Quiz 4 Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
coenzyme A and glutathione contain ___ residues at their active sites
A
SH
2
Q
4 host defense mechanisms:
A
Cell mediated, Humoral, Complement, Lysozyme
3
Q
a nursing mother loses __-___ mg Ca/day, but demonstrates increased Ca absorption during late pregnancy and during lactation
A
150-300
4
Q
What % of water must be lost to lose muscle strength and endurance?
A
4%
5
Q
average person has __ g of sodium in their body.
A
250 g
6
Q
What is zinc associated with?
A
over 20 enzymes, i.e. carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase
7
Q
How is fluid intake controlled?
A
mainly thirst
8
Q
a person excretes about __ mg/day in feces, __ mg/day in urine and about ___ mg/day from perspiration.
A
400, 100-350, 15
9
Q
For adults,
the major source of Ca is:
A
milk and cheese, also nuts, peas, beans, grain, green leafy vegetables
10
Q
Iodine is found in:
A
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
11
Q
average daily consumption of vitamin C less than __ can lead to scurvy:
A
1 mg/day
12
Q
Treatment for scurvy:
A
vitamin C and vitamin B complex, diversified diet, SRP
13
Q
From where do we obtain water?
A
drinking and water in food
14
Q
NUG is aka:
A
Trench mouth or Vincent’s infection
15
Q
RDA - 9 - 18 yr is ___ mg/day
A
1250
16
Q
increased loss through lungs in this type of environment may require additional water:
A
very dry climate, mountain climbing (dry air) may need up to 4 L of drinking water
17
Q
Major component of periodontium:
A
Collagen
18
Q
What food source is involved in immune and inflammatory processes?
A
protein
19
Q
St. John’s Wort is used to treat:
A
depression, anxiety, sleep disorders
20
Q
TF? PD can be treated by providing vitamins and minerals to the adequately nourished individual.
A
F
21
Q
RDA for iron for women 19-50 yr :
A
18 mg/day
22
Q
How can we store copper in the body?
A
bound to ceruloplasmin
23
Q
What controls iodine release?
A
pituitary gland
24
Q
Most Fe is used to make:
A
RBC in the bone marrow
25
Blood calcium is regulated by:
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
26
TF? Scientific evidence indicates that St. John's Wort may be useful for short-term treatment of mild to moderate depression.
T
27
Periodontal Diseases results in:
destruction of the supporting tissues of teeth
28
Selenium is present in:
glutathione peroxidase
29
Daily amount of fluid that enters GI tract from secretions?
8 L
30
Gingko:
Old tree species, no observed benefit, asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, Conflicting data – memory enhancement, Small studies – mild improvement, NIH – no benefit
31
How many g of potassium is there in intracellular fluid?
100 g
32
RDA for iodine:
150 ug/day
33
TF? Zinc can be stored in the body.
T
34
What is hemosiderosis?
disease of excess iron storage, excessive intake (iron cooking pots, cheap wine), excessive destruction (hemolytic anemia) or transfusions (>200 mg Fe/unit), poor regulation of absorption (hereditary hemochromatosis, may have stores of 50 g Fe)
35
K+ deficiency is seen with:
diuretics that waste potassium
36
Can extra Vit C treat PD?
No, no affect on any clinical parameter
37
an average person contains __ L water.
40L
38
PD can be treated and prevented by:
eliminate plaque
39
TF? Nutritional deficiency may result in an irreversible loss of barrier function.
F. reversible
40
Iodine can treat:
goiter
41
The majority of magnesium is in ___, about 25% in
| ____
bone, soft tissues
42
Food high in Mg2+
Vegetables: spinach, greens, broccoli, lim beans, potatoes, squash
43
What is is needed for hydroxylation of lysine and proline?
Vit C
44
Fe absorption is improved with:
vitamin C
45
___-__% adults sodium sensitive.
10–15
46
What cells produce HCl?
parietal cells of the stomach
47
metabolic water is available by:
oxidation of food to H2O and CO2
48
sodium plays a role in:
nerve conduction
49
How much salt is in intracellular fluid?
100g
50
Side effects of Gingko:
headache, nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic skin reactions, increased risk of bleeding
51
Periodontal disease is an _____ disease caused by a ____ infection
infectious, bacterial
52
Nutritional evaluation may be indicated in the presence of:
NUG, NUP, NOMA, adult periodontitis
53
TF? Nurition plays a modifying role in the progression of periodontal disease.
