Quiz 3 Parts 1 & 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Quiz 3 Parts 1 & 2 Deck (79)
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1
Q

Which hormone used to be called prolactin inhibiting factor?

A

Dopamine

2
Q

TSH, PRL, ACTH, GH, FH, LH are released by

A

Anterior pituitary

3
Q

TRH, PIF, CRH, GHRH, GIH, GnRH are released by

A

hypothalamus

4
Q

Pink staining acidophils of pituitary secrete which hormones

A

GH, PRL

5
Q

Dark purple staining basophils of pituitary secrete which hormones

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

6
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin made, and also where are they later released from?

A

Made in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary

7
Q

This part of the pituitary resembles neural tissue with intra-axonal neurosecretory granules

A

posterior pituitary

8
Q

Another name for ADH

A

vasopresin

9
Q

MC cause of hyperpituitarism

A

Anterior lobe adenoma

10
Q

How do we classify pituitary adenomas?

A

functional vs non-functional

11
Q

Expanding pituitary lesions can compress what nerve structure, leading to what symptom?

A

Optic chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsia

12
Q

MC pituitary tumor

A

Pituitary adenoma

13
Q

MC tumor of brain

A

Pituitary adenoma

14
Q

How do you differentiate a macro- from micro-adenoma?

A

> 10mm = macroadenoma.

15
Q

Silent and hormone negative adenomas are more likely to be macro or micro when found?

A

Macro - lack endocrine abnormalities that would alert patient

16
Q

Non-functioning tumors may also be referred to as this (relates to how it reacts to staining)

A

chromophobic

17
Q

Usually just one cell line increases in pituitary adenoma. What is the MC subset of a pit. adenoma? (it is also the MC functioning and MC cause of endocrine problems)

A

Prolactinoma

18
Q

T/F - a typical pituitary adenoma is soft, well-circumscribed and confined to the sella turcica

A

T

19
Q

Microscopy reveals small round cells with uniformly round nuclei and pink to blue cytoplasm. Cells arranged in nests or cords and with prominent vascularity

A

pituitary adenoma

20
Q

This tumor’s presenting sxs usually are limited to HA, visual field defects, cranial nerve deficits, possibly hypopituitarism

A

Non-functioning pituitary adenoma

21
Q

T/F prolactinomas tend to be weakly acidophilic or chromophobic (sparsely granulated)

A

T

22
Q

Are men more likely to have a micro or macro adenoma?

A

macro - their sx picture is nonspecific - low libido

23
Q

Pituitary adenomas are associated with which MEN syndrome?

A

MEN 1

24
Q

this MEN syndrome has parathyroid adenomas, entero-pancreatic tumors, pituitary adenomas

A

MEN1

25
Q

MEN syndrome with parathyroid adenomas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma

A

MEN2A

26
Q

MEN syndrome with medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, marfanoid body habitus

A

MEN2B

27
Q

MC initial sx of pituitary apoplexy

A

sudden HA w/ rapidly worsening visual field defect

28
Q

Name for postpartum hypopituitarism

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

29
Q

What is taking up space in empty sella syndrome

A

CSF

30
Q

MC implicated lesions in hypothalamic suprasellar tumors

A

Gliomas and craniopharyngiomas

31
Q

Craniopharyngioma is derived from the vestigial remnants of _______

A

Rathke’s pouch

32
Q

2nd MC functioning pituitary adenoma

A

Excess GH - acromegaly/gigantism

33
Q

Are craniopharyngiomas functioning? and are they dangerous?

A

Non-functioning, benign but can kill via space-occupying effect

34
Q

This tumor is made of epithelial cells and has palisading cells, as well as a smooth noncellular area of lamellar “wet” keratin

A

craniopharyngioma

35
Q

MC extracerebral CA’s to metastasize to the pituitary

A

Breast, Lung

36
Q

Thyroid hormone receptors preferentially bind T3 or T4?

A

T3 - giving it greater biological activity than T4

37
Q

These thyroid cells secrete calcitonin

A

“C” cells (parafollicular cells) - found in the interstitial between the follicles or adjacent to the cuboidal epithelium

38
Q

MC cause of Hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis)

39
Q

This thyroid dz is associated with hemochromatosis, amyloidosis

A

Infiltrative thyroid dz

40
Q

When and with whom is death more common with hypothyroidism?

