QUIZ 3

Question 1

what are some physical features required for gas exchange in animals

Answer 1

large surface area, thin layer, well vascularized

Question 2

what are the main types of gas exchange in animals

Answer 2

cutaneous, gills, lungs, tracheal system

Question 3

what is a gill

Answer 3

evagination of body surface (can be external or internal)

Question 4

whats the difference between external and internal gills

Answer 4

internal gills have a flap over them, external gills are exposed to the environment

Question 5

what are lungs

Answer 5

sac-like invagination of body surface

Question 6

what are tracheal systems

Answer 6

tubular invaginations from body surface

Question 7

what is the advantage of respiratory systems

Answer 7

ready diffusion of O2 and CO2

Question 8

whats a disadvantage of respiratory systems

Answer 8

rapid exchange with water/atmosphere can disturb body fluid composition

Question 9

if body fluid composition is disturbed what can happen to an organism

Answer 9

can lead to edema

Question 10

what is edema

Answer 10

fluid build up

Question 11

how does O2 and CO2 move across a respiratory organ

Answer 11

diffusion or bulk flow

Question 12

what is the difference between diffusion and bulk flow

Answer 12

diffusion is by concentration gradients, bulk flow is by a pressure gradient

Question 13

what is key to ventilation of respiratory organs

Answer 13

bulk flow

Question 14

why is it critical to move oxygen along a boundary layer

Answer 14

if you dont then a layer of hypoxia will occur and tissues can die. needs to be an exchange of o2 in and out of boundary layer

Question 15

what kind of respiratory organs do most insects have

Answer 15

multiple tubular invaginations

Question 16

what is a boundary layer

Answer 16

a layer of stagnant fluid (o2 and co2) along a gas exchange membrane (separates external and internal membranes)

Question 17

what kinds of organisms use a tracheal system for respiration

Answer 17

insects and some arthropods

Question 18

describe in short the anatomy of the tracheal system

Answer 18

tubular invaginations at body surface (spiracles) with diaphragms, with smaller tracheoles to deliver and remove gasses

Question 19

how many spiracles are common on insects and arthropods

Answer 19

12

Question 20

what is the diameter of tracheoles

Answer 20

0.5 micrometers

Question 21

what is the function of a diaphragm with spiracles

Answer 21

diaphragm covers spiracle to control whats coming in and going out

Question 22

what is the transport methods in a tracheal system

Answer 22

diffusion (works well for small organisms)

ventilation (works great for large organisms)

Question 23

where are spiracles found on the body of insects and arthropods

Answer 23

found on thorax and abdomen

Question 24

how does ventilation in large insects work

Answer 24

air sacs near spiracle, abdominal movements create pressure gradients and bulk flow (allow to draw air in and out at different rates)

Question 25

why is simple diffusion not good enough for larger insects

Answer 25

not enough o2 in air to support movement with simple diffusion, too large of a surface area

Question 26

how does a tracheal system work in water insects

Answer 26

many have a plastron

Question 27

how does a plastron work

Answer 27

it acts as a gill for the organism. o2 from water can go into the air bubble due to concentration gradient in water and bubble

Question 28

what organisms have a cutaneous gas exchange

Answer 28

amphibians, invertebrates (worms, cnidarians)

Question 29

what is required of an organism for cutaneous gas exchange

Answer 29

large, thin, well vascularized surface area (surface area is generally the epidermis)

Question 30

what are some major issues with cutaneous gas exchange

Answer 30

mechanical protection issues, can dry out, little control on exchange rate, boundary layer issues

Question 31

what is the epidermal thickness in cutaneous gas exchange

Answer 31

one cell thick or a few cells thick epidermis

Question 32

what gas exchange does a hellbender have

Answer 32

lungs and cutaneous gas exchange depending on what environment its in

Question 33

how can an organism increase surface area if it uses cutaneous gas exchange

Answer 33

it can make fleshy folds to increase surface area

Question 34

how does a hellbender remove a boundary layer thats been created from being in stagnent water

Answer 34

starts to rock itself to make a small current

Question 35

what is the gas exchange method of amphibians

Answer 35

most amphibians have multiple gas exchange method

Question 36

what is a bird respiratory system

Answer 36

numerous air sacs through body connected by passageways

Question 37

what are the primary sets of air sacs in avian respiration

Answer 37

cranial and caudal air sacs

Question 38

the lungs of a bird are honeycombed with what

Answer 38

tubules (parabronchi)

Question 39

what induces volume change of fluid in avian respiration

Answer 39

muscular movements of ribs and sternum

Question 40

what is the direction of airflow if avian reduces pressure

Answer 40

reduced pressure allows air inflow

Question 41

what is the direction of airflow if avian increased pressure

Answer 41

increased pressure moves air out

Question 42

how many cycles of air flow do avians have

Answer 42

two unidirectional air flow in parabronchi (2 volumes at once)

Question 43

why is it significant to have two cycles of air flow in avian

Answer 43

reduced dilution with old air, keeps air fresh in lungs and more oxygen rich

Question 44

why is it significant that avian bloodflow is crosscurrent with airflow

Answer 44

gives high level of oxygenation in low environmental oxygen

Question 45

what part of the avian respiratory system is vascularized

Answer 45

air sacs not really vascularized, vascularization happens in the parabronchi between the anterior and posterior air sacs

Question 46

why is it significant that avian capilaries are cross current

Answer 46

gives longer exposure to air so it gives a better gas exchange (vital when in low oxygen environment--like the sky)

Question 47

what is the bony structure in birds that creates vocalization

Answer 47

syrinx

Question 48

what is the syrinx synonemous with in humans

Answer 48

larynx

Question 49

the syrinx has membrane like vocal chords, how can these produce different pitch

Answer 49

they can extend or retract the length of the chord to produce different sound

Question 50

when one hears a bird song who are they typically hearing

Answer 50

typically small male birds trying to attract a mate

Question 51

where is the syrinx located

Answer 51

at the base of the trachea

Question 52

how can birds change the length of their "vocal chords"

Answer 52

head and neck movements

Question 53

why does the size of a beak matter in bird vocalization

Answer 53

beak size is correlated to speed of movement and song dynamic

Question 54

do small or large birds have more complex vocalizations

Answer 54

small birds have more complex