T. not that large of a role, though.
54
% of iron that is absorbed
about 10%
55
adult males about __ % water by weight
60
56
If a person losing __ % of their body fluid, they will likely enter a coma and die.
20% -
57
The body can avoid anemia by:
conserve, maintain, or increase absorption of iron
58
Types of periodontal diseases:
chronic, aggressive, NUG (papilla bcm necrotic and there is a foul odor), NUP, NOMA
59
What is Menkes’ syndrome?
failure to absorb Cu, mental retardation, kinky hair (lack of keratinization), hypothermia, usually die by age three
60
Other enzymes related to copper:
cytochrome and lysyl oxidases
61
Health concerns that potassium is linked to:
decreases BP, stroke
62
Iron deficiency leads to:
anemia, esp. reproductive years and children (rapid growth)
63
____g of H20 from carbohydrates
0.55g
64
TF? Body water content varies greatly over time
F. remains fairly constant
65
Good sources of copper:
organ meats, seafood, nuts, and seeds
66
These can be considered dietary supplements:
vitamin, mineral, herb, botanical, amino acid, concentrate, metabolite, constituent or extract.
67
Ginger:
tropical plant w aromatic rhizome, nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, maybe arthritis
68
Average fluid intake:
1.2 L drink, 1.1 L food, 0.3 L metabolic water
69
Iron-deficient cells:
Smaller, less color, less pigment hemoglobin.
70
Iodine deficiecy can lead to:
goiter, cretinism, retardation, loss of hearing and speech
71
What type of lesion is a periodontal lesion:
a healing lesion
72
primary source of Ca for infants:
milk
73
How does the kidney respond to increased sodium levels?
increase aldosterone.
74
At what level does potassium function similar to sodium?
at intracellular level
75
Good sources of Zn:
meats, fish, dry beans, eggs, nuts, beef, shellfish, poultry, whole grains, and legumes
76
How much iron is in hemoglobin?
2.5 g
77
an average person contains about __ L of extracellular water
15
78
What could bright red, inflamed and edematous gingiva indicate? (disease)
(acute) leukemia, diabetes, scurvy
79
excess Zn can reduce __ absorption
Cu
80
TF? Treatment with vitamin and mineral supplementation is required in the adequately nourished individual.
F
81
We have about __ g of zinc in the body.
2
82
Fiber-Mineral Interactions
phytates and oxalates (fibers) bind minerals, i.e. Ca, Zn, Mg, and Fe. phytate: brans and coffee, oxalate: spinach, rhubarb, coffee, tea, and chocolate
83
Most sulfur in the body is present in ____
methionine and cysteine (protein)
84
haem (heme) iron is present in:
hemoglobin and myoglobin (as porphyrins)
85
Avg amt of water taken in via drink and food:
1000ml (4 cups)
86
TF? Milk is low in sodium.
F.
87
TF? we can not conserve, store, or synthesize water
T
88
Nutritionally adequate diet helps to maintain:
resistance and periodontium
89
most sulfur in the diet is a component of:
protein
90
Iodine content in the avg person:
about 20–50 mg/person, 1/20,000,000 of body weight
91
TF? Magnesium is present in all tissues.
T, same as vitamin c
92
Iodine helps maintain:
metabolism, think thyroid hormones
93
Vitamin D may reduce:
gingival bleeding by antiinflammatory effects (ask, is this simply an acid base reaction like when you drink milk after eating spicy food?)
94
about ___ -___ g P in bone (hydroxyapatite)
600-900
95
Ginseng:
Asian: Panax ginseng, American: Panax quinquefolius, active chemical components: ginsenosides, Claims: well-being, stamina, mental and physical performance, lower blood sugar, control BP, Studies: may lower blood glucose and enhance immunity
96
Calcium blood concentration:
8.5 to 10.5 mg/100 ml
97
Selenium deficiency:
Keshan’s disease, congestive heart disease in China in children and young women
98
How many g of potassium is there in extracellular fluid?
