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Animal Nutrition > Quiz 4 Material > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classifications of lipids?

A
  1. simple
  2. complex
  3. precursive and derived
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2
Q

What are examples of simple lipids? (3) Out of those 3, which easily digestible?

A

fats, oils, waxes; fats and oils

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3
Q

What are examples of complex lipids? (2) Where are they found?

A

phospholipids and glycolipids; cell membranes and nerve tissue

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4
Q

What type of bonds are phospholipids bound by?

A

phosphate

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5
Q

What type of bonds are glycolipids bound by?

A

sugar

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6
Q

What are examples of precursive and derived lipids? (3)

A
  1. steroids
  2. eicosanoids
  3. terpenes
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7
Q

What are 2 examples of steroids?

A

cholesterol and bile acid

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8
Q

What are the 2 components that make up fatty acids?

A

acyl chain (CHs) and carboxylic acid

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9
Q

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
tend to be solid at room temp
comes from animal tissue

Unsaturated fatty acids
contains double bonds
tend to be liquid at room temp
comes from plant tissue

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10
Q

What’s are examples of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated = lard
unsaturated = corn oil

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11
Q

What affect does double bonds have on fatty acids?

A

change the melting point of compound and structure

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12
Q

What are the different chain lengths in fatty acids? (3) How many carbons are in each one?

A
  1. short 1-4 C
  2. medium 6-10 C
  3. long 12-24 C
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13
Q

Which fatty acid chain length is the easiest to absorb?

A

short

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13
Q

What kind of chain fatty acids can plants and animals synthesize?

A

even and straight

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14
Q

What kind of chain fatty acids can bacteria synthesize?

A

odd and branched

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15
Q

In ruminants, what are 3 examples of volatile fatty acids? How many carbons are in each?

A
  1. acetate (2C)
  2. propionate (3C)
  3. butyrate (4C)
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16
Q

What are the 2 isomers of fatty acids? Which one is found in nature and and the other manufactured?

A

cis and trans; cis - nature; trans - manufactured

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17
Q

Why are trans fats considered bad?

A

increase LDL which leads to bad cholesterol and increases the chance of clogged arteries and diabetes

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18
Q

What are 2 essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

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19
Q

What’s the systematic name for linoleic acid?

A

18:2

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20
Q

What’s the systematic name for linolenic acid?

A

18:3

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21
Q

Why are the essential fatty acids not talked about enough?

A

requirement is low and our diet meets the requirement

22
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of fats.(4)

A
  1. form membranes, micelles, liposome, emulsion, soap with metal (lye soap)
  2. spontaneously oxidize (antioxidants prevent it)
  3. source of stored energy
  4. precursor for hormones, steroids, and cholesterol
23
Q

What’s are the components of triglyceride? Where is it most commonly found in?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids; feed stuffs and tissues

24
What are 3 examples of eicosanoids? What are they responsible for?
1. prostaglandins (reproduction, inflammatory response) 2. thromboxanes and leukotrienes (inflammatory response)
25
What is cholesterol a precursor to? What are 3 examples?
vitamin D; estrogen, glucocorticoids, and bile acids
26
What are 2 examples of terpenes? What do they do?
1. carotenes - precursor to vitamin d 2. xanthophylls - pigments that give egg yolk color, beaks, and feet
27
Where are lipids absorbed in monogastrics?
small intestine
28
Where are lipids absorbed in ruminants?
rumen by bacteria bypass fat - small intestine
29
What are the 2 methods in the carbon numbering system for naming fatty acids? Where does the numbering start?
numeric and delta; carboxylic end
30
Here's an example of a fatty acid using the numeric system: 9,12-18:2. Explain what each number means.
9 and 12: position of double bonds 18: number of carbons 2: number of double bonds
31
Here's an example of a fatty acid using the delta system: 18:2 (delta)9,12. Explain what each number means.
18: number of carbons 2: number of double bonds 9 and 12 position of double bonds
32
Where does the numbering start in the W system when naming fatty acids?
acyl end
33
Here's an example of a fatty acid using the W system: 18:1 w-6. Explain what each number means.
18: number of carbons 1: number of double bonds 6: location of double bonds
34
What are 6 functions of protein?
1. structure (muscle and connective tissue) 2. regulation of metabolism 3. immune protection (antibodies, immunoglobulins) 4. transportation and storage (hemoglobin and lipoprotein) 5. fluid and electrolyte balance 6. acid-base balance
35
What are the 3 components of amino acids?
amine group (NH2), carboxylic acid, R-group
36
What are amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
37
What is the function of the amino acid tryptophan?
precursor to niacin (B vitamin)
38
What is the function of the amino acid histidine?
precursor to histamine
39
What are the 2 classifications of proteins?
simple and conjugated
40
What do simple proteins consists of?
amino acids only
41
What are 2 groups of simple protein?
fibrous and globular
42
What does fibrous protein do? What are 3 examples and where are they found?
provide strength 1. collagen - connective tissue 2. elastins - tendons 3. keratins - hair, hooves, nails, feathers
43
What does globular proteins function as (2)? What are 2 examples and where are they found?
enzymes and hormones 1. albumins - eggs, milk, serum 2. globulins - antibodies
44
What are the components of conjugated proteins? What are 2 examples?
protein and another compound 1. lipoprotein 2. glycoprotein
45
What does it mean to denature a protein?
break down H bonds by either heat or chemicals
46
Name the 10 essential amino acids. PVT MAT HILL
arginine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine valine tryptophan
47
Name the 11 nonessential amino acids.
cysteine tryosine glycine aspartic acid glutamic acid alanine proline asparagine glutamate serine hydroxyproline
48
Which amino acid is conditionally essential?
arginine
49
What amino acid is essential for cats?
taurine
50
Which amino acids contain sulfur? (2)
methionine and cysteine
51
Which amino acids are rate limiting/1st limiting amino acid? (2) What's important about these amino acids?
methionine and lysine; must meet the requirements in diet first
52
Where are proteins absorbed in monogastrics?
small intestine
53
Where are proteins absorbed in ruminants?
rumen by bacteria small intestine by bypass protein

Animal Nutrition (6 decks)

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