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Animal Physiology > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

simply what is an amphibian lung

A

simple sac with moderate surface area elaboration

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2
Q

what kind of pressure inflation do reptile lungs have

A

positive pressure

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3
Q

are amphibian or reptile lungs more complex

A

reptile are more complex

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4
Q

what kind of pressure dynamic do most vertebrate lungs have

A

most vertebrate lungs have a negative pressure system

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5
Q

what is a negative pressure dynamic

A

use bucal cavity to push air into lungs creating a positive pressure (bucal cavity contracts pushing air positively into lungs)

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6
Q

what animal has one functional lung

A

snakes within reptiles (other lung is vestigial)

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7
Q

how do reptiles compensate for exchange since the integument doesnt have any meaningful O2 exchange

A

have more sacculations in their lungs to increase surface area without necessarily creating a bigger lung

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8
Q

what is a faveoli

A

a sac within the lungs of reptiles

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9
Q

where is the most sacculation (faveoli) in the lungs of snakes

A

primarily in first 1/3 of the snakes lung (1st 1/3 cranially)

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10
Q

what does the last 2/3 of the snake lung act as

A

acts as bellows which activates pressure cycles

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11
Q

what is a bellows

A

an area that allows contraction or expansion

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12
Q

how does a snake lung act as a bellows

A

old air in last 2/3 of lung is pushed towards outward creating an inner pull for new air to come in

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13
Q

all amphibians have sacculated lungs, why

A

to increase surface area and increase gas exchange

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14
Q

what is a thoracic cavity

A

present in mammalian lungs, pleural space, drained by lymphatic system)

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15
Q

simply what are mammalian lungs

A

paired lungs with lobes

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16
Q

how is air modified before coming into the lungs

A

air is conditioned to make it wetter, warmer, and cleaner

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17
Q

where is the diaphragm

A

below the lungs

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18
Q

how many lobes does a human heart have

A

5

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19
Q

why is there no gas exchange on the conduction zone

A

its too thick

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20
Q

why is gas exchange possible in the respiratory zone

A

because of millions of microscopic bubble like alveoli

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21
Q

what does the respiratory tree begin with

A

trachea that is superior to the thoracic cavity

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22
Q

the respiratory tree has successive branching, what are the main types of branching here

A

generations and alveoli

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23
Q

how many generations are there in mammalian lungs

A

23 (0-16 conducting zone, 17-23 respiratory zone)