3 g
99
Symptoms of Vit A deficiency:
gingival erosions, ulcerations, bleeding, swelling, and loss of keratinization, headache, dry mouth and loss of hair
100
High potassium foods:
vegetables, bananas, potatoes, oranges, whole grains, dried beans, meats, milk, coffee, and tea
101
a copper-dependent ferroxidase helps:
oxidize iron
102
Fxn of selenium:
reduces oxidative damage to lipid membranes
103
Food where iron is found:
meats (haem) (better absorbed), vegetables (non-haem)
104
Typical adult intake of K/ day
2–4 g
105
Where is copper found?
most foods
106
Major role of Calcium:
nerve Conduction, blood Clotting
107
There is a correlation between bacteria and:
bone loss
108
Black specks of calculus:
Frequent with perio disese, lots of root surface for calculus to form on after healing post-SRP
109
TF? Haem absorption is not affected by phosphates, phytates or vitamin C.
T
110
What results in higher levels of sodium?
cooking and processing
111
bacterial products that can induce tissue damage:
toxins, endotoxin, and enzymes
112
Water Functions
osmotic balance, gas diffusion, transport of nutrients, joint lubrication (synovial fluid), tissue turgor
113
about ___ g of Ca is absorbed and redeposited daily
0.7
114
Water is a:
solvent and reactive medium
115
Mineral Functions:
Bone and tooth structure, heart rhythm, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, acid-base balance, parts of enzymes and hormones
116
Symptoms of low K+ levels:
cramps, confusion, irregular heart beat
117
What is the primary dietary deficiency for phosphorus?
none
118
Excess vitamin A can lead to:
gingival pathology, fat soluble, not cleared as readily as Vit C
119
Most zinc is stored in:
bone
120
newborn babies about __% water by weight
75
121
What is the key electrolyte in extracellular fluid?
sodium
122
What food source is involved in epithelial barrier function?
protein
123
Calcium absorption is aided by:
Vitamin D, protein, and lactose
124
What does the glutathione peroxidase system do?
breaks down peroxides before they can form free radicals, spares some need for vitamin E, which is a major free radical scavenger.
125
Subjects in highest quintile for ____ levels had 20% less likely to have bleeding on probing than the lowest quintile.
vitamin D
126
Balance of ions is maintained via:
Na pump, intake and excretion of water and electrolytes
127
Labels: “sodium free”
5 mg
128
TF? chloride deficiency is highly unlikely.
T
129
When is iron absorption reduced?
when it forms salts with phosphates or phytates
130
Kids should not drink cow’s milk until about age:
1
131
TF? almost all dietary sodium is absorbed.
T
132
TF? an excess of one mineral can affect the absorption of other mineral.
T
133
What % water output will lead to poor heat tolerance, the person is weak?
10
134
If you overdose on Vit C for a long duration:
gradually decrease levels or else you wil get scurvy, even if you take normal levels, body adjusted to the higher level
135
Where is Phosphorus found?
all plant and animal cells
136
When is iron absorption increased?
with vitamin C, meat, gastric acidity
137
Sulfur is present in:
heparin, keratin, chondroitin sulfates
138
The soft tissues and fluids contain about __ g Ca:
10 g
139
minimum requirement for chloride is about ____ mg/day, average intake about __ g/day
700, 5
140
What % of dietary potassium is absorbed?
about 90
141
there can be a synergistic effect on the absorption of __ and minerals
vitamins
142
What happens to excess Fe?
stored as ferritin, can cluster to form hemosiderin
143
Change Vit C levels:
no pocket depth change with good health pts, capillary fragility after 4-6wks, leading to more risk of gingival bleeding and gingivitis
144
High K+ foods:
Fruits and veggies: spinach, squash, potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, lima benas, pears, prunes, peaches, avocados, cantalouoes, bananas
145
sodium depletion leads to:
cramps, nausea, vomiting, shock, coma
146
TF? low blood K level can be life threatening.
T
147
TF? Calcium and vitamin D intake levels, aimed at preventing osteoporosis, have a beneficial effect on tooth retention.
T
148
Selenium is part of the ___ system.
glutathione peroxidase
149
Taurine:
2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, produced in the pancreas from cysteine (component of bile), may reduce oxidative stress from exercise, energy drinks: no reports of neg or pos effects associated with use, essential dietary requirement for cats (can't synthesize, absence causes retinal degeneration and irreversible blindness)
150
average daily water output:
1.0–1.5 L urine, 1 L skin, 0.3 L lungs
151
Bone is about __% mineral, __ % protein, __% fat and about __% water
50, 20, 5, 25
152
Constituent of vitamin B12:
cobalt (cyanocobalamin)
153
TF? We can store copper in the body.
