R side and downward gliding of L side)
side bending
30
btw which vertebrea can we find IV dics?
C2-S1
31
what increases concavity and stability in the hip joint? (2)
acetabular labrum
| transverse acetabular ligament
32
what type of jt is the hip jt?
how many DOF?
what are tht mvt possible?
ball and socket
3 DOF
flex/ext, ABD/ADD, IR/ER
33
which is more stable : hip or shoulder?
hip
34
which is more mobile : hip or shoulder?
shoulder
35
what is the primary fct of hip jt?
WB : support weight of upper body in static (errect) and dynamic (walking, running) postures
36
Hip AROM/PROM
| flexion
110-120
37
Hip AROM/PROM
| extension
10-15
38
Hip AROM/PROM
| ABD
45-50
39
Hip AROM/PROM
| ADD
25-30
40
Hip AROM/PROM
| IR (w/ hip at 90° flexion)
30-40
41
Hip AROM/PROM
| ER (w/ hip at 90° flexion)
40-60
42
Hip EF
| flexion
tissue approx or elastic
43
Hip EF
| extension
capsular
44
Hip EF
| ABD
elastic (tight ABD) or capsular (flexible ABD)
45
Hip EF
| ADD
tissue approx or capsular
46
Hip EF
| IR
capsular
47
Hip EF
| ER
capsular
48
ROM hip
| Normal gait
flex : 30°
ext : 10°
ABD/ADD : 5°
ER/IR : 5°
49
T or F
Activities such as walking of uneven surfaces, stairs, sitting cross legged require more ROM than normal gait at the hip?
T
50
Muscles hip
| flexion
```
psoas
illiacus
sartorius
TFL
rectus femoris
pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
glut med
glut min
```
51
Muscles hip
| extension
```
adductor magnus (post fibers)
glut max
glut med
biveps femoris
semimem
semitend
```
52
Muscles hip
| ABD
```
sartorius
TFL
piriformis
glut mex
glut med
glut min
gemellus sup
gemellus ing
obturator internus
```
53
Muscles hip
| ADD
```
pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
gracilis
adductor magnus
glut max
```
54
Muscles hip
| IR
```
TFL
glut med
glut min
semimem
semitend
```
55
Muscles hip
| ER
```
psoas
illiacus
sartorius
adductor brevis
glut max
glut med
piriformis
gemellus sup
gemellus inf
obturator internus
obturator externus
quadratus femoris
biceps femoris
```
56
T or F
| superior tibiofibular jt is part of the knee complex
F
57
major role of knee jt?
supporting the body during dynamic and static activities
58
AROM/PROM knee
| flexion
135
59
AROM/PROM knee
| extension
0-15 (>0 = hyperextension)
60
AROM/PROM knee
| medial rotation
10
61
AROM/PROM knee
| lateral rotation
10
62
EF knee
| flexion
soft tissue approx (gastroc hit hamstring)
63
EF knee
| extension
capsular
64
EF knee
| medial rotation
capsular
65
EF knee
| internal rotation
capsular
66
role of meniscus
increases the stability of the joint
| help distribute WB forces by reducing friction btw jt
67
what is the role of ligaments in the knee?
stability considering the lack of body restraint to any knee mvt
68
what is a common MOI for samage to PCL?
fall on flexed knee
69
whats the terrible triad
medial menisci
ACL
MCL
70
what is a smtg that commonly happens during an ACL tear?
hear a pop
71
who am i?
| i resist hyperextension of the knee (tibia going too anterior)
ACL
72
who am i?
| i resist hyperflexion of the knee (tibia going too post)
PCL
73
who am i?
| i resist valgus stresses at the knee
MCL
74
who am i?
| i resist varus stresses at the knee
LCL
75
what ligaments at the knee are not repairable with Sx?
