Quiz 4 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Drawing from the Michael Carolan text, what does “virtual water” refer to?
A) the water that appears in Hollywood depictions of oceans
B) the water we see in virtual video games
C) the actual amount of water that can be extracted from a consumer product
D) the water used during the growing, making, or manufacturing of a given commodity
E) “a” and “b”
F) none of the above
D) the water used during the growing, making, or manufacturing of a given commodity
According to Carolan, how have the World Bank and the IMF exacerbated water-related problems?
A) They have sought to increase community controls over local aquifers
B) They started programs that encourage communities to reduce their water consumption so that it is in line with the recharge rates of their watershed
C) They have heavily encouraged water privatization
D) They have prohibited developing countries from borrowing from them if they don’t have a water-privatization policy in place
E) all of the above
F) “c” and “d”
F) “c” and “d”
According to Carolan, how is global climate change expected to impact our access to freshwater?
A) higher temperatures will lead to higher evaporation rates
B) increasing rates of groundwater salinization
C) rising sea levels will increase the risk of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers
D) increased water temperatures will increase bacterial blooms
E) all of the above
F) only “b”, “c” and “d”
E) all of the above
According to Carolan, what are limitations of addressing water shortages with desalinization plants?
A) they are very energy intensive
B) they are a threat to wildlife
C) it creates waste that has to be disposed of
D) all of the above
E) only “a” and “b”
F) only “b” and “c”
D) all of the above
Which of the following are characteristics of water that justify pricing it with more care than other economic goods?
A) water is essential… there is no life, economic production, or environment without it.
B) water is substitutable… the human need for water can be substituted with many other products
C) water is finite… the water that currently circulates through the hydrological cycle is all there is
D) water is a system… water is part of a complex system and helps make possible innumerable ecosystem services.
E) all of the above
F) only “a”, “c”, and “d”
F) only “a”, “c”, and “d”
Based on the Carolan chapter, which of the following are attributes of effective water governance?
A) water users should have a voice in the decision-making process
B) the decision-making process should be transparent and open to scrutiny
C) restricting meaningful participation to corporations improves governance
D) effective water governance should be grounded in society’s ethical principles, such as the belief that water is a fundamental human right.
E) all of the above
F) only “a”, “b” and “d”
F) only “a”, “b” and “d”
What are social justice implications of E-waste?
A) more and more people are benefiting from access to smartphones
B) few people are impacted by the environmental pollution associated with electronics
C) the recycling of electronic waste is dangerous and tends to be concentrated among the poor
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
C) the recycling of electronic waste is dangerous and tends to be concentrated among the poor
How do supermarkets exacerbate the food waste problem?
A) they offer consumers Buy One Get One (BOGO) free promotions, which leads to waste
B) they impose high aesthetic standards on the farmers, which leads some farmers to toss out as much as 30% of the crops they grow
C) they contractually forbid their growers from selling the rejected product to anyone else
D) all of the above
E) only “a” and “c”
F) none of the above
D) all of the above
What does Carolan mean by “Waste isn’t the fault of consumers–it’s a design flaw”?
A) humans are designed to consume recklessly
B) humans do not know how to create effective waste disposal systems
C) producers aren’t making things that can be easily reused and recycled.
D) all of the above
E) “b” and “c”
F) none of the above
C) producers aren’t making things that can be easily reused and recycled
What are social justice problems associated with recycling?
A) when garbage and recycling is combined, workers have to separate it, which puts them in contact with biohazards
B) workers recycling plastics are often exposed to residues of toxic products they contained, like pesticides
C) many recycling operations fail to give their workers protective equipment
D) prison inmates working on e-waste are often exposed to toxic metals
E) all of the above
F) “a” and “b”
E) all of the above
What have been consequences of the “extended producer responsibility” concept?
A) it has led manufacturers to take less responsibility for the environmental consequences of their products
B) it has created an incentive for companies to manufacture products that are easier to recycle an reuse
C) It has become easier for consumers to have their printer cartridges reused.
D) It has extended consumer responsibility for the environmental consequences of the commodities they purchase
E) “b” and “c”
F) none of the above
B) it has created an incentive for companies to manufacture products that are easier to recycle an reuse
Drawing from the Michael Carolan chapter, what is the relationship between cars and public health?
A) car use has decreased obesity
B) road traffic noise decreases sleep disturbance
C) road traffic noise increases ischemic heart disease & heart attacks
D) road traffic noise increases the risk of high blood pressure
E) all of the above
F) “c” and “d”
F) “c” and “d”
Drawing from the Carolan chapter, what are problems associated with “islandization”?
A) it increased the likelihood of species extinction for species trapped between highway corridors
B) rising sea levels will means species living on islands will be at greater risk of extinction
C) isolated populations are at greater risk of being overhunted
D) isolated populations are at greater risk from major events, like fire and floods
E) “b” and “d”
F) “a”, “c” and “d”
F) “a”, “c” and “d”
What is the “fundamental law of highway congestion”?
A) if bikes share the road with cars, there will be greater traffic congestion
B) increases in road capacity with be met with a proportional increase in traffic volume
C) if there isn’t enough public transportation, there will be greater traffic congestion
D) If we expand the roads, there will be less traffic congestion
E) dense cities lead to greater traffic congestion
F) none of the above
B) increases in road capacity with be met with a proportional increase in traffic volume
According to Carolan, what are ways through which governments currently incentivize (i.e. encourage) car driving?
A) providing free parking
B) allowing large taxpayer-funded roads to be untaxed, which is of primary benefit to private motorists
C) many governments tax fuel
D) private lands are typically taxed at a lower rate when paved over to make a parking lot
E) all of the above
F) only “a”, “b”, and “d”
F) only “a”, “b”, and “d”
According to Michael Carolan, what are ways to disincentivize car driving?
A) eliminate free parking
B) impose a gas tax
C) implement pay-as-you-drive insurance on cars
D) base urban design around interconnectivity, instead of street-hierarchy logic
E) all of the above
F) only “b”, “c” and “d”
E) all of the above
According to the “Story of Bottled Water” video, what are environmental problems associated with bottled water?
A) oil is needed to produce the plastic bottles
B) energy is needed to ship the product to other countries
C) plastic bottles go to landfills, where they will sit for thousands of years
D) plastic bottles go to incinerators, where they are burned and release toxic pollution
E) all of the above
F) only “a” and “d”
E) all of the above
According to the “Story of Bottled Water” video, what strategies have bottled water companies used to manufacture demand for their products?
A) conducted marketing campaigns designed to scare people away from using tap water
B) seduced customers by associating bottled water with images of nature
C) mislead consumers about the product’s environmental impact
D) all of the above
F) only “a” and “b”
G) only “b” and “c”
D) All of the above
Based on the “Story of Bottled Water” video, which of the following is NOT a recommended activity to address the bottled water problem?
A) make a personal commitment to boycott bottled water unless the local water is proven to be polluted
B) join a campaign that is demanding investment in providing clean tap water for all citizens
C) join a campaign to prevent water pollution
D) lobby city officials to bring back public water fountains
E) work to have your organization ban the sale of bottled water
F) they are all recommended activities
F) they are all recommended activities
Which of the following are principles associated with the circular economy concept?
A) designing out waste and pollution
B) increasing the attention devoted to recycling
C) increase product consumption
D) regenerate natural systems
E) “a” and “d”
F) “b” and “d”
E) “a” and “d”
Water Report Based on the Ministry of Environment report, how do contaminants enter water bodies in urban environments? A) rainwater B) wastewater networks C) leaky pipes D) cars E) all of the above F) only “b” and “c”
F) only “b” and “c”