T
154
Second most prominent intracellular cation (after potassium):
Magnesium
155
Magnesium is concentrated in the ___ and is involved in ____
mitochondria, energy transfer
156
RDA for iron for men:
8 mg/day
157
A calcium deficiency may lead to:
decrease in blood calcium, mobilization from bone
158
What is required for the absorption of iron?
release and conversion to ferrous irontoxins
159
if ___% of body weight is lost a person will get thristy
2
160
Syndrome related to copper:
Menkes’ syndrome, genetic disease
161
human milk has ___ mg/100 ml, while cows milk has ___ mg/100 ml
30, 120
162
adult females about __% water by weight
50
163
Side effects of St. John's Wort:
Sun sensitivity
164
Typical intake of iron is about ___mg/day
10
165
How are lysozomes involved in host defense mechanism?
damage cellular membrane
166
RDA for zinc is __ (f), __ (m) mg/day
8, 11
167
total amount of trace minerals in the body is about __ gram or __ oz.
15, ~ 0.5 oz
168
Major defense barrier to invasion by antigens, noxious products and bacteria
epithelium
169
% of calcium absorbed from diet:
only about 20%
170
Main ions in extracellular water
Salt (Na and Cl)
171
RDA of calcium:
is 1000-1200 mg/day
172
Diet less than 5mg of vit C can lead to:
scurvy
173
of trace minerals: (check)
100
174
treatment to reduce gingivitis:
antibacterial (chlorhexidine)
175
Where in plants is Mg2+ present?
chloroplasts, mitochondria in animals
176
TF? The human body can store iron.
T
177
Oral manifestation of scurvy:
petechial hemorrhages, crevicular bleeding, mucosal ulcerations
178
Trace minerals:
Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Copper, Selenium, Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum
179
Main ions in intracellular water:
potassium (K) and phosphate (PO4)
180
Which deficiency is more likely, sodium or potassium?
potassium, we don't add potassium to our foods
181
Guarana:
maple family, seeds contain 2–4.5% caffeine (1–2% for coffee bean)
182
Löe study:
increased plaque leads to gingivitis
183
Blood P concentration is about ___ mg P/100 ml
2.5–4.5
184
Major Minerals:
(CaMPS) calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S)
185
adults need about __ of water for each calorie of food
1 ml, or about 2.5 L of water for 2500 calories burned
186
RDA for P for adults:
700 mg/day (same as Ca)
187
TF? potassium is present in lesser amounts in the body than salt.
T
188
RDA of selenium:
55 ug/day
189
RDA for Magnesium - ___ (f) -___ (m) mg/day
320 (f), 420 (m)
190
Goiter is an increase in size of the:
thyroid gland
191
Labels: “very low sodium” ≤ ___mg/serving
35
192
What is the major mineral in osseous tissues?
calcium
193
Zn deficiency can lead to:
small stature, anemia, impaired taste, impaired wound healing
194
Calcium output in extreme heat:
up to 100 mg/hr, in perspiration
195
Avg total water intake:
2,350ml (10 cups)
196
about __ % of calcium is ionized and about __% is bound to albumin
50%, 50%
197
What vitamins contains S
thiamin and biotin
198
What will happen if a nursing mom's Ca intake is low?
Ca is mobilized from her bones
199
Typical adult intake __ - ___ g Na/day
3–7 g
200
How much salt is found in the extracellular fluids?
125 g
201
Water can supply __ - ____ mg/L of calcium
~0 to 200
202
Minerals are found in:
skeleton, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins
203
TF? Potassium is a major cation in intracellular fluid.
T
204
How is Complement involved in host defense mechanism?
binds cell, aids phagocytosis, forms pores in cells
205
Calcium absoprtion is inhibited by:
phytates (in dietary fiber), fats, & oxalic acid.
206
These are both required for hemoglobin formation:
Cu and Fe
207
Cells involved in cell mediated defense mechanism:
PMN, macrophages
208
Carnitine:
nearly all cells, energy production with long-chain f.a., concentrated in skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver and kidneys produce from lysine and methionine, no evidence it improves physical performance
209
Foods w lots of sodium added during processing:
bread, hot dogs, processed meats, cheese, soups, many tomato-based products, snack foods
210
an average person contains about __ L of intracellular water
25
211
major minerals (> ___ mg/day)
100
212
NUG:
low grade, interproximal infection, damage to bone and oral structures
213
TF? More iron in your body makes you more prone to cancer.