MCL and LCL
76
all ligaments at the knee all together restrain which mvt?
torsion stresses
77
Muscles knee
| flexion
```
sartorius
gracilis
biceps femoris
semi-mem
semi-tend
plantaris
popliteus
gastroc
```
78
Muscles knee
| extension
rectus femoris
vastus lat
vastus intermedius
vastuc medialis
79
Muscles knee
| IR
```
gracilis
sartorius
semi-mem
semi-tend
popliteus
```
80
Muscles knee
| ER
biceps femoris
81
what is the least congruent jt in the body?
patellofemoral jt
82
what mostly controls the paterllofemoral jt?
quad ms
83
what is the primary role of the patellofemoral jt?
eccentric pully to reduce the friction btw the quad ms and the femoral condyles
84
why does the patella perform its functions w/o restricting knee motions?
its mobility!
85
what are the mvt possible at the patella?
med and lat tilting
med and lat rotation
med and lat glide
86
failure of the parella to glide, rotate or tilt appropiately can lead to : (3)
restriction in knee ROM
instability of the patellofemoral jt
pain caused by erosion/friction of the patellofemoral surfaces
87
Mvt of the patella
| in full knee extension
sits on ant surface of distal femur
| little or no contact w/ jt surface
88
Mvt of the patella
| in knee flexion
slides distally on femoral condyles
seating btw the femoral condyles
diff parts of patella enter into contact w/ demur
89
Mvt of the patella
| in full knee flexion
sinks into intercondylar notch
90
how many bones in ankle/foot complex?
28
91
how many articulations in ankle/foot complex?
55
92
what is the role of jts and ligaments of ankle/foot complex?
stabilizers
| constantly adapt during WB activites
93
what are the bones of the rearfoot/hindfoot?
talus and calcaneus
94
what are the functions of the rearfoot?
convert torque of the LL
| infleunce fct and mvt of midfoot and forefoot
95
what are the bones of the midfoot?
navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiforms
96
what are the fct of the midfoot?
```
transmits motion from the rearfoot to the forefoot
promotes stability (adjusting to uneven surfaces)
```
97
what are the bones of the forefoot?
metatarsals
| bones of the toes
98
what is the function of the forefoot?
mobility
99
what does the ankle/foot complex must meet?
stability and mobility
100
which mvt does the talocrural(ankle) jt permit?
DF
| PF
101
ROM ankle
| DF
20 from neutral
102
ROM ankle
| PF
30-50 from neutral
103
EF ankle
| DF
capsular
104
EF ankle
| PF
capsular
105
what is the subtalar jt?
jt btw talus and calcaneus
106
what is the role of the subtalar jt?
inversion and eversion of hindefoot (50% of total apparent ankle inversion/eversion)
107
what is the anatomical characteristic of the subtalar jt?
3 articular surfaces provide a triplanar mct around a single joint axis
108
ROM ankle
| inversion
0-35
109
ROM ankle
| eversion
0-15
110
what is supination of subtalar jt?
combined mvt of inversion , PF and ADD of calcaneus
111
what is pronation of subtalar jt?
combined mvt of eversion, DF and ABD of calcaneus
112
what are the motions at the midtarsal jt complex?
rotation motion into inversion and eversion
forefoot DF/ADD
forefoot PF/ABD
113
what is the mistarsal jt complex?
talonavicular + calcaneocuboid articulations
114
who am i?
during gait, i permit adaptation of the foot to uneven terrain in early stance and i provide a stable foot during terminal stance.
midtarsal jt complex
115
what are the motion at the MTPs jt?
flexion/extension
| ABD/ADD
116
what is the motion at the IPs joint?/
flexion/extensions
117
How many degrees of DF needed during normal gait?
60
118
How many degrees of DF needed during sprinting, deep squatting?
>90
119
what is the roles of the big toe?
provide stability to medial aspect of foot
| provide normal propulsion during gait
120
Muscles ankle
| PF
```
gastroc
soleus
plantaris
fibularis brevis
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
```
121
Muscles ankle
| DF
tibialis anterios
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
122
Muscles ankle
| inversion
```
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor halluces longus
```
123
Muscles ankle
| eversion
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
fibularis tertius
124
who am i?
i am flattened saclike structures that are lined w/ a synovial membrane and filled w/ synovial fluid and i allow smooth and frictionless motion btw continuous ms, tendons, bones, ligaments, skin.
bursae
125
signs and symptoms of bursitis?