A

Winter, elderly

41
Q

MC cause goiters worldwide

MC cause in the USA

A

Iodine deficiency

Graves disease

42
Q

Name for accidental ingestion of excess thyroid hormone leading to hyperthyroidism

A

Thyrotoxicosis factitia

43
Q

What does toxic vs non-toxic thyroid nodule signify

A

Toxic = making more of the hormone, nontoxic = not making it

44
Q

MC cause lymphocytic AI thyroid dz

A

Hashimoto’s

45
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid in Hashimotos is due to what?

A

Lymphocytic infiltration & fibrosis, but not tissue hypertrophy

46
Q

These Ab’s are responsible for hashimoto’s

A

TPO (thyroid peroxidase), thyroglobulin

47
Q

Grossly. the thyroid has a solid fleshy appearance with a lobular pattern. Scattered tiny nodules of darker tan colored glassy material - residual colloid.

A

Hashimoto’s

48
Q

This cell appears in thyroid tissue of pt’s with Hashimoto’s as well as follicular thyroid CA. They stain pink with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm as result of altered mitochondria

A

Hürthle cell

49
Q

What can cause either hyper- or hypothyroidism?

A

Subacute thyroiditis

50
Q

What viruses are associated with De Quervain’s thyroiditis (a type of subacute thyroiditis)?

A

Coxsackie virus

Adenovirus

51
Q

The underlying cause of most cases of sub-acute thyroiditis

A

Viral

52
Q

Multi-nucleated giant cells within the colloid of thyroid follicles are a distinguishing feature of _____

A

de Quervain’s

53
Q

MC location for a thyroglossal cyst

A

between isthmus of thyroid and hyoid bone

54
Q

MC congenital neck malformation

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

55
Q

Most thyroid CA are of what two types?

A

Well-differentiated papillary or follicular tumors. Excellent prognosis

56
Q

Follicles irregularly enlarged and surrounded with flattened epithelium, consistent with a lack of thyroid activity

A

Non-toxic multinodular goiter

57
Q

This dz has a thyroid gland with autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, resulting in hyperthyroidism

A

Toxic Nodular Goiter or Plummer’s Dz

58
Q

Biopsy shows marked hypercellularity, consistent with hyperfunctioning

A

Toxic thyroid nodule/nodular goiter/plummer’s

59
Q

Graves dz is caused by these autoantibodies which do what?

A

long acting thyroid autoantibodies (LATS-Ab), activate TSH receptors

60
Q

MC cause hyperthyroidism & severe hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s dz

61
Q

Hyperplastic epithelium with prominent infolding. Tall columnar epithelium line the unfolds. Clear vacuoles next to the epithelium from localized depletion of colloid.

A

Grave’s dz

62
Q

Colloid cysts appear as what on a thyroid scan, helping differentiate from CA

A

cold nodules

63
Q

T/F - it is difficult to tell a follicular adenoma from a well-differentiated carcinoma

A

T

64
Q

Four main types of thyroid CA

A

Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Undifferentiated/Anaplastic (least common)

65
Q

T/F most thyroid CA are well responsive to tx

A

T

66
Q

MC thyroid CA

A

Papillary carcinoma

67
Q

Papillary CA is more frequently diagnosed in which age group? When is it more malignant?

A

Mostly in young, but worse if in elderly

68
Q

Thyroid CA’s more common in hx of radiation

A

Papillary carcinoma, Follicular carcinoma

69
Q

Gross appearance shows multifocal neoplasm because of propensity to invade lymphatics

A

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid

70
Q

Fronds have thin fibrovascular cores and overall papillary pattern

A

Papillary Carcinoma

71
Q

T/F-All papillary neoplasms of thyroid should be considered malignant

A

T

72
Q

You may find a psamomma body in this thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

73
Q

Follicular carcinoma is MC in which age group

A

elderly

74
Q

Gross - encapsulated and solitary and found in necrotic/hemorrhagic areas

A

Follicular carcinoma of thyroid

75
Q

Histologically, encapsulated, well-defined follicles containing colloid

A

Follicular carcinoma, but follicular adenoma looks like this too, making distinguishing them difficult

76
Q

This thyroid CA can be familial, transmitted as autosomal dominant and associated with MEN

A

Medullary carcinoma

77
Q

There is a proliferation of parafollicular cells (C cells) resulting in excess serum calcitonin

A

Medullary carcinoma

78
Q

This tumor is characterized by rapid painful enlargement of thyroid gland and most die within one year

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

79
Q

Histology shows undifferentiated malignant cells

A

Anaplastic carcinoma