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24
Q

what causes branchiolar constriction

A

smooth muscle walls of middle passagewats

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25
what was branchiolar constriction
reduced airflow
26
what kind of constriction is present in asthma
hyperconstriction
27
how many alveoli are in the lungs
300 million
28
when would you use nearly all of the alveoli
when exercising
29
what surface area does 300 million alveoli create
85m^2 surface area
30
why do overweight individuals have a higher chance of having asthma
adipocytes release lung imflammatory protein (fatter you are, 3x more protein released and inflammation causes asthma)
31
what promotes relaxation and increased airflow of bronchioles when having asthma attack
sympathetic division with epinephrine
32
when would the bronchioles change in diameter
when they are inflammed they close up (asthma), when theyre relaxed theyre open
33
as the diameter of the bronchioles increases, the resistence of fluid movement ....
decreases
34
what affects the fluid movement of air in the bronchioles
tubule length and diameter
35
what is the size of a single alveolus
300microns
36
the main wall of the alveolus is made of what kind of cells
simple squamosal
37
what are the type 1 epithelial cells
main all of alveolus
38
what are the type 2 epithelial cells
between successive alveoli, secretory mitochondria
39
what are secretory mitochondria
lamellated bodies
40
what do secretory mitochindria produce
surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin)
41
what does a lack of surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin) cause
can cause respiratory distress syndrome in children
42
what do fibroblasts do
build connective tissue
43
what do macrophages do
remove pathogens (defensive function)
44
what kind of cells are type 2 epithelial cells
cuboidal
45
whats the function of surfactant
reduces cohesion of water molecules, reducing surface tension
46
what is the function of fibrocartilage in alveoli
ribrocartilage helps to keep alveoli open so gas exchange can continue
47
what are ventilation dynamics
pressure volume changes (tissue fluid pressure in pleural cavity)
48
why is tissue fluid pressure in pleural cavity higher than lung pressure
without the pressure difference lungs can collapse (pneumothorax)
49
what is the pressure difference between pleural cavity and lungs during inhalation
3-4mmHg
50
what is the pressure difference bwteen pleural cavity and lungs during exhalation
1-2mmHg difference from exhalation
51
what is pneumothorax
when pressure between pleural cavity and lung is compromised, lung collapses and pleural cavity fills with air
52
what forces lungs to move involuntarily
diaphragm will be activated to contract
53
what direction do intercostals move
outward and up
54
how much CO2 is in the body at all times
about 40mmHg
55
how much CO2 is in the environment usually
about 100mmHg
56
is inspiration or expiration always an active process
inspiration is ALWAYS an active process
57
what are the types of volume changes
inhalation and exhalation
58
how does inspiration happen
cavity boundaries expand and lung follows
59
how does exhalation happen
cavity boundaries recoil, lungs follow
60
how can exhalation be active or passive
passive because elastic recoil can force air from lungs, active because muscles (intercostals, rectus abdominus) can force air out of lungs
61
what is anatomical dead space
the residual volume of air in lungs that cannot be forced out
62
how much oxygen is found in alveoli
100mmHg
63
how much oxygen is found in environment
160mmHg
64
what is the exchange time to equilibrate blood to lung air
about 1/4 of a second
65
what is the resting transit time to equilibrate blood to lung air
about 3/4 of a second
66
what is the exercise transit time to equilibrate blood to lung air
about 1/3 of a second.
67
equilibrating blood to lung air is a feature of which type of epithelial cells
type 1 epithelial cells
68
elephants lack a pleural cavity, how do they keep their lungs from collapsing
lungs are tethered open
69
what is west's argument for elephant lungs being tethered open
evolved for snorkeling behavior, water compression would otherwise collapse the lungs
70
what is elasticity
readily recoils to original shape
71
what is compliance
stretches easily
72
when is elasticity and compliance opposite of each other
at extreme ends of the spectra (if excessively elastic then lose compliance and vice versa)
73
what are obstructive lung diseases
COPD and asthma
74
what is COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
75
how is COPD caused
cigarettes, volatile chemicals get in the middle of the respiratory tree and causes imflammation that can lead to emphazema meaning air cant get to alveoli because air tubing was blown apart, non reparable
76
what do obstructive lung diseases do
increase airway resistance
77
what do restrictive lung diseases do
increase elasticity of lungs
78
whats an example of a restrictive lung disease
fibrotic lung disease
79
how does fibrotic lung disease work
air bourse particles not being filtered out so they go in conductive or respiratory zone, tubercles are made in defense where fibroblasts trap off that part of the lung eventually reducing lung capacity
80
what does VC=
VC=TVr+IRV+ERV
81
what is vc
vital capacity
82
what is tvr
tidal volume resting
83
what is irv
inspiratory reserve volume
84
what is erv
expiratory reserve volume
85
what is vital capacity
maximum amount of air that can move through lungs
86
what is the typical total lung capacity
around 4-6L
87
what is vital capacity volume
3-5L
88
what is residual volume typically
1L
89
what is residual volume
excess air in lungs that cant be pushed out
90
what is tidal volume
amount of air moved in a breathing cycle
91
what is a typical tidal volume at rest
about 500ml
92
what is a typical inspiratory reserve
3L
93
what is a typical expiratory reserve
1L
94
inspiratory and expiratory each have their own ___ potantial
pacemaker
95
what is the purpose of increasing depth and rate of breathing for tetrapod vertebrates
maintaining hemoglobin saturation of O2 and CO2
96
what does branchiolar dialation do
lowers resistance
97
where in the brain is breathing controlled
medulla oblongata
98
what does the VRG of the medulla have
inspiratory and expiratory neurons
99
what does the DRG of the medulla have
modifies VRG activity
100
where does the pacemaker potention of inspiration and expiration happen
in the medualla

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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