```
inflammation
localized tenderness
warmth
edema
rednedd of the skin (if superficial)
loss of function = pt will avoid contracting ms bcs it will cause pain in bursa
```
126
MOI of bursitis? (2)
too much mvt -> irritation
| direct trauma on the bursa
127
common bursae that become inflamed
```
subacromial
olecranon
ilipsoas
trochanteris
ischial
prepatellar
infrapatellar
anserine
```
128
tx for bursitis
1. decrease inflammation (peace and love)
2. once inflammatory phase finish : reassess strength, posture and mct patterns to determine why bursa is getting iritated
3. tx to decrease risk of coming back
129
what is the difference btw tendon and ligament?
tendon will become taut or slack dependeing on whether it is shortened or lenghtened od the ms belly is contracted
ligament will remain taut thru-out all mvt
130
how to tendo transform w/ age?
become weaker and stiffer
131
who am i?
inflammatory rx to a tendon injury
microscopic teaing and inflammation of tendon tissue
commonly resulting from fatigue than direct trauma
tendinitis
132
who am i?
often happens in >35 y.o
degenerative process of tendon - tendon thickening
no inflammatory cells present
tendinosis
133
signs of tendon patho
strong but painful contraction of involved musculotendinous structure (RISOM strong and painful)
TOP
134
Tx tendon patho
- inflammatory phase = PEACE and LOVE
| - when inflammatory phase done of w/ tendinosis = work on factors that may be causing pain (posture, weak ms)
135
MOI ligament patho
trauma (jt position during trauma gives you an idea of which ligaments may have been injured)
136
which structure is the last line of defence in the body in a MSK injury?
ligaments = often before they srained, ms aroung tried to prevent it but could not
137
objective signs of ligament sprain grade I
no bruising
min loss of fct
min loss of structural integrity
138
tx ligament sprain grade I
work on proprioception
139
objective signs ligament sprain grade II
significan structural weakening
| bruising and swelling
140
tx ligament sprain grade II
PEACE
may need brace, taping (to protext from further injury)
proprioception
strengthen ms around jt to prevent re-injury
141
objective signs ligament sprain grade III
initially lots of pain
bruising and swelling
loss of structural integrity
marked abnormal motion
142
tx ligament sprain grade III
may need Sx (not for ankle tear)
proprioception
strengthening of surrounding ms
143
MOI ms strain?
fatigue
overuse or improper use
trauma
144
Signs 1st degree ms strain?
no or min loss of strength and restriction of mvt
minor swelling and discomfort
local tenderness may be present
tenderness increases when ms is stretched
pain with ms contractiong and stretching
RISOM = strong but painful
145
tx 1st degree ms strain?
pt can continue normal activity but monitored not to exacerbate the injury
inflammatory phase : PEACE
strenghen ms : eccentric, concentric, functional
proprioception
146
signs 2nd degree strain?
```
clear loss of strength
pain when using the ms (stretching and contracting)
moderate to severe pain
brusing and swelling (major sign)
some loss of fct and stability
```
147
tx 2nd degree ms strain?
3-28 days of rehab
inflammatory phase : PEACE
strenghen ms : eccentric, concentric, functional
proprioception
148
signs 3rd degree strain?
severe pain
loss of fct initually - no pain w/ contraction
once inflammatory phase id done may have to pain
pt unable to contract ms and uses synergist ms to move the jt
149
tx 3rd degree ms strain?
surgical intervention is often necessary
3 weeks - 3 months of rehab
educate about swelling and bruising
effleurage to help w/ bruising
150
signs of hypomobility? (2)
decreased ROM
| early capsular EF
151
tx hypomobility? (2)
ROM exs
| mobilisation
152
signs generalized hyperbomobility? (2)
multiple joitn hyperlaxity
| increased ROM bila and at multiple jt
153
when does local hypermobility occur?