T
214
RDA for copper adults:
900 ug/day
215
may lose up to ___quarts (__lbs) of water during a marathon run
6, ~12 lb
216
very hot weather, loss through skin up to __L /hr
~2 L / hr
217
Sodium depletion may occur if a persons perspiration level is:
~ 2 g/L vs. 3g/L for plasma
218
What food sources is involved in bone metabolism?
protein, Ca, PO4
219
increased sodium leads to:
increased hypertension, limited to ~2 g/day (1/2 teaspoon)
220
What % of the body weight do minerals make up?
4%
221
TF? Ca content in human milk is affected by the mother’s intake.
F
222
Is there slow or rapid turnover of the epi barrier?
rapid
223
What is the copper deficiency?
no primary deficiency noted
224
This is involved in humoral defense mechanism:
antibody production
225
excess Ca can affect ___ and ___
Fe and Mg
226
Minimum requirement of K+ in health:
2 g/day, vs. 0.5 g/day for sodium
227
Mineral bioavailability depends on:
absorption and availability
228
What is required for epithelial barrier function?
protein, zinc, folic acid, iron, vitamin A and C
229
What food source is involved in collagen metabolism?
protein, vitamin C
230
TF? Water can supply calcium
T
231
What are the body stores of iron? (ferritin)
about 1 g
232
A person has about __g of Fe
4
233
___% of salt added during cooking and at table.
30-50
234
Chloride is used by:
phagocytic cells to kill bacteria via the myeloperoxidase system
235
What is an increase in thirst associated with?
increase in blood sodium
236
How long can a person live without food? without water?
~8 weeks, few days
237
About how many g of calcium is in the skeleton?
1200 g of Ca
238
Avg water produced from metabolism:
350 ml (1.5 cups)
239
Where do we get iodine supplementation?
iodized salt
240
Thirst is associated with:
water depletion, not salt depletion
241
This is a major etiologic factor in dental caries:
nutrition
242
How is water present in food?
Simply there or by hydration
243
Foods high in selenium:
cereals and meat
244
Selenium balances with ___,
| each spares the other
vitamin E
245
Minimum requirement of salt for health is __ mg/day
500
246
How many g of potassium is there in skeletal muscle ?
80 g
247
How much iron is in myoglobin and cytochromes?
0.3 g
248
oral symptoms of scurvy:
bright red, inflamed and edematous gingiva with bleeding, tooth mobility, swelling and bruising of extremities
249
Food high in magnesium:
cereals and vegetables provide over 2/3 of our requirements for Mg2+, plants
250
TF? natural food is high in sodium.
F. Low
251
Iron deficiency is treated with:
ferrous salts
| keep out of reach of children – risk of poisoning
252
Periodontal Diseases is the result of:
bacterial infections
253
Excess water:
>10L cannot be removed by the kidneys, headaches, blurred vision, convulsions
254
Sites of water output:
perspiration, lungs (respiration), urine, feces (greatest to lowest)
255
Most Ca in the body is in this form:
hydroxyapatite
256
Fxns of selenium:
antioxidant like vitamin C and E and b- carotene
257
In non-haem iron, the ferric iron is bound to:
proteins, amino acids and organic acids
258
Ca is in equilibrium between:
bone, extracellular water, and soft tissue
259
Blood zinc levels:
about 0.1 mg/100ml
260
Interactions of St. John's Wort:
antidepressants, birth control, digoxin, dilantin and phenobarbital, warfarin (Coumadin)
261
Magnesium content in person:
about 25g
262
___ g H20 from 1 g of protein
0.4 g
263
RDA for iron for Wwomen - > 50 yr:
8 mg/day
264
How much salt is found in mineralized tissues?
90 g
265
What is copper used for?
use of ferritin
266
eat 3,000 calories, need __ L of water
3L
267
___ of H20 from 1 g of fat
1.07 g
268
TF? Chloride is a major anion in intracellular fluid.
F. extracelluar fluid
269
How many __ mg of iodine in the thyroid?
8
270
Noma is also known as:
cancrum oris, fusospirochetal gangrene, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, stomatitis gangrenosa
