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OLD "MIC 665" > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of epithelial tissues based on shape?

A

squamous - thin and flat
columnar - tall
cuboidal - cube
pseudostratified - many forms

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2
Q

What are the 2 classifications of epithelial tissues based on cell layers?

A

simple - one layer
stratified - two or more layers

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3
Q

transitional epithelium usually appears _________ when relaxed and __________ when stretched.

A

cuboidal

squamous

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4
Q

Do simple or stratified epithelium not transport much?

A

stratified

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5
Q

Is simple or stratified epithelium close to the skin?

A

stratified

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6
Q

Does simple or stratified epithelium participate in ion, water, and gas transport?

A

simple

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7
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

transport of molecules between two surfaces via vesicular transport

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8
Q

Is transcytosis energy dependent or independent?

A

energy dependent

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9
Q

What is paracellular transport?

A

transport between cells

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10
Q

Is paracellular transport energy dependent or independent?

A

energy independent (relies on gradient)

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11
Q

What are the 2 pathways to pass a tight junction?

A

pore pathway
leaky pathway

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12
Q

What is the pore pathway?

A

paracellular transport that’s highly selective and gated

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13
Q

What is the leaky pathway?

A

paracellular transport that’s slow and not selective

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14
Q

Epithelial cells separate ____ environments

A

2

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15
Q

Gut epithelia is _____ cell layers thick

A

1

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16
Q

Gut epithelial is columnar shaped or squamous shaped?

A

columnar

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17
Q

Gut epithelia is polarized or non-polarized?

A

polarized

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18
Q

Why are villi closely associated with blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Why?

A

absorb nutrients and drain into mesentric lymph nodes

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19
Q

What are single lacteal in villi?

A

closed ended lymphatic vessel that conducts lymphocyes and immune cells and drain them to mesenteric lymph nodes

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20
Q

Are tight junctions permiable?

A

yes

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21
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

connections between adjacent epithelial cells

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22
Q

Where are tight junctions located, closer to the apical or basolateral side and why?

A

apical
epithelial cells are polarized

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23
Q

Why is polarity required in epithelial cells?

A

distinguishes apical from basolaterial side
- aids in directional transport
- microbial sensing on basolateral side
- secretion on apical side

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24
Q

Is Na+ actively or passively transported?