reaction to neighbouring stiffness (hypomobility) or injury
154
signs local hypermobility? (2)
increased ROM when compared to the other side
| normal EF
155
tx local hypermobility? (3)
1. find stiffness and work on hypomobility
2. education pt not to stay at end range for prolonged periods
3. strengthen ms around jt
156
what's the difference btw the anatomical jt and the physiological jt?
anatomical jt = articular surfaces + jt capsule + ligaments + intra-articular structures = inert structures
physiological jt (jt complex) = anatomical jt + ms + tendons + nerves + blood vessels = contractile structures
157
what type of jts are synovial jts?
diarthrosis
158
in which types of jt can hypo/hypermobility occur?
diarthrosis
159
T or F
| synarthrosis allows a lot of mvt
FALSE
160
how do we call a synarthrosis w/ fibrous tissue?
| give an example.
syndesmosis
| between radius ans ulna
161
how do we call synarthrosis w/ cartilage?
| give an example.
synchondrosis
| pubic symphysis
162
how do we call a synarthrosis w/ bone?
| give an example.
synostosis
| bones of the skull
163
who am i?
| study of the mvt of one articular surface on another w/o regard to the mvt of the bone or the forces producing the mvt.
arthrokinematics
164
which mvt does arthrokinematics decribe? (4)
slides
glides
spins
swings
165
who am i?
| study and measurement of motion of a bone in space (from the anatomical position)
osteokinematics
166
which mvt does osteokinematic decribe? (2)
osteokinematic rotaiton
| translation
167
explain the convex-concave rule.
if convex bone moves on the concave bone : the convex bone will move in the opposite direction of the glide occuring at the jt
if concave bone moves on convex bone, the concave bone will move in the same direction of the gldide occuring at the jt
NB :distal bone always move on proximal bone
168
who am i?
| i am a type of synovial jt that pairs together only one pair of articulating surfaces.
simple
| eg : knee
169
who am i?
| i am a type of synovial jt that includes more than one articulating pair in a single capsule.
compound
| eg : elbow
170
who am i?
| i am a type of synovial jt that has an articular disc.
complex
| eg : sternoclavicular
171
who are the 2 only jts in the body that has 3 DOF?
shoulder
| hip
172
how many DOF can allow a unmodified ovoid jt?
| give an example.
3
| hip
173
how many DOF can allow a modified ovoid?
| give an example.
2
| MCP
174
how many DOF can allow an unmodified sellar jt?
2
175
which jt is the only unmodified sellar jt in the body?
1st CMC
176
how many DOF can allow a modified sellar jt?
| give an example.
1
| IP jts
177
what patho/injury happens in the resting position commonly? why?
capsular or lgament sprains
| this position causs the brunt of any external force to beb borne by the jt capsule or surrounding ligaments
178
in which position we do mobilizations?
resting position
179
what patho/injuries happen in closed packed position?
| why?
fractures and dislocations
| maximal stability of joint so no further motion is possible in that direction
180
in which position there is minimal jt volume?
closed packed position
181
in which position there is minimal jt surface contact?
resting position
182
in which position the jt capsule and ligaments are tight or maximally tensed?
closed-packed position
183
in which position there is maximal contact btw the concave and convex articualr surfaces?
closed-packed position
184
in which position the periarticular structures are most lax and allow the greatest ROM?
resting postition
185
in which position there is maximal jt volume?
resting position
186
what is the patient's position of comfort (symptom-relieving)?
resting position
187
what are the major 2 systems that plays a role in balance?
visual and somatosensory
188
T or F
| proprioception is dependent of vision
F
189
what triggers ms spindles in the body?
rapid/excessive ms lengthening
190
wha'ts the response of ms spindles?
| whats the name of this reflex?
ms contraction
| myotactic reflex
191
whats the main role of ms spindles clinically?
protective against acute injury = contracts muscles that has been lengthen too much to protect the fibers from tearing
192
what's the trigger of golgi tendon organ?
excessive ms contraction OR passsive stretch
193
what's the response of golgi tendon organ?
| what's the name of this reflex&
inhibition of the agonist and contraction of the antogonist
| inverse myotactic reflex
194
what's the main role of golgi tendon organs?
decreasing the tension on the agotnist ms
195
who am i?
i allow to relax an agonist muscle while contracting hte antoganist ms. i cam be done by ms spindles and goldi tendon organs. i allow smooth coordinated mvt of the body.
reciprocal inhibition
196
what's the role of mechanoreceptor in proprioception?
by registering the speed and amount of deformation, they indicate position and mvt of their associated structures.
197
name 2 types of mechanoreceptors and where we can find them.
pacinian corpuscules = skin, connective tissues, ms and tendons
ruffini corpuscules = jt capsules
198
what's the trigger of pacinian corpuscule?
vibration and deep pressure
199
what's the trigger of ruffini corpuscule?
distortion of jt capsule
200
why is balance important in rehab?
dictates mvt strategies w/i the CKC
201
what are the 2 reasons that can explain why a person can have impaired balance CLINICALLY?
1. position of COG relative to the base of support is not accurately sensed
2. automatic mvt required to bring the COG to a balanced position are not timely or effectively coordinated
202
T OR F
| Proprioceptive exercises should begin as early as possible in the rehab program even if NWB.
T
203
T or F
| Proprioceptive exercises cannon reduce the rate of recurrence injuries.
F
204
T or F
| It's normal to feel pain when doing proprioceptive exercises.
F
205
What are the 3 phases of proprioceptive exercises?
1. Static stabilization w/ CKC loading and unloading (weight shifting)
2. Transitional stabilization X = stimulation of dynamic postural responses
3. Dynamic stabilization X = jumping, running
206
give an example of weight shifting X for UE.
standing and leaning on a tx table
| ....
207
give an example of partiel WB LE X.
walking with support ensuring correct heel-toe mvt
| ....
208
what should proprioceptive X always include?
sudden alteration in jt positioning
209
which axis runs from left to right?
frontal
210
which axis runs in a dorsal-ventral direction?
sagittal
211
which axis runs in a cranial-caudal direction?
longitudinal
212
which plane divides the body into R and L halves?
sagittal
213
which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves?
frontal
214
which plane divide the body into cranial and caudal halves?
transverse
215
what's the use of OP during AROM?
a) if ROM is full
b) if ROM is not full
a) screen for EF but not the real one
| b) screen for pain with pressure
216
if AROM w/ OP is full, mandatory to do PROM?
no
217
what are the normal EF? (4)
bony
capsular
elastic (stretching of ms/tendon)
soft tissue approximation (eg : ms bump into ms)
218
what are the abnormal EF? (7)
```
ms spasm
springy block
loose/soft
spongy
early capsular
hard
empty
```
219
soreness in ms is normal for how much time after X?
24-48h
220
Rest time btw ea sets?
60-90 sec
221
rest time btw strengthening sessions?
48h
222
Any discomfort/reproduction of sx that lasts more than ___ after the intervention is unacceptable.
1-2hrs
*normal to go up 2 pts on VAS during X but should return to baseline line w/i 2hrs following the X
FOR ANY X (strengthening and flexibility)
223
Number of reps for low intensity strengthening exercise?
10-15
224
Number of reps for moderate intensity strengthening exercise?
8-10
225
Number of reps for high intensity strengthening exercise?
6-8
226
Modalities for isometric strengthening exercises?
Frequency : every day
Hold : 6 sec
Reps : 1-10
Intensity : low-moderate
227
when is isometric X used? (2)
1. when jt mvt is restricted
| 2. to prevent atrophy and decrease go structures strength
228
Modalities to increase ROM following acute injury or painful condition?
Intensity : low
Duration : no hold or 0-5 sec
Reps : 5-10
Frequency : 2-5x/day
229
Modalities to increase ROM of hypomobile joint OR lexibility of relatively short ms?