A

actively

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25
_____ uses the gradient of Na+ which makes it passive while Na+ is active transport
H2O
26
Why molecule is transported via transcytosis?
IgA (large)
27
What is the process of IgA being moved from basolateral to apical side?
1. IgA bound to J chain binds to pIg receptor 2. receptors is cleaved and whole complex is endocytosed into epithelial cell 3. once on apical side, its released and a carb binds to IgA to keep it in mucus
28
Is the large and small intestine simple or stratified epithelium?
simple
29
Is the bronchi/bronchioles simple or stratified epithelium?
simple
30
Is the vagina, esophagus, and tonsils simple or stratified?
stratified
31
Epithelial cells at the mucosal barrier are held together by ___________
tight junctions
32
What side of epithelia are commensal bacterias located?
apical
33
What are mucins?
proteins in mucus that make it slick
34
What are mucins made of?
glycoproteins (AA and sugar)
35
Why is mucin able to dissolve in water to keep mucus hydrated?
sugar side chains are hydrophillic
36
Mucus prevents bio______
biofilms
37
Does commensal bacteria live in mucus?
yes
38
What cells produce mucin glycoproteins?
goblet cells
39
Where are goblet cells found the most?
colon (large intestine)
40
What cells secrete alpha defensins (AMP)?
Paneth cells
41
How is IgA and mucus important for one another?
mucus keeps IgA in place
42
What are the steps to releasing mucin?
1. transport mucin granules to apical surface 2. release granule 3. mucin in lumen exposed to water and hydrates to from mucus
43
Mucin make mucus _________
viscous (thick)
44
Mucins are heavily ___________
glycosylated
45
Why is mucus layer thinner in small intestine and discontinuous?
ILF anf peyers patches M cells need to sample antigens
46
Is the mucus layer in large intestine thick/thin and continuous/discontinuous?
thick continuous
47
Why is mucin negatively charged and why is it important that its negatively charged?
heavily glycosylated retains AMP
48
What is the chemical barrier of the mucosal barrier?
AMP and IgA
49
What 3 ways can microbes get past the mucosal barrier?
secrete protease enter via M cells (no mucus present) disrupt tight junctions
50
Protective layer of mucus contains what 3 things?
mucins AMP IgA
51
What are AMPs?
kill pathogens via peptide-mediated membrane disruption to electrochemical gradient
52
What are the 2 types of AMPs?
cathelicidins defensins
53
What is the only type of cathelicidins in humans?
hCAP18
54
Where 2 cell types are human cathelicidins expressed from?
neutrophils epithelial cells
55
cathelicidins are processed into ________
LL37
56
cathelicidins isn't just an AMP it can also act as a _____________
chemotaxin
57
What defensins are released via the constitutive pathway?
beta defensins
58
What defensin promotes pro-inflammatory mediators?
theta
59
AMP can be enzyme _________ or peptides like ___________ and __________-
lysozyme defensins cathelicidins
60
What are lysozymes?
AMP that degrade peptidoglycan layer of bacterial wall
61
Where are lysozymes found?
tears, salivia, mucus, breast milk
62
What is the most common producer of lysozymes?
paneth cells
63
What AMP cleaves B-1,4-linkage of peptidoglycan?
lysozyme
64
Both gram + and - bacteria have peptidoglycan walls but gram _____ has a second wall which makes it able to avoid _______
gram - lysozymes
65
What secretes catonic AMP?
epithelial cells
66
How do cationic AMPs destroy bacteria?
create holes or act as a detergent
67
How do cationic AMP target bacterial cells and not host cells?
host cells are uncharged (lipids) while bacterial membranes are negative
68
What are the 3 types of cationic AMPs?
defensins cathelicidins histamines
69
Where is the highest levels of defensins on the epithelial layer?
crypts
70
What defensins don't require paneth cells?
beta
71
In mice neutrophils don't secrete ________
defensins
72
AMP can also target viruses. Which type best?
envelope virus
73
Plasma cells in the lamina produce IgA in the _______ form and plasma cells in the blood produce IgA in the _________ form
lamina properia - dimeric blood - monomer
74
Are plasma cells in inductive sites?
no (they are effector cells and found in lamina properia)
75
Where is the mucos layer the thickest?
colon
76
mucins that are not secreted but adherent to epithelial cells create a barrier called ___________
glycocalyx
77
Which AMP breaks the beta 1,4-linkage in peptidoglycan
lysozymes
78
Where in the intestines is the highest concentration of defensins?
crypts
79
Which AMP is not expressed in mice neutrophils but is expressed in human neutrophils?
alpha defensins
80
How do M cells transport antigens? Para or trans-cellular
transcellular
81
How do DC sample antigens on lumen side?
extend their denrites between epithelial cells
82
M cells are found on ___________ associated epithelium
FAE follicle assocaited epithelium
83
Does FAE have goblet cells?
yes but barley
84
What is the purpose of FAE?
place where microbes have close contact with epithelium for sampling
85
Do M cells have microvilli?
no they need to directly sample antigen (sunken in area)
86
M cells are connected to ___________ via tight junctions
enterocytes
87
Can enterocytes sense microbes?
yes but they cant transport them they secrete CCL20 cytokine
88
What immune cell in gut doesn't induce a T cell response or local inflammation but normally do in systemic immune system?
macrophages
89
Why are macrophages in gut not directly involved in initiating adaptive immunity?
they don't active immune cells they pass off antigen to DC which actives cells
90
What cell maintains homeostasis by eliminating debris and secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines?
macrophages

OLD "MIC 665" (5 decks)

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