```
Intensity : moderate senstaion of stretch
Duration : 10-30 sec
Reps : 2-6
Frequency : 2-3/week
OP is needed
```
230
when is eccentric X used? (4)
1. déconditioned or low endurance pt
2. tendonitis presentations
3. plateaus in strength gains
4. late-stage rehab and performance training
231
for muscle endurance, how many reps per set?
>20
232
what kind of dysfunction is this?
AROM and PROM painful and limited
RISOM not painful
Inert
233
when there's pain and limitation in every direction and early caps EF, what pathology is it?
capsular pattern
234
True or False
| Only joints that are controlled by ms can have a capsular pattern.
T
235
Characteristics of capsular pattern in wrist?
flexion and extension equally limited
236
Characteristics of capsular pattern in elbow
flexion limitation > extension limitation
237
Characteristics of capsular pattern in shoulder.
ER limitation > ABD > IR
| Flexion/extension lightly limited
238
Hypermobility in one direction is a sign of what?
Ligament or capsule injury
239
RISOM painful and strong
minor, local lesion of ms/tendon (1st or 2nd degree strain)
240
RISOM painful and weak
major lesion of ms/tendon (3rd degree strain or avulsion fracture)
241
RISOM painless and weak
neuro lesion or complete rupture of ms/tenson
242
RISOM painless and strong
normal
243
how much time to achieve a short term goal?
1-2 weeks
244
how much time to achieve a long term goal?
4-6 weeks
245
what are the 5 components of a functional goal?
```
Actor
Behaviour
Condition
Degree
Expected time
```
246
who am i?
| the contact of two bones is limiting the mvt
bony EF
247
who am i?
| jt capsule provides firm limitation; hard arrest to mvt w/ sime give when the capsule or ligaments are stretched
capsular EF
248
who am i?
| stretching of ms/tendon - more elastic feel
elastic EF
249
who am i?
| tissues meet each other and stop the mvt
soft tissue approximation EF
250
who am i?
| protection mechanism - feels jerky or shaky - injured tissue
muscle spasm EF
251
who am i?
| bouncy stoppage that occurs prior to end range - usually torn cartilage, or foreign body in the jt
springy block EF
252
who am i?
| abnormal motion is allowed where a ligament or joint capsule should prevent it
loose/soft EF
253
who am i?
| squishy or boggy - indicating swelling in the jt
spongy EF
254
who am i?
| bone contacts bone
hard EF
255
who am i?
| hypomobility
early capsular EF
256
who am i?
| produced solely by pain, PT feels no tissue resistance - indicative of serious patho
empty
257
if pain is present before resistnace or EF, the pt symptoms are considered____
irritable
258
signs of inert dysfunction (3)
1. AROM and PROM are painful in same direction
2. pain occurs as the end range approach
3. RISOM can be painful if some compression appearing at the jts
259
when are capsular pattern assesed?
PROM and EF
260
signs of contractile dysfunction? (2)
AROM and PROM produce or increase pain ptomes and are restricted in opposite direction
RISOM prod or increase pain
261
what are the 2 most important and precise tx principles? when are they used?
1. control pain and inflammation (acute)
| 2. promote and progress healing (subacute)
262
when pt is inflammed what is a sign with PROM?
pain inreported before tissue resistance is felt by clinician
263
when is PEACE used?
| what does it stand for?
```
immediately following a soft tissue injury (1-3 days)
P - protect
E - elevate
A - avoid anti-inflammatories
C - compression (taping, bandages)
E - educate
```
264
what are the goals during the inital phase of intervention for acute lesions? (6)
1. decrease pain
2. control edema and inflammation
3. protect from further damage
4. improve ROM
5. reduce ms atrophy - isometric X
6. maintain aerobic fitness
265
what is the best use of ice?
ice the structure for 10 mins after an irritation
266
when is LOVE used?
| what does it stand for?
```
3-5 days post soft tissue injury
L = load (don't wait for inflammatory phase to be done, start as soon as painhas reduced)
O = optimism
V = vascularisation = aerobic X
E = exercise
```
267
The rehab procedures depend on ... (3)
type of tissue involved
extent of the damage
stage of healing
268
in which phase of healing do we find these clinical findings?
- decrease pain and swelling
- increase in pain-free AROM and PROM
- pain and tissue resistnc occur at the same time during PROM
- ROM still not WNL
proliferative
269
when to we expect full ROM following a soft tissue injury?
3-4 weeks (proliferative)
270
in which phase of healing do we find this clinical finding?
| - pain typically felt at the end of range w/ PROM, after tissue resistance has been encountered by clinician
remodelling
271
when does the inflammatory phase happen?
first 48-72hrs and up to 10 days
272
when does the proliferative phase happen?
from day 3 and last 3-6 weeks
273
when does the remodelling phase happen?
from day 9 and lasts 6 weeks to 12 months
274
pain occurs when in proliferative phase?
w/ activity or motion of involved area
275
pain occurs when in remodelling phase?
after the activity
276
if morning stiffness last <1h , what is the nature of pain?
mechanical
277
what are the 3 red flags?
cancer
cardiovascular system
neurological
278
gait patterns tends to be variable and irregular until __ y.o
7
279
what is a gait cycle?
what happens in 1 leg between 2 consecutive initial contact w/ the floor
280
what are the 2 phases of the gait cycle? and what are there proportions?
```
stance phase (60-65%)
swing phase (35-40%)
```
281
in a gait cycle :
- how many single stance periods?
- how many double stance periods?
- 1
| - 2
282
what are the 5 subphases of the stance phase? briefly describe them.
1. initial contact = heel strike, period of double leg stance
2. load response = flat foot, single-led stance
3. midstance = single-leg stance
4. terminal stance = heel off, double-stance
5. preswing = toe push off, double-stance
283
what are the 3 subphases of the swing phase? briefly describe them.
1. initial swing = acceleration, rapid knee flex and DF
2. midswing
3. terminal swing = deceleration, active quads to control knee ext, active hamstring to control hip flexion
284
what is the normal expected base/step width?
5-10 cm
285
what is the difference btw the step length and the stride length?
step : distance btw contact of R foot on the floor and L foot on the floor
stride = gait cycle = distance btw foot-to-floor contact of the same foot
286
what is the purposes og lateral pelvic shift during gait? (2)
1. center the weight of body over the stance leg for balance
| 2. ADD of WB limb
287
if feet are farther apart what happens to lat pelvic shift?
increases
288
what is the normal expected step length?
72 cm
289
what is the normal expected stride length?
144 cm
290
what is the normal expected lat pelvic shift?
5 cm
291
what can be the reason of a high vertical pelvic shift?
pt unable to flex knee or DF foot to clear toes during swing pase
292
high pt of vertical pelvic shift happens during?
midtance
293
low pt of vertical pelvic shift happens during?
initial contact
294
if pat has early increased flexion at knee and early PF where is the gait problem?
initial contact -> relieve the stress on painful tissues at the heel
295
which gait phase is shortened bcs pt want to hurries thru this phase to decease pain if pt has painful hip, knee or ankle consition
midstance
296
what is the trendelenburg sign?
when glu med is weak, pt tilt the trunk on opposite side of weakness during mistance
297
if pt pushed off on lat aspect of foot, what gait phase is altered?
preswing
298
what can happens if PF is weak?
abscent preswing
299
what is the corect way to use a cane?
in the contraloat upper limb
| cane need to touche the ground at the same time as the heel
300
what structure is weak if the pelvis is thrusted foreward during initial swing?
quadriceps ms
301
what is a step-page gait?
during midswing, the hip flexes excessively so that the toes can clear the ground bcs the DF are weak.
302
which structure is weak is heel stike is excessively harsh during terminal swing?
hamstring ms -> weak so cannont control the deceleration and slowly bring the knee